Page semi-protected

Song of the South

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Walt Disney film. For the song by Alabama, see Song of the South (song). For the ancient Chinese poetry compilation, see Chu Ci.

Song of the South
Song of south poster.jpg
Original theatrical release poster
Directed by
Screenplay by
Based onUncle Remus by
Joel Chandler Harris
Produced byWalt Disney
Starring
CinematographyGregg Toland
Edited byWilliam M. Morgan
Music by
Production
company
Walt Disney Productions
Distributed byRKO Radio Pictures
Release date
  • November 12, 1946 (1946-11-12) (Premiere: Atlanta, Georgia)[1]
  • November 20, 1946 (1946-11-20)[1]
  • March 30, 1947 (1947-03-30) (Stanford Theatre, Palo Alto, California)[2]
Running time
94 minutes[3]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$2.125 million[4]
Box office$65 million[5]

Song of the South is a 1946 American live-action/animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It is based on the collection of Uncle Remus stories as adapted by Joel Chandler Harris, and stars James Baskett as Uncle Remus. The film takes place in the southern United States during the Reconstruction era, a period of American history after the end of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery. The story follows seven-year-old Johnny (Bobby Driscoll) who is visiting his grandmother's plantation for an extended stay. Johnny befriends Uncle Remus, one of the workers on the plantation, and takes joy in hearing his tales about the adventures of Br'er Rabbit, Br'er Fox, and Br'er Bear. Johnny learns from the stories how to cope with the challenges he is experiencing while living on the plantation.

Walt Disney had wanted to produce a film based on the Uncle Remus stories for some time. It was not until 1939 that he began negotiating with the Harris family for the film rights, and in 1944, filming for Song of the South began. The studio constructed a plantation set for the outdoor scenes in Phoenix, Arizona, while other scenes were filmed in Hollywood. The film is predominantly live action, but includes three animated segments, which were later released as stand-alone television features. Some scenes also feature a combination of live action with animation. Song of the South premiered in Atlanta in November 1946 and the remainder of its initial theater run was a financial success. The song "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" won the 1948 Academy Award for Best Original Song[6] and Baskett received an Academy Honorary Award for his performance as Uncle Remus.

Since its original release, Song of the South has remained a subject of controversy. Some critics have described the film's portrayal of African Americans as racist and offensive, maintaining that the black vernacular and other qualities are stereotypes. In addition, the plantation setting is sometimes criticized as idyllic and glorified. Because of this controversy, Disney has not released Song of the South on any home video format in the United States, nor is it available on its streaming platform Disney+. Some of the musical and animated sequences have been released through other means, and the full film has seen home video distribution in other countries. The cartoon characters from the film have continued to appear in a variety of books, comics, and other media. The Disney theme park ride Splash Mountain was originally based on the film's animated sequences when it opened in 1989.

Synopsis

Setting

The film is set on a plantation in the Southern United States; specifically, some distance from Atlanta, Georgia. Although sometimes misinterpreted as taking place before the American Civil War while slavery was still legal in the region, the film takes place during the Reconstruction Era after slavery was abolished.[7][8] Harris's original Uncle Remus stories were all set after the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery. Born in 1848, Harris himself was a racial reconciliation activist writer and journalist of the Reconstruction Era. The film makes several indirect references to the Reconstruction Era: clothing is in the newer late-Victorian style; Uncle Remus is free to leave the plantation at will; black field hands are sharecroppers, etc.[9]

Plot

Seven-year-old Johnny is excited about what he believes to be a vacation at his grandmother's Georgia plantation with his parents, Sally and John Sr. When they arrive at the plantation, he discovers that his parents will be living apart temporarily, and he will live at the plantation with his mother and grandmother while his father returns to Atlanta to continue his controversial editorship of that city's newspaper. Distraught at his father's departure, Johnny secretly leaves for Atlanta that night with only a bindle.

As Johnny sneaks away from the plantation, he is attracted by the voice of Uncle Remus telling tales of a character named Br'er Rabbit. By this time, word had gotten out that Johnny was missing, and some plantation residents are looking for him. Johnny evades being discovered, but Uncle Remus catches up with him, befriends him, offers him food for his journey, and takes him back to his cabin, where he tells the boy the traditional African-American folktale, "Br'er Rabbit Earns a Dollar a Minute". In the story, Br'er Rabbit attempts to run away from home only to change his mind after an encounter with Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear. Johnny takes the advice and lets Uncle Remus take him back to his mother.

Johnny makes friends with Toby, a young black boy who lives on the plantation, and Ginny Favers, a poor white girl. Ginny gives Johnny a puppy after her two older brothers, Joe and Jake, threaten to drown it. Johnny's mother refuses to let him take care of the puppy, so he takes it to Uncle Remus. Uncle Remus takes the dog in and delights Johnny and his friends with the fable of Br'er Rabbit and the Tar-Baby, stressing that people should not get involved with something they have no business with in the first place. Johnny heeds the advice of how Br'er Rabbit used reverse psychology on Br'er Fox and begs the Favers brothers not to tell their mother about the dog. The reverse psychology works, and the boys go to speak with their mother, then realize that Johnny had fooled them. In an act of revenge, they tell Sally about the dog. She becomes upset that Johnny and Uncle Remus kept the dog despite her order (which was unknown to Uncle Remus). She instructs Uncle Remus not to tell any more stories to her son.

Johnny's birthday arrives and Johnny picks up Ginny to take her to his party. On the way there, Joe and Jake push Ginny into a mud puddle. With her dress ruined, Ginny is unable to go to the party and runs off crying. Johnny begins fighting with the boys, but their fight is broken up by Uncle Remus, who scolds Joe and Jake. Johnny runs off to comfort Ginny. He explains that he does not want to go either, especially since his father will not be there. Uncle Remus discovers both dejected children and cheers them up by telling the story of Br'er Rabbit and his "Laughing Place". When the three return to the plantation, Sally becomes angry at Johnny for missing his own birthday party, and tells Uncle Remus not to spend any more time with him. Saddened by the misunderstanding of his good intentions, Uncle Remus packs his bags and leaves for Atlanta. Johnny rushes to intercept him, but is attacked by a bull and seriously injured after taking a shortcut through a pasture. While Johnny hovers between life and death, his father returns. Johnny calls for Uncle Remus, and his grandmother escorts him in. Uncle Remus begins telling a tale of Br'er Rabbit and the Laughing Place, and the boy miraculously survives.

Later, a fully recovered Johnny sings with Ginny and Toby while Johnny's returned puppy runs alongside them. Nearby, Uncle Remus is shocked when Br'er Rabbit and several of the other characters from his stories appear in front of them and interact with the children. Uncle Remus rushes to join the group, and, together, they all skip away into the sunset.

Cast

Clockwise from left: Ginny (Luana Patten), Uncle Remus (James Baskett), Johnny (Bobby Driscoll), and Toby (Glenn Leedy)

Voices

Development

In the aftermath of World War II, Walt Disney Studios faced financial difficulties due to a lack of foreign markets for animated films during wartime. The studio produced few theatrical animated shorts then, focusing instead on military training films that broke even, but produced no profit. The studio only profited in 1945 and 1946 by reissuing Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio, and still had to lay off half of its employees in 1946. With additional financial difficulties due to a union strike in 1941, Disney sought to produce live-action films to generate additional revenue. While Disney's contract with RKO was for animated films, films that mixed live-action with animation fell under the contract, allowing the studio to lower production costs on Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros. Additionally, Disney owned the rights to several properties purchased after the success of Snow White, which could be made into family films.[10]

In 1938, Disney became interested in the Joel Chandler Harris Uncle Remus storybook, claiming to remember hearing the stories as a child, and prepared two research reports to determine if it was possible to film the stories, dated April 8 and 11, 1938. He purchased the rights to the stories in 1939, paying Harris's family $10,000 (equivalent to $184,000 in 2020). By 1986, the film based on the stories, Song of the South, had earned $300 million.[10]

Beginning in 1939, Disney began developing Uncle Remus as an entirely animated feature. The stories were also considered as two-reel animated shorts. Stories considered for the production included "Brer Rabbit Rides the Fox”, in which Brer Rabbit tricks Brer Fox into riding him like a horse to a party, and "De Wuller-De-Wust", in which Brer Rabbit pretends to be a ghost to scare Brer Bear. In another treatment, Uncle Remus gathers the critters together for a prayer meeting and to encourage them to build a church that would bring peace between predators and prey. Also proposed was a storyline in which Brer Rabbit's addiction to gambling would be at the root of the troubles that led to the film's adventures.[10]

Disney first began to negotiate with Harris's family for the rights in 1939, and by late summer of that year he already had one of his storyboard artists summarize the more promising tales and draw up four boards' worth of story sketches. In November 1940, Disney visited the Harris's home in Atlanta. He told Variety that he wanted to "get an authentic feeling of Uncle Remus country so we can do as faithful a job as possible to these stories."[11] Roy O. Disney had misgivings about the project, doubting that it was "big enough in caliber and natural draft" to warrant a budget over $1 million and more than twenty-five minutes of animation. Walt Disney planned to produce a series of Uncle Remus films if the first one was successful, each with the same live-action cast but different animated shorts. Ultimately, the studio decided that only a third of the film would be animated and the rest would be live-action.[10]

Disney was initially going to have the screenplay written by the studio animators, but later sought professional writers.[10] In June 1944, Disney hired Southern-born writer Dalton Reymond to write the screenplay, and he met frequently with King Vidor, whom he was trying to interest in directing the live-action sequences.[11]

Dalton Reymond delivered a 51-page outline on May 15, 1944.[12] The Hays Office reviewed Reymond's outline, and demanded that some terminology, such as characters referring to Remus as an "old darkie" be removed from Reymond's treatment.[13]

Disney hired African-American performer and writer Clarence Muse to be consulted on the screenplay, but Muse quit when Reymond ignored Muse's suggestions to portray African-American characters in a way that would be perceived as being dignified and more than Southern stereotypes.[12] Muse subsequently wrote letters to the editors of black publications to criticize the depiction of African-Americans in Reymond's script. Disney claimed that Muse attacked the film because Disney did not choose Muse to play the part of Uncle Remus, which Muse had lobbied for.[13]

Furthermore, Walter White, executive secretary of the NAACP, and June Blythe, the director of the American Council on Race Relations, were denied requests to see a treatment for the film.[13]

In addition to concerns about his racial stereotyping, Reymond had never written a screenplay before (nor would he write another). Maurice Rapf, who had been writing live-action features at the time, was asked by Walt Disney Productions to work with Reymond and co-writer Callum Webb to turn the treatment into a shootable screenplay.[14] According to Neal Gabler, one of the reasons Disney had hired Rapf to work with Reymond was to temper what Disney feared would be Reymond's "white Southern slant".[15]

Reymond's treatment included the phrases "massa", in reference to white characters, and "darkey", in reference to plantation workers, prominently.[12] Rapf removed the offending phrases, but added dialogue to make it clear that the film was set after slavery had ended; one character in Rapf's script states, in reference to the black plantation workers, "We gotta pay these people. They're not slaves." Uncle Remus also states, after being told that he cannot read any more stories to Johnny, "I'm a free man; I don't have to take this."[12]

Rapf saw the animal stories as metaphors for slave resistance, and intended to portray Brer Rabbit as a smaller, less powerful black man, and in place of the oppressive whites would be Brer Fox, Brer Bear and the deleted character Brer Coon.[12]

Rapf was a minority, a Jew, and an outspoken left-winger, and he himself feared that the film would inevitably be Uncle-Tomish. "That's exactly why I want you to work on it," Walt told him, "because I know that you don't think I should make the movie. You're against Uncle Tomism, and you're a radical."[15]

Rapf initially hesitated, but when he found out that most of the film would be live-action and that he could make extensive changes, he accepted the offer. Rapf worked on Uncle Remus for about seven weeks. When he got into a personal dispute with Reymond, Rapf was taken off the project.[14] According to Rapf, Walt Disney "ended every conference by saying 'Well, I think we've really licked it now.' Then he'd call you the next morning and say, 'I've got a new idea.' And he'd have one. Sometimes the ideas were good, sometimes they were terrible, but you could never really satisfy him."[11] Morton Grant was assigned to the project.[14] Disney sent out the script for comment both within the studio and outside the studio.[16]

On May 10, 1944, the title was changed from Uncle Remus to Song of the South.[12]

Production

Casting

In February 1941, Disney talked with Paul Robeson about him playing Uncle Remus, and the two remained in talks about the project for several years, but ultimately he was not cast. It is speculated that Robeson's politics made him too controversial for the role. Other actors considered included Rex Ingram.[10] Clarence Muse lobbied for the role of Uncle Remus while consulting on the screenplay, but left the project due to Dalton Reymond's depiction of African-Americans in the original treatment.[13]

James Baskett was cast as Uncle Remus after responding to an ad for providing the voice of a talking butterfly. "I thought that, maybe, they'd try me out to furnish the voice for one of Uncle Remus's animals," Baskett is quoted as saying. Upon review of his voice, Disney wanted to meet Baskett personally, and had him tested for the role of Uncle Remus. Not only did Baskett get the part of the butterfly's voice, but also the voice of Br'er Fox and the live-action role of Uncle Remus as well.[17] Additionally, Baskett filled in as the voice of Br'er Rabbit for Johnny Lee in the "Laughing Place" scene after Lee was called away to do promotion for the picture.[18] Disney liked Baskett, and told his sister Ruth that Baskett was "the best actor, I believe, to be discovered in years". After the film's release, Disney maintained contact with Baskett. Disney also campaigned for Baskett to be given an Academy Award for his performance, saying that he had worked "almost wholly without direction" and had devised the characterization of Remus himself. Baskett won an honorary Oscar in 1948.[19] After Baskett's death, his widow wrote Disney and told him that he had been a "friend indeed and [we] certainly have been in need".[20]

Also cast in the production were child actors Bobby Driscoll, Luana Patten, and Glenn Leedy (his only screen appearance). Driscoll was the first actor to be under a personal contract with the Disney studio.[21] Patten had been a professional model since age 3, and caught the attention of Disney when she appeared on the cover of Woman's Home Companion magazine.[22] Leedy was discovered on the playground of the Booker T. Washington school in Phoenix, Arizona, by a talent scout from the Disney studio.[23] Ruth Warrick and Erik Rolf, cast as Johnny's mother and father, had actually been married during filming, but divorced in 1946.[24][25] Hattie McDaniel also appeared in the role of Aunt Tempe.

Filming

Production started under the title Uncle Remus.[26] The budget was originally $1.35 million.[27] The animated segments of the film were directed by Wilfred Jackson, while the live-action segments were directed by Harve Foster. Filming began in December 1944 in Phoenix, Arizona where the studio had constructed a plantation and cotton fields for outdoor scenes, and Disney left for the location to oversee what he called "atmospheric shots". Back in Hollywood, the live action scenes were filmed at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio.[28]

On the final day of shooting, Jackson discovered that the scene in which Uncle Remus sings the film's signature song, "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", had not been properly blocked. According to Jackson, "We all sat there in a circle with the dollars running out, and nobody came up with anything. Then Walt suggested that they shoot Baskett in close-up, cover the lights with cardboard save for a sliver of blue sky behind his head, and then remove the cardboard from the lights when he began singing so that he would seem to be entering a bright new world of animation. Like Walt's idea for Bambi on ice, it made for one of the most memorable scenes in the film."[26]

Animation

Br'er Rabbit takes Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear to his "laughing place"

There are three animated segments in the film (in all, they last a total of 25 minutes). The last few minutes of the film also combines animation with live-action. The three sequences were later shown as stand-alone cartoon features on television.

  • Br'er Rabbit Runs Away: (~8 minutes) Based on "Br'er Rabbit Earns a Dollar a Minute". Includes the song "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah",
  • Br'er Rabbit and the Tar Baby: (~12 minutes) Based on "Tar-Baby". The segment is interrupted with a short live-action scene about two-thirds through. It features the song "How Do You Do?"
  • Br'er Rabbit's Laughing Place: (~5 minutes) Based on "The Laughing Place". The song "Everybody's Got a Laughing Place" is featured.

Music

Nine songs are heard in the film, with four reprises. Nearly all of the vocal performances are by the largely African-American cast, and the renowned all-black Hall Johnson Choir sing four pieces: two versions of a blues number ("Let the Rain Pour Down"), one chain-reaction-style folk song[29] ("That's What Uncle Remus Said") and one spiritual ("All I Want").

The songs are, in film order, as follows:

  • "Song of the South": Written by Sam Coslow and Arthur Johnston; performed by the Disney Studio Choir
  • "Uncle Remus Said": Written by Eliot Daniel, Hy Heath, and Johnny Lange; performed by the Hall Johnson Choir
  • "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah": Written by Allie Wrubel and Ray Gilbert; performed by James Baskett
  • "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah": (reprise) Performed by Bobby Driscoll
  • "Who Wants to Live Like That?": Written by Ken Darby and Foster Carling; performed by James Baskett
  • "Let the Rain Pour Down": (uptempo) Written by Ken Darby and Foster Carling; performed by the Hall Johnson Choir
  • "How Do You Do?": Written by Robert MacGimsey; performed by Johnny Lee and James Baskett
  • "How Do You Do?": (reprise) Performed by Bobby Driscoll and Glenn Leedy
  • "Sooner or Later": Written by Charles Wolcott and Ray Gilbert; performed by Hattie McDaniel.[30]
  • "Everybody's Got a Laughing Place": Written by Allie Wrubel and Ray Gilbert; performed by James Baskett and Nick Stewart
  • "Let the Rain Pour Down": (downtempo) Written by Ken Darby and Foster Carling; performed by the Hall Johnson Choir
  • "All I Want": Traditional, new arrangement and lyrics by Ken Darby; performed by the Hall Johnson Choir
  • "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah": (reprise) Performed by Bobby Driscoll, Luana Patten, Glenn Leedy, Johnny Lee, and James Baskett
  • "Song of the South": (reprise) Performed by the Disney Studio Choir

"Let the Rain Pour Down" is set to the melody of "Midnight Special", a traditional blues song popularized by Lead Belly (Huddie William Ledbetter). The song title "Look at the Sun" appeared in some early press books, though it is not actually in the film.[31] The song "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" appears to have been influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song "Zip Coon," considered racist today for its use of an African American stereotype.[32][33]

Release

The film premiered at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta in 1946.

The film premiered on November 12, 1946, at the Fox Theater in Atlanta.[26] Walt Disney made introductory remarks, introduced the cast, then quietly left for his room at the Georgian Terrace Hotel across the street; he had previously stated that unexpected audience reactions upset him and he was better off not seeing the film with an audience. James Baskett was unable to attend the film's premiere because he would not have been allowed to participate in any of the festivities, as Atlanta was then a racially segregated city.[34]

Song of the South was re-released in theaters several times after its original premiere, each time through Buena Vista Pictures: in 1956 for the 10th anniversary; in 1972 for the 50th anniversary of Walt Disney Productions; in 1973 as the second half of a double bill with The Aristocats; in 1980 for the 100th anniversary of Harris's classic stories; and in 1986 for the film's own 40th anniversary and in promotion of the upcoming Splash Mountain attraction at Disneyland. The entire uncut film has been broadcast on various European and Asian television networks including by the BBC as recently as 2006. The film (minus the Tar Baby scene which was cut from all American television airings) was also aired on US television as part of the Disney Channel's "Lunch Box" program in the 1980s and 1990s until December 18, 2001.

Spin-off comics and books

As had been done earlier with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Pinocchio (1940) and Bambi (1942), Disney produced a Sunday comic strip titled Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit to give the film pre-release publicity. The strip was launched by King Features on October 14, 1945, more than a year before the film was released. The previous comic strip adaptations of Disney films lasted for four or five months, but the Uncle Remus strip continued for almost thirty years, telling new stories of Br'er Rabbit and friends, until the strip was discontinued on December 31, 1972.[35] Apart from the newspaper strips, Disney Br'er Rabbit comics were also produced for comic books; the first such stories appeared in late 1946. Produced both by Western Publishing and European publishers such as Egmont, they continue to appear.[36]

In 1946, a Giant Golden Book entitled Walt Disney's Uncle Remus Stories was published by Simon & Schuster. It featured 23 illustrated stories of Br'er Rabbit's escapades, all told in a Southern dialect based on the original Joel Chandler Harris stories.

In 1986, Floyd Norman wrote A Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah Christmas! featuring Uncle Remus and Br'er Rabbit as that year's annual Disney Christmas Story newspaper comic strip.[37] When the Christmas Story strips were reprinted in the 2017 collection Disney's Christmas Classics, this story was omitted—the only deletion in an otherwise complete run of the strip.[38]

Home media

Disney has not released a complete version of the film in the United States on home video, given the film's controversial reputation.[39][40] Over the years, Disney has made a variety of statements about whether and when the film would be re-released.[41][42][43] From 1984 to 2005, CEO Michael Eisner stated that the film would not be receiving a home video release in the United States, due to not wanting to have a disclaimer and fearing backlash and accusations of racism. At Eisner's request, Uncle Remus was not featured at the Disneyland, Magic Kingdom, and Tokyo Disneyland Splash Mountain attractions, instead replacing him with Br'er Frog as the narrator in the Tokyo and Magic Kingdom versions of the ride. In March 2010, new Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that there were no plans to release the movie on DVD, calling the film "antiquated" and "fairly offensive".[44] In November 2010, Disney creative director Dave Bossert stated in an interview, "I can say there's been a lot of internal discussion about Song of the South. And at some point we're going to do something about it. I don't know when, but we will. We know we want people to see Song of the South because we realize it's a big piece of company history, and we want to do it the right way."[45] Film critic Roger Ebert, who normally disdained any attempt to keep films from any audience, supported the non-release position, arguing that Disney films become a part of the consciousness of American children, who take films more literally than do adults.[46][47]

Audio from the film—both the musical soundtrack and dialogue—was commonly used in home media tie-ins through the late 1970s. In particular, many book-and-record sets were released featuring the animated portions of the film or summaries of the film as a whole.[48] The Walt Disney Company has also included key portions of the film in VHS and DVD compilations in the United States of America, as well as on the long-running Walt Disney anthology television series. "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" and some of the animated portions appear in an added feature on the 2004 Alice in Wonderland Special Edition DVD, as part of the 1950 Christmas special One Hour in Wonderland, which promoted the then-forthcoming film. From 1986 to 2001, most of the musical segments – notably "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", "How Do You Do?", and "Everybody's Got A Laughing Place" – were included on the VHS and LaserDisc releases of the Disney Sing-Along Songs series.

The full-length film has been released in its entirety on VHS and LaserDisc in various European and Asian countries. In the United Kingdom, it was released on PAL VHS between 1982 and 2000. In Japan, it appeared on NTSC VHS and LaserDisc in 1985, 1990 and 1992, with Japanese subtitles during songs. (Under Japanese copyright law, the film is now in the public domain.)[49] Most of the foreign releases of the film are literal translations of the English title; the German title Onkel Remus' Wunderland translates to "Uncle Remus's Wonderland", the Italian title I Racconti Dello Zio Tom translates to "The Stories of Uncle Tom",[50] and the Norwegian title Onkel Remus forteller translates to "Storyteller Uncle Remus".[51]

In 2017, after being inaugurated as a Disney Legend, Whoopi Goldberg expressed a desire for Song of the South to be re-released publicly to American audiences and stated, "I’m trying to find a way to get people to start having conversations about bringing Song of the South back, so we can talk about what it was and where it came from and why it came out".[52][53]

Song of the South is not available on Disney's streaming service, Disney+, which launched in the United States in 2019.[54][55][56] Disney executive chairman and former CEO Bob Iger affirmed during a shareholders meeting that the film would not be getting a release on the service, even with an "outdated cultural depictions" disclaimer, stating that the film is "not appropriate in today's world".[57]

Reception

Critical reception

Critical reactions were mixed. Criticisms in the white press focused on the artistic merit. Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times, "More and more, Walt Disney's craftsmen have been loading their feature films with so-called 'live action' in place of their animated whimsies of the past, and by just those proportions has the magic of these Disney films decreased", citing the ratio of live action to animation at two to one, concluding that is "approximately the ratio of its mediocrity to its charm".[58] Time praised the animation as "topnotch Disney—and delightful", but cautioned that it was "bound to land its maker in hot water" because the character of Uncle Remus was "bound to enrage all educated Negroes and a number of damyankees".[59]

Criticisms in the black press, however, were more politically divided. Richard B. Dier in The Afro-American was "thoroughly disgusted" by the film for being "as vicious a piece of propaganda for white supremacy as Hollywood ever produced." Herman Hill in The Pittsburgh Courier felt that Song of the South would "prove of inestimable goodwill in the furthering of interracial relations", and considered criticisms of the film to be "unadulterated hogwash symptomatic of the unfortunate racial neurosis that seems to be gripping so many of our humorless brethren these days."[60]

Charles Solomon, reviewing the film in the Los Angeles Times during its 1986 re-release, praised the film as "essentially a nostalgic valentine to a past that never existed, and within those limits, it offers a pleasant, family diversion for holiday afternoons when the children get restless."[61] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 50% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 5.76/10.[62] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[63]

Box office

The film grossed $3.3 million at the box office,[19][64] netting the studio a profit of $226,000 ($2.83 million in 2017 dollars).[65]

Accolades

James Baskett was voted an Academy Honorary Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus, the first African-American man to win any kind of Oscar.[66]

The score by Daniele Amfitheatrof, Paul J. Smith, and Charles Wolcott was nominated in the "Scoring of a Musical Picture" category, and "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", written by Allie Wrubel and Ray Gilbert, won the award for Best Original Song at the 20th Academy Awards on March 20, 1948.[67] A special Academy Award was given to Baskett "for his able and heart-warming characterization of Uncle Remus, friend and story teller to the children of the world in Walt Disney's Song of the South". For their portrayals of the children Johnny and Ginny, Bobby Driscoll and Luana Patten were also discussed for Academy Juvenile Awards, but in 1947 it was decided not to present such awards at all.[68]

The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists:

Controversies

The film has sparked significant controversy for its handling of race.[71][72] Cultural historian Jason Sperb describes the film as "one of Hollywood's most resiliently offensive racist texts".[73] Sperb, Neal Gabler, and other critics have noted the film's release as being in the wake of the Double V campaign, a propaganda campaign in the United States during World War II to promote victory over racism in the United States and its armed forces, and victory over fascism abroad.[74] Early in the film's production, there was concern that the material would encounter controversy. Disney publicist Vern Caldwell wrote to producer Perce Pearce that "the negro situation is a dangerous one. Between the negro haters and the negro lovers there are many chances to run afoul of situations that could run the gamut all the way from the nasty to the controversial."[15]

The Disney Company has stated that, like Harris's book, the film takes place after the American Civil War and that all the African American characters in the movie are no longer slaves.[9] The Hays Office had asked Disney to "be certain that the frontispiece of the book mentioned establishes the date in the 1870s"; however, the final film carried no such statement.[14] When the film was first released, Walter Francis White, the executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), telegraphed major newspapers around the country with the following statement, erroneously claiming that the film depicted an antebellum setting:

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People recognizes in Song of the South remarkable artistic merit in the music and in the combination of living actors and the cartoon technique. It regrets, however, that in an effort neither to offend audiences in the north or south, the production helps to perpetuate a dangerously glorified picture of slavery. Making use of the beautiful Uncle Remus folklore, Song of the South unfortunately gives the impression of an idyllic master–slave relationship which is a distortion of the facts.[14]

White had not yet seen the film; his statement was based on memos he received from two NAACP staff members, Norma Jensen and Hope Spingarn, who attended a press screening on November 20, 1946. Jensen had written the film was "so artistically beautiful that it is difficult to be provoked over the clichés," but said it contained "all the clichés in the book". Spingarn listed several things she found objectionable from the film, including the use of African-American English.[14] Jim Hill Media stated that both Jensen and Spingarn were confused by the film's Reconstruction setting, writing; "it was something that also confused other reviewers who from the tone of the film and the type of similar recent Hollywood movies assumed it must also be set during the time of slavery." Based on the Jensen and Spingarn memos, White released the "official position" of the NAACP in a telegram that was widely quoted in newspapers.[75] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times made a similar assumption, writing that the movie was a "travesty on the antebellum South."[58]

Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., a congressman from Harlem, branded the film an "insult to American minorities [and] everything that America as a whole stands for."[76] The National Negro Congress set up picket lines in theaters in the big cities where the film played, with its protesters holding signs that read "Song of the South is an insult to the Negro people" and, lampooning "Jingle Bells", chanted: "Disney tells, Disney tells/lies about the South."[76] On April 2, 1947, a group of protesters marched around Oakland, California's Paramount Theatre with picket signs reading, "We want films on Democracy not Slavery" and "Don't prejudice children's minds with films like this".[77] The National Jewish Post scorned the fact that the film's lead was not allowed to attend its premiere in Atlanta because of his race.[78]

Criticisms in the black press largely objected to the reinforcement of stereotypes, such as the subservient status of black characters, costuming, the exaggerated dialect, and other archaic depictions of black people.[60]

Legacy

The Disney theme park ride Splash Mountain (pictured in Disneyland) is based on Song of the South.

As early as October 1945, a newspaper strip called Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit appeared in the United States, and this production continued until 1972. There have also been episodes for the series produced for the Disney comic books worldwide, in the U.S., Denmark and the Netherlands, from the 1940s up to 2012.[79] Br'er Bear and Br'er Fox also appeared frequently in Disney's Big Bad Wolf stories, although here, Br'er Bear was usually cast as an honest farmer and family man, instead of the bad guy in his original appearances.

The Splash Mountain log flume ride, installed at Disneyland in 1989, and at Tokyo Disneyland and Magic Kingdom in 1992, was based on Song of the South. As with the film, the ride had drawn controversy over the years due to the racial issues associated with the work. Amid the George Floyd protests in 2020, Disney announced that they will retool the ride in Disneyland and Magic Kingdom to remove the Song of the South elements and replace them with a concept based on the 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. Disney stated that development of the project began in 2019.[80] The New York Times reported that Disney executives had been privately discussing removing the attraction's Song of the South theme for at least five years, before putting into development the Princess and the Frog theme.[81]

Br'er Rabbit, Br'er Fox, and Br'er Bear appeared as guests in House of Mouse. They also appeared in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse. Br'er Bear and the Tar-Baby also appear in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988).

Br'er Rabbit, Br'er Fox, and Br'er Bear also appeared in the 2011 video game Kinect: Disneyland Adventures for the Xbox 360. The game is a virtual recreation of Disneyland and it features a mini game based on the Splash Mountain attraction. Br'er Rabbit helps guide the player character through that game, while Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear serve as antagonists. The three Br'ers also appear as meet-and-greet characters in the game, outside Splash Mountain in Critter Country. In the game, Jess Harnell reprises his role from the attraction as Br'er Rabbit and also takes on the role of Br'er Fox, while Br'er Bear is voiced by James Avery, who previously voiced Br'er Bear and Br'er Frog in the Magic Kingdom version of Splash Mountain. This is the Br'ers' first major appearance in Disney media since The Lion King 1½ in 2004 and their first appearance as computer-generated characters.

In 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the 67th greatest animated film of all time.[82]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Song of the South: Detail View". American Film Institute. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  2. ^ Stanford Theatre Playdates 1947
  3. ^ "SONG OF THE SOUTH (U)". British Board of Film Classification. October 23, 1946. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
  4. ^ Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 186. ISBN 0-394-54684-9.
  5. ^ "Song of the South (1946)". The Numbers. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  6. ^ "1948 | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences". Oscars.org. March 20, 1948. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  7. ^ Kaufman, Will (2006). The Civil War in American Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1935-6.
  8. ^ Langman, Larry; Ebner, David (2001). Hollywood's Image of the South: A Century of Southern Films. Westport Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-313-31886-7.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Walt Disney Presents "Song of the South" Promotional Program, Page 7. Published 1946 by Walt Disney Productions/RKO Radio Pictures.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Korkis 2012, pp. 21–6. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKorkis2012 (help)
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gabler 2006, p. 433.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Korkis 2012, pp. 27–34. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKorkis2012 (help)
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Korkis 2012, pp. 67–74. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKorkis2012 (help)
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Cohen, Karl F. (1997). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 64. ISBN 0-7864-2032-4.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gabler 2006, p. 434.
  16. ^ Gabler 2006, pp. 434–5.
  17. ^ "James Baskett as Uncle Remus". Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  18. ^ "Trivia for Song of the South". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Gabler 2006, p. 438.
  20. ^ Gabler 2006, pp. 438–9.
  21. ^ "Bobby Driscoll as Johnny". Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  22. ^ "Luana Patten as Ginny Favers". Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  23. ^ "Glenn Leedy as Toby". Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  24. ^ "Ruth Warrick as Sally". Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  25. ^ "Eric Rolf as John". Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c Gabler 2006, p. 437.
  27. ^ "14 RKO Pictures to Exceed Million in Prod. Cost in Coming 'Year of Years'". Variety. September 12, 1945. p. 12 – via Internet Archive.
  28. ^ Gabler 2006, p. 436.
  29. ^ Walt Disney's Song of the South, 1946 Publicity Campaign Book, Distributed by RKO Pictures. Copyright Walt Disney Pictures, 1946. "The chain-reaction, endless song, of which American folk music is so plentiful [...] The number is 'Uncle Remus Said,' and it consists of a single, brief melody repeated as often as new lyrics come along."
  30. ^ Gilliland, John (197X). "Show 16" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
  31. ^ "Song of the South Song Lyrics". Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  32. ^ Emerson, Ken (1997). Doo-dah!: Stephen Foster and the Rise of American Popular Culture. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 60. ISBN 978-0684810102.
  33. ^ "Blackface!". black-face.com. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
  34. ^ In a October 15, 1946 article in the Atlanta Constitution, columnist Harold Martin noted that to bring Baskett to Atlanta, where he would not have been allowed to participate in any of the festivities, "would cause him many embarrassments, for his feelings are the same as any man's".
  35. ^ Markstein, Don. "Br'er Rabbit". Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on September 1, 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  36. ^ Inducks.org
  37. ^ Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 422. ISBN 9780472117567.
  38. ^ Korkis, Jim (December 19, 2018). "Disney Christmas Treats". Mouse Planet. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
  39. ^ Inge, M. Thomas (September 2012). "Walt Disney's Song of the South and the Politics of Animation". Journal of American Culture. 35 (3): 228. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  40. ^ "Disney (Song of the South)". Urban Legends Reference Pages. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  41. ^ "News Archives: 2007 Disney Shareholder Meeting". Song of the South.net. March 8, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
  42. ^ "Disney Backpedaling on Releasing Song of the South?". Song of the South.net. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
  43. ^ Hill, Jim (July 5, 2007). "As "Tarzan" swings off Broadway, is Beyoncé getting ready to play Aida in Disney's next big movie musical?". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved July 6, 2007.
  44. ^ "Disney CEO Calls Movie Antiquated and Fairly Offensive". Song of the South.net. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  45. ^ Head, Steve (November 20, 2010). "Disney Producer Encouraging About 'Song of the South' Release". The Post-Movie Podcast. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
  46. ^ Brantley, Mike (January 6, 2002). "Song of the South". Alabama Mobile Register. Song of the South.net. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  47. ^ Ebert, Roger (February 13, 2000). "Movie Answer Man (02/13/2000)". Ebert Digital LLC.
  48. ^ "Song of the South Memorabilia". Song of the South.net. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  49. ^ "Japanese Court Rules Pre-1953 Movies in Public Domain". contactmusic.com. December 7, 2006.
  50. ^ "AKAs for Song of the South". Retrieved January 18, 2007.
  51. ^ "Walt Disney's: helaftens spillefilmer 1941–1981". Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  52. ^ Amidi, Amid (July 15, 2017). "In Her First Act As A Disney Legend, Whoopi Goldberg Tells Disney To Stop Hiding Its History". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
  53. ^ "Whoopi Goldberg Wants Disney to Bring Back 'Song of the South' to Start Conversation About Controversial 1946 Film". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  54. ^ Bakare, Lanre (April 23, 2019). "Disney Plus streaming site will not offer 'racist' Song of the South film". The Guardian. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  55. ^ "Why "Song of the South" is not on Disney+". November 12, 2019.
  56. ^ Barnes, Brooks (November 12, 2019). "Not Streaming: 'Song of the South' and Other Films Stay in the Past". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  57. ^ Grater, Tom (March 11, 2020). "Bob Iger Confirms 'Song Of The South' Won't Be Added To Disney+, Even With Disclaimer". Deadline. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b Crowther, Bosley (November 28, 1946). "The Screen; 'Song of the South,' Disney Film Combining Cartoons and Life, Opens at Palace—Abbott and Costello at Loew's Criterion". The New York Times.
  59. ^ "The New Pictures". Time. Vol. 48 no. 21. November 18, 1946.
  60. ^ Jump up to: a b Gevinson, Alan (1997). Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911-1960. California: University of California Press. p. 956. ISBN 978-0520209640.
  61. ^ Solomon, Charles (November 21, 1986). "Movie Review : Animation Sings in 'Song of the South'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  62. ^ "Song of the South (1946)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
  63. ^ "Song of the South Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved January 5, 2020.
  64. ^ "Top Grossers of 1947". Variety. January 7, 1948. p. 63 – via Internet Archive.
  65. ^ Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion Books. p. 161. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
  66. ^ Song of the South - IMDb, retrieved June 29, 2020
  67. ^ Song of the South opened in Los Angeles in 1947, which became its qualification year for the awards.
  68. ^ Parsons, Luella (February 28, 1960). "That Little Girl in 'Song of the South' a Big Girl Now". Lincoln Sunday Journal and Star. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
  69. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  70. ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees". Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  71. ^ Suddath, Claudia (December 9, 2009). "Top 10 Disney Controversies". Time.
  72. ^ EST, Samuel Spencer On 11/12/19 at 10:06 AM (November 12, 2019). "Why "Song of the South" is not on Disney+". Newsweek. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  73. ^ Lingan, John (January 4, 2013). "Bristling Dixie". Slate. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  74. ^ Sperb 2013.
  75. ^ "Wednesdays with Wade: Did the NAACP kill "Song of the South"?". Jim Hill Media. November 15, 2005.
  76. ^ Jump up to: a b Watts, Steven (2001). The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life. University of Missouri Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN 0-8262-1379-0.
  77. ^ Korkis, Jim (2012). Who's Afraid of the Song of the South?: and Other Forbidden Disney Stories. Norman, Floyd. Orlando, FL: Theme Park Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0984341559. OCLC 823179800.
  78. ^ Biron, Phineas J. (January 3, 1947). "Jewish Post". Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  79. ^ "Brer Rabbit" at Inducks
  80. ^ Pallotta, Frank (June 25, 2020). "Splash Mountain, a Disney ride based on a controversial film, will be 'completely reimagined'". CNN. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  81. ^ Barnes, Brooks (June 25, 2020). "Disney's Splash Mountain to Drop 'Song of the South' Depictions". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  82. ^ "Top 100 Animated Features of All Time". Online Film Critics Society. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved January 18, 2007.

Bibliography

External links

Retrieved from ""