Soviet cuisine
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Soviet cuisine, the common cuisine of the Soviet Union, was formed by the integration of the various national cuisines of the Soviet Union, in the course of the formation of the Soviet people. It is characterized by a limited number of ingredients and simplified cooking. This type of cuisine was prevalent in canteens everywhere in the Soviet Union. It became an integral part of household cuisine and was used in parallel with national dishes, particularly in large cities. Generally, Soviet cuisine was shaped by Soviet eating habits and a very limited availability of ingredients in most parts of the USSR. Most dishes were simplifications of French, Russian, and Austro-Hungarian cuisines. Caucasian cuisines, particularly Georgian cuisine, contributed as well. Canteens run by the government were called stolovaya.[1]
In the West, Soviet cuisine is frequently conflated with Russian cuisine, though the particular national cuisine of Russia can be thought of as discrete.
Approach[]
An everyday Soviet full course meal (lunch or dinner) consisted of three courses, typically referred to as "first", "second", and "third"; an optional salad was not numbered. In a restaurant, one could eat anything one liked in any order, but in a typical canteen, especially in a workers' or students' canteen, one would normally have received what was called a "combined lunch" (kompleksny obed). The first course was a soup or broth, i.e., "liquid" food (notice the difference from the Italian cuisine, where a "primo piatto" could also include a pasta dish — under a Soviet approach the pasta dishes belonged to the second course). The second was some kind of "solid" food: meat, fish, or poultry with a side dish, called "garnish" (Russian: гарнир). Garnishes typically included potatoes in a variety of forms, buckwheat kasha, macaroni, etc. Bliny, baked dishes (Russian: запеканка zapekanka), or eggs could also be served as the second course. The third was something to drink: tea, coffee, kompot, milk, kefir, etc.
Green vegetables and salads were seasonal, and with some exceptions uncommon at the table. Spices were rarely used and food had a generally mild taste. There were no differences between breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals. Lunch was always consumed with a soup as a first course. A tradition of a "fish day" on Thursdays, when fish or other seafood was consumed instead of meat, was started in State-run canteens and cafeterias to alleviate a shortage of meat, but nevertheless filtered to many private households. The common approach, which still somewhat holds today in Russia is: eat a lot at each meal, few times a day. Eat nothing between meals – the reason for this was that the State-run eateries in the Soviet time was largely under the control of doctors, and the medical wisdom at the time was that snacking between major meals would ruin the appetite (especially for children) and will lead to indigestion and intestinal distress.[citation needed] A typical lunch meal could consist of chicken-broth-based soup or borscht for a first course and fried meatballs or goulash served with boiled potatoes or buckwheat porridge as a main course. Butter or sour cream was typically used as a sauce.
Holiday meals were typically derived from old French and Russian cuisines with extensive use of heavy sauces, marinated meats, and melted cheese. Mixing ingredients and extensive cooking was common, just as in classic French cuisine. Generally, much effort was made in order to prepare such meals. Often, the richness of a holiday table was an issue of honor for the family.
Typical dishes[]
Zakuski and salads[]
- Olivier (also known as Russian salad)
- Herring under a fur coat
- Kholodets
- Vinegret (from French vinaigrette) - red beet root salad with onions, pickles, boiled potatoes, carrots, dressed with sunflower oil.
- Vitaminniy salat (Vitamin salad) - a cabbage-based salad with seasonal vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, carrots, etc.
- Various pickles, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, ramsons, and mushrooms.
- Sauerkraut mixed with carrots and served as a salad.
- Morkovcha (also known as "Korean carrot salad") - a spicy carrot salad (a Koryo-saram dish).
First course[]
- Borscht - (Ukrainian)[2][3]
- Chicken noodle soup
- Kharcho
- Okroshka
- Pacha - (Armenian/Azerbaijani/Georgian)
- Pea soup
- Rassolnik
- Shchi - (Russian)
- Solyanka
- Sorrel soup
- Ukha
Second course[]
- Beef Stroganoff
- Chicken Kiev (Russian) - a filled chicken cutlet
- Cutlet or meat ball
- Various kinds of dumplings, like pelmeni (Russian),[4] vareniki (Ukrainian), or manti (Central Asian)
- Goulash, ragout, or another kind of stew
- Golubtsy - cabbage rolls stuffed with rice and meat and served in tomato sauce
- Plov (Uzbek) - rice dish
- Sausages
- Shashlik - (Caucasus)
Third course[]
Usually served in a 200 millilitres (7.0 imp fl oz; 6.8 US fl oz) glass in common diners of obshchepit.
- Cocoa
- Coffee with milk (black coffee was an extra)
- Kefir (Turkic)
- Kissel (drinkable starch-based fruit jelly)
- Kompot (Slavic)
- Kvass
- Milk
- Ryazhenka (Ukrainian)
- Tea
Desserts[]
Breakfasts[]
- Sausages
- Blini or Oladyi
- Various kinds of porridge, like buckwheat kasha with milk
- Syrniki
Street food[]
See also[]
- Russian cuisine
- Ukrainian cuisine
- Belarusian cuisine
- Uzbek cuisine
- Kazakh cuisine
- Georgian cuisine
- Azerbaijani cuisine
- Lithuanian cuisine
- Moldovan cuisine
- Latvian cuisine
- Kyrgyz cuisine
- Tajik cuisine
- Armenian cuisine
- Turkmen cuisine
- Estonian cuisine
References[]
- ^ "Vegetarian and Vegan Food in Russian Stolovaya – Cheap, Healthy and Homely" Vegan Trekker. Accessed January 2019.
- ^ "Missing Soviet cuisine since 1991." The Cascade. Accessed July 2011.
- ^ https://www.jagannath.ru/users_files/books/V.V._Pohlyobkin_-_Natcionalnye_kuhni_na6ih_narodov.pdf
- ^ "Russian Traditional Foods." Goeasteurope.about.com. Accessed July 2011.
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