Macaroni

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Macaroni (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Macaron.
Macaroni
Macaroni2.jpg
Alternative namesMaccheroni (single maccherone)
TypePasta
Place of originItaly[1]
Main ingredientsDurum wheat
Food energy
(per 100 g serving)
350.5 kcal (1467 kJ)
Nutritional value
(per 100 g serving)
Protein13 g
Fat1.5 g
Carbohydrate75 g
Homemade macaroni and cheese, with dried herbs and ground pepper
Elbow macaroni die: front view (left), and rear view (right)

Macaroni (/ˌmækəˈroʊni/, Italian: maccheroni) is dry pasta shaped like narrow tubes.[2] Made with durum wheat, macaroni is commonly cut in short lengths; curved macaroni may be referred to as elbow macaroni. Some home machines can make macaroni shapes, but like most pasta, macaroni is usually made commercially by large-scale extrusion. The curved shape is created by different speeds of extrusion on opposite sides of the pasta tube as it comes out of the machine.

In North America, the word "macaroni" is often used synonymously with elbow-shaped macaroni, as it is the variety most often used in macaroni and cheese recipes.[3] In the United States, federal regulations define any of 15 different shapes of dried pasta, such as spaghetti, as a "macaroni product".[4] In Italy and other countries, the noun maccheroni can refer to straight, tubular, square-ended pasta corta ("short-length pasta") or to long pasta dishes, as in maccheroni alla chitarra and frittata di maccheroni, which are prepared with long pasta like spaghetti.

Etymology[]

In Italian, maccheroni refers to elongated pasta, not necessarily in tubular form.[5] This general meaning is still retained outside Rome and in different languages which borrowed the word. In Brazilian Portuguese, Estonian, Greek, Iranian, Russian and other Slavic languages, Arabic, Turkish, and some Italian-American dialects the word was adapted and is a generic term for all varieties of pasta.

Maccheroni comes from Italian maccheroni [makkeˈroːni], plural form of maccherone.[6] The many variants sometimes differ from each other because of the texture of each pasta: rigatoni and tortiglioni, for example, have ridges down their lengths, while chifferi, lumache, lumaconi, pipe, pipette, etc. refer to elbow-shaped pasta similar to macaroni in North American culture.

However, the product as well as the name derive from the ancient Greek "Macaria". The academic consensus supports that the word is derived from the Greek μακαρία (makaria),[7] a kind of barley broth which was served to commemorate the dead.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In turn, that comes from μάκαρες (makares) meaning "blessed dead", and ultimately from μακάριος (makarios), collateral of μάκαρ (makar) which means "blessed, happy".[17]

However, the Italian linguist G. Alessio argues that the word can have two origins. The first is the Medieval Greek μακαρώνεια (makarōneia) "dirge" (stated in sec. XIII by James of Bulgaria), which would mean "funeral meal" and then "food to serve" during this office (see modern Eastern Thrace's μαχαρωνιά - macharōnia in the sense of "rice-based dish served at the funeral"), in which case, the term would be composed of the double root of μακάριος "blessed" and αἰωνίος (aiōnios), "eternally".[18] The second is the Greek μακαρία "barley broth", which would have added the suffix -one.[19]

In his book Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and their Food (2007), John Dickie instead says that the word macaroni, and its earlier variants like maccheroni, "comes from maccare, meaning to pound or crush."

The word first appears in English as makerouns in the 1390 Forme of Cury which records the earliest recipe for macaroni and cheese.[20] The word later came to be applied to overdressed dandies and was associated with foppish Italian fashions of dress and periwigs, as in the eighteenth-century British song "Yankee Doodle".

Culinary use outside Italy[]

As is the case with dishes made with other types of pasta, macaroni and cheese is a popular dish in North America, and is often made with elbow macaroni. The same dish, known simply as macaroni cheese, is also found in Great Britain, where it originated.[21][22] A sweet macaroni, known as macaroni pudding, containing milk and sugar (and rather similar to a rice pudding) was also popular with the British during the Victorian era.[23] A popular canned variety is still manufactured by Ambrosia is sold in UK supermarkets.[24]

In areas with large Chinese populations open to Western cultural influence such as Hong Kong, Macao, Malaysia and Singapore, the local Chinese have adopted macaroni as an ingredient for Chinese-style Western cuisine. In Hong Kong's cha chaan teng ("tea restaurants") and Southeast Asia's kopi tiam ("coffee shops"), macaroni is cooked in water and then rinsed to remove starch, and served in clear broth with ham or frankfurter sausages, peas, black mushrooms, and optionally eggs, reminiscent of noodle soup dishes. This is often a course for breakfast or light lunch fare.[25] Macaroni has also been incorporated into Malay Malaysian cuisine where it is stir-fried akin to mee goreng using Asian seasoning similar to said noodle dish (i.e. shallots, oyster sauce and chili paste).[26]

See also[]

  • Kushari - an Egyptian dish made of rice, macaroni and lentils.
  • Macaroni art

References[]

  1. ^ Maccheroni47473hb, History of Maccheroni (it)
  2. ^ Oxford Dictionary, Macaroni
  3. ^ "Pasta Shapes Dictionary - Pasta Fits".
  4. ^ "U.S. Code of Federal Regulation, Title 21 Part 139". Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  5. ^ https://dizionari.corriere.it/dizionario_italiano/M/maccherone.shtml Dizionari - Corriere
  6. ^ Vocabolario Treccani: maccherone
  7. ^ μακαρία, (def. III), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
  8. ^ Macaroni, on Compact Oxford English Dictionary
  9. ^ "Macaroni", Online Etymology Dictionary
  10. ^ Macaroni, on Webster's New World College Dictionary
  11. ^ Andrew Dalby, Food in the Ancient World from A to Z, Routledge, 2003, on Google books
  12. ^ Reader's Digest Oxford Complete Wordfinder
  13. ^ Dhirendra Verma, Word Origins, on Google books
  14. ^ Mario Pei, The story of language, p.223
  15. ^ William Grimes, Eating Your Words, Oxford University Press, on Internet Archive
  16. ^ Mark Morton, Cupboard Love: A Dictionary of Culinary Curiosities, on Google books
  17. ^ μάκαρ, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  18. ^ αἰωνίος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
  19. ^ G. Alessio, "Atti dell'Accademia Pontaniana", t. 8, 1958-59, pp. 261-280
  20. ^ James L. Matterer. "Makerouns". Godecookery.com. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  21. ^ Beeton, Isabella; Mary), Mrs Beeton (Isabella (27 January 2018). Mrs Beeton's Household Management. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 9781840222685 – via Google Books.
  22. ^ "Macaroni cheese". BBC Food.
  23. ^ Beeton, Isabella; Humble, Nicola (2008-06-12). Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management: Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199536337.
  24. ^ "Ambrosia - Home". www.ambrosia.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  25. ^ AP, Explore the world of Canto-Western cuisine, January 8, 2007
  26. ^ "Makaroni goreng baik punya". MyResipi.com (in Malay). 18 October 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

External links[]

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