Trust Territory of Somaliland
Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian Administration Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia Dhulka Soomaaliyeed oo hoos yimaada Maamulka Talyaaniga إقليم صوماليلاند تحت الوصاية للإدارة الإيطالية | |||||||||
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| 1950–1960 | |||||||||
 Location of the Trust Territory of Somaliland. | |||||||||
| Status | United Nations Trust Territory | ||||||||
| Capital | Mogadishu | ||||||||
| Common languages | Italian (official) · Somali · Arabic | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Administrator | |||||||||
• 1950–1953 | Giovanni Fornari | ||||||||
• 1954–1957 | |||||||||
• 1957–1958 | |||||||||
• 1958–1960 | |||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1956–1960 | Abdullahi Issa | ||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
• Established | 1 April 1950 | ||||||||
• Independence | 1 July 1960 | ||||||||
| Currency | somalo | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | SO | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Somalia | ||||||||
| History of Somalia |
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 Somalia portal |
The Trust Territory of Somaliland, officially the "Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration"[1] (Italian: Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana della Somalia), was a United Nations Trust Territory situated in present-day Somalia. Its capital was Mogadishu[2] and was administered by Italy from 1950 to 1960, following the dissolution of the former British Military Administration. The Trust Territory was very poorly prepared for independence because Italy was financially unable to handle its role, and because it imposed a Western political model that did not fit the needs of Somalia. After 1990, Somalia collapsed into violence and chaos.[3]
Background[]
In 1941, Italian Somaliland was occupied by British and South African troops as part of the East African Campaign of World War II. The British continued to administer the area until 1 April 1950. On that date, Italian Somaliland was made a Trust Territory, as stipulated by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 289 of 21 November 1949.[4] This was the only case of a trusteeship being assigned to a defeated Second World War power.[5]
Indro Montanelli, a defender of Italian colonial rule,[6] wrote in the late 1990s (when Somalia was devastated by civil war) that the ten years of Italian Trusteeship were the Golden age of Somalia: the population nearly doubled, illiteracy was reduced by 60%, malnutrition in the rural areas disappeared, the economy soared to the same level of the most developed African countries and there was complete integration in religious and social-political matters between all Somalia inhabitants.[7]
The conditional return of the Italian administration to southern Somalia gave the new trust territory several unique advantages compared with other African colonies. To the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts.[8]
In 1954, the Italian government established post-secondary institutions of law, economics, and social studies in Mogadishu, the territory's capital. These institutions were satellites of the University of Rome, which provided all the instruction material, faculty and administration.
In 1960, the Trust Territory of Somaliland (the former Italian Somaliland) became independent, following in the footsteps of the briefly extant State of Somaliland (the former British Somaliland) which had gained independence five days earlier, with Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal as Prime Minister on June 26, 1960.[9] On July 1, 1960, the two territories united as planned to form the Somali Republic.[10] A new government was formed with Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf as the first President of the Somali National Assembly, Abdullahi Issa as Prime Minister, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar as President and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke as Prime Minister, later to become President (from 1967 to 1969). On June 20, 1961, through a popular referendum, the Somali people ratified a new constitution first drafted in 1960.[11]
Organization[]
An Administrator, chosen from among career diplomats, represented the Italian Government. He, by decree of the Italian President, also held the functions of Commander of the Armed Forces in Somalia, made up of a Military Corps and a Police Corps: the and the .
The AMI set up the Somalia Air Force Command [8] with a Flight Group that included, in addition to transport and connection aircraft Douglas C-47, Douglas C-53 and Stinson L-5 Sentinel, also a fighter squadron equipped of P-51 Mustang (MM.4237, MM.4239, MM.4250, MM.4259) ex 4th Wing. The only intervention that saw the Somali Air Command Mustang in action was a strafing to disperse a group of armed Somalis near Vittorio d'Africa. In 1962 eight ex-AMI F-51Ds then formed the first fighter squadron of the Somali Air Force.
In 1956 there was a reorganization, with the creation of the Somali Army and the Somali Police Forces, where the former Zaptié who had fought alongside the Italians were also admitted [9].
Administrative divisions[]
The territory was divided into six "Commissariats", later called "Regions", headed by a Commissioner and since 1956 a Prefect. The Commissariats were further divided into "Residences", headed by a military or civilian resident [10]. The Administrator had also been entrusted with the legislative power pending the constitution of the Legislative Assembly, which was elected in 1956, with also a Somali executive for internal affairs [11] headed by Abdullahi Issa Mohamud.
Language[]
Italian was an official language in Italian Somaliland during the Fiduciary Mandate, as well as during the first years of independence. Somali was also an official language. Arabic was also widely spoken. Somali was then written using an Arabic script, not adopting the Latin script until 1972.
Anthem, flag and coat of arms[]
The Somali national anthem from 1950 to 1960 was "Il Canto degli Italiani" ("The Song of the Italians"),[12] the same as the Italian metropole.
From 1 April 1950 to 21 October 1954, the Trusteeship used solely the flag of Italy. From 21 October until independence, the Italian flag was accompanied by that of the UN. On 1 July 1960, Independence Day of Somalia, the Italian and UN flags were lowered to the tune of Il Canto degli Italiani at the Governor's Palace in Mogadishu to symbolize the end of Italian control over the region.
The Italian coat of arms was solely used until 21 October 1954, when both the Italian and Somali coat of arms were used jointly. After independence, the Italian coat of arms ceased its official status.
Currency[]
The currency of the Trusteeship was the somalo. It was coined by the Bank of Italy for the (the Trusteeship's central bank). The Somalo was replaced in 1962 with the Somali shilling.
Governors[]
- Giovanni Fornari (1 April 1950 to 23 February 1953)
- Enrico Martino (23 February 1953 to 1957)
- Enrico Anzillotti (1957 to 24 July 1958)
- Mario di Stefano (24 July 1958 to 1 July 1960)
See also[]
Notes[]
- ^ "(IX). Question of the frontier between the Trust Territory of Somaliland under Italian administration and Ethiopia" (PDF). UN General Assembly. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Italian Mogadiscio". Dadfeatured. May 19, 2018.
- ^ Paolo Tripodi, “Back to the Horn: Italian Administration and Somalia's Troubled Independence.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 32, no. 2/3, 1999, pp. 359–380 online
- ^ "Question of the liquidation of the former Italian colonies - Resolution 289 (IV), UNGA, 21 November 1949". United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ Federico Senatore (2016). Dovunque mi trovi, parte del mondo. Storia di Augusto, da Montecassino al Protettorato somalo con Vademecum della Somalia (Edizioni Efesto ed.). p. 121. (in Italian)
- ^ Avagliano, Mario; Palmieri, Marco (2013). Di pura razza italiana. L'Italia "ariana" di fronte alle leggi razziali. Milano: Baldini & Castoldi. ISBN 9788868656218.
- ^ Indro Montanelli. "La Stanza di Montanelli" ("Montanelli’s Room"). He was Chief letters editor of newspaper Corriere della Sera
- ^ Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence of Somalia
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835
- ^ Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Clarendon Press. 2008. p. 1783.
- ^ Greystone Press Staff, The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East, (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338
- ^ Also called "Fratelli d'Italia" ("Brothers of Italy")
Further reading[]
- Reyner, Anthony S. "Somalia: The problems of independence." Middle East Journal 14.3 (1960): 247-255. online
- Tripodi, Paolo. "Back to the Horn: Italian administration and Somalia's troubled independence." The international journal of African historical studies 32.2/3 (1999): 359-380. online
- Tripodi, Paolo. The colonial legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: from colonial administration to Operation Restore Hope (Springer, 1999).
External links[]
- Video of the last day of Italian presence in Mogadishu, when was declared the Somali independence in July 1960 (in Italian)
- "L'Onu e l'Amministrazione fiduciaria italiana in Somalia" by Antonio Morone. (in Italian)
- Video on June 1950 of Somalia's visit by an Italian representative of the Thusteeship
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- Italy–Somalia relations
- 1950s in Somalia
- 1960 disestablishments in Somalia
- Italian Somaliland
- Former Italian-speaking countries
- 1950 establishments in Somalia
- Former polities of the Cold War
- States and territories established in 1950
- States and territories disestablished in 1960
- United Nations trust territories