Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) | |
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Headquarters | Brussels, Belgium |
Membership | 44 groups[1] |
Leaders | |
• General Secretary[2] | Ralph J. Bunche III (2018–present) |
• President[2] | Nasser Boladai |
• Vice-Presidents[2] | Dolkun Isa Abdirahman Mahdi |
Establishment | 11 February 1991 |
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The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991[3][4] in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories.
UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Some former members, such as Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia and Palau, have gained full independence and joined the United Nations (UN).[5][6]
History[]
UNPO was conceived of in the 1980s by leaders of self-determination movements, Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with Michael van Walt van Praag, long the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, The Cordillera, the Greek Minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua.[7] A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the success of the 14th Dalai Lama's and the Tibetan people's non-violent message in the face of oppression and occupation.[8][9]
UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the ICJ and ICC. A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals and project-based grants from foundations.[citation needed]
Aims[]
UNPO's vision is to affirm democracy as a fundamental human right, implement human, civil and political rights worldwide, uphold the universal right to autonomy and self-determination and further federalism. It encourages nonviolent methodologies to reach peaceful solutions to conflicts and oppression. UNPO supports members in getting their human and cultural rights respected and in preserving their environments. The organization provides a forum for members to network and assists them in participating at an international level.[8]
Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.[8]
UNPO is dedicated to the five principles enshrined in its Covenant:
- The equal right to self-determination;
- Adherence to the internationally accepted human rights standards as laid down in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international instruments;
- Adherence to the principles of democratic pluralism and rejection of totalitarianism and religious intolerance;
- Promotion of non-violence and the rejection of terrorism as an instrument of policy; and
- Protection of the natural environment.
All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant.[10] UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.[11]
Members[]
The following are listed as members by the UNPO.[12]
Original members are listed with pink background and in bold.
Member | Date joined | Represented by | Ref |
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6 August 1991 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia | [13] |
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11 February 1991 | Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front | [14] |
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15 May 2008 | Freedom Front Plus | [15] |
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14 November 2003 | Democratic Solidarity Party of Ahwaz | [16] |
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6 August 1991 | Assyrian Universal Alliance | [17] |
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1 March 2008 | Balochistan National Party (Mengal) | [18] |
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23 November 2013 | [19] | |
Bellah people | 6 June 2017 | [20] | |
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31 July 2020 | Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra/Biafra Independence Movement | [1][21] |
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8 June 2015 | [22] | |
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14 December 2018 | Assemblea Nacional Catalana | [23] |
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6 August 1991 | Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti | [24] |
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4 December 2015 | D.C. Statehood Congressional Delegation | [25] |
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11 February 1991 | Milli Mejlis | [26] |
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11 February 1991 | World Uyghur Congress | [27] |
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20 September 2008 | Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance | [28] |
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31 July 2020 | Government of Guam | [1][21] |
Haratin | 18 September 2011 | [29] | |
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2 February 2007 | [30] | |
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2 February 2007 | Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan | [31] |
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6 June 2017 | MAK-Anavad | [32] |
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15 July 2001 | Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation | [33] |
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7 July 2012 | Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy | [34] |
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14 October 2017 | Alliance for Independent Madhesh | [35] |
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23 January 1993 | National Socialist Council of Nagalim | [36] |
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6 February 2010 | Ogaden National Liberation Front | [37] |
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19 January 1993 | Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People | [38] |
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19 December 2004 | Oromo Liberation Front | [39] |
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2 February 2007 | Captains Council | [40] |
31 July 2020 | [1][21] | ||
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15 July 2014 | [41] | |
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19 January 2002 | World Sindhi Institute | [42] |
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19 December 2004 | Government of Somaliland | [43] |
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6 August 1991 | Republic of South Moluccas | [44] |
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2 February 2007 | [45] | |
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2 February 2007 | [46] | |
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5 January 2015 | [47] | |
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11 February 1991 | Taiwan Foundation for Democracy | [48] |
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11 February 1991 | Central Tibetan Administration | [49] |
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26 June 2005 | Balochistan People's Party | [50] |
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2017 | [51] | |
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31 July 2020 | [1][21] |
Suspensions[]
Organizations representing nations may become suspended from the UNPO if they fail to follow its covenant.[52]
In 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended in a few months. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995.[53][54]
Scania was also suspended on 18 September 2011.[55]
Former members[]
Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.
The following lists former and suspended members.[12]
Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and italics. Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold.
Former member | Date joined | Date withdrew | Note | Ref |
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11 February 1991 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by | [56] |
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16 April 1994 | 1 March 2008 | Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001 | [57] |
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28 November 2014 | 26 November 2016 | Represented by World Amazigh Congress | [58] |
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11 February 1991 | 2 March 1992 | Became member of the UN in 1992 | [59] |
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3 February 1996 | 30 June 1998 | [60] | |
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17 January 1993 | December 2019 | [61] | |
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6 August 1991 | 1 March 2008 | Reached autonomy agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2000 | [62] |
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19 December 2004 | 9 October 2009 | [63] | |
Burma | 15 May 2008 | 13 February 2010 | Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma | [64] |
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3 February 1996 | 13 February 2010 | Represented by | [65] |
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17 April 1997 | 18 September 2011 | [66] | |
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8 June 2015 | December 2019 | Democratic Foundation of Chameria | [67][12] |
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6 August 1991 | 10 September 2010 | [68] | |
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15 July 2001 | 26 November 2016 | Represented by Chin National Front | [69] |
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17 January 1993 | 1 March 2008 | [70] | |
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16 April 1994 | 6 November 2015 | Represented by International Circassian Association | [71] |
11 February 1991 | 6 November 2015 | Represented by | [72] | |
Degar-Montagnards | 14 November 2003 | 29 April 2016 | Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc. | [73] |
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17 January 1993 | 27 September 2002 | Became member of the UN in 2002 | [74] |
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11 February 1991 | 17 August 1991 | Became member of the UN in 1991 | [75] |
Gagauzia | 16 April 1994 | 1 December 2007 | Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994 | [76] |
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11 February 1991 | 31 July 1992 | Became member of the UN in 1991 | [77] |
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11 February 1991 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Omonoia | [78] |
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30 July 1994 | 2015 | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania | [79] |
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30 July 1994 | 1 March 2008 | [80] | |
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17 January 1993 | 9 October 2009 | [81] | |
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11 February 1991 | 1 July 2015 | Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan | [82] |
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6 August 1991 | 27 November 2016 | Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, , , and | [83] |
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3 August 1993 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii | [84] |
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19 January 1993 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party[failed verification] | [85] |
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24 January 1993[86] | 4 August 1993 | Membership suspended on 4 August 1993 and suspension made permanent 22 January 1995.[87] | [88] |
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17 January 1993 | 9 October 2009 | [89] | |
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6 August 1991 | 24 March 2018 | Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo | [90] |
Kumyk | 17 April 1997 | 1 March 2008 | [91] | |
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30 July 1994 | 1 December 2007 | Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah | [92] |
2016 | [12] | |||
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11 February 1991 | 17 August 1991 | Became member of the UN in 1991 | [93] |
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19 December 2004 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by | [94] |
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30 July 1994 | 1 December 2007 | Represented by | [95] |
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19 January 1993 | 26 April 2016 | Represented by Mapuche Inter-Regional Council | [96] |
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6 August 1991 | 9 October 2009 | [97] | |
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3 February 1996 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by | [98] |
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26 September 2010 | 28 November 2014 | Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014 | [99] |
Nahua Del Alto Balsas | 19 December 2004 | 20 September 2008 | [100] | |
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23 September 1998 | 1 March 2008 | [101] | |
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11 February 1991 | 15 December 1994 | Became member of the UN in 1994 | [102] |
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23 September 1998 | 1 December 2007 | [103] | |
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3 August 1993 | 30 June 1998 | [104] | |
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17 January 1993 | 18 September 2011 | Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak | [105] |
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19 January 1993 | 18 September 2011 | Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.[106] | [107] |
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17 April 1997 | 6 February 2010 | [108] | |
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29 April 2016 | Represented by the | [109] | |
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25 October 2006 | 7 June 2021 | Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018). | [110] |
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15 July 2014 | National Talysh Movement | [111] | |
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11 February 1991 | 1 March 2008 | [112] | |
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28 December 2014 | Represented by | [113] | |
Tsimshian | 2 February 2007 | 18 September 2011 | [114] | |
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3 February 1996 | 13 February 2010 | [115] | |
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17 January 1993 | 6 July 2013 | [116] | |
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14 November 2003 | 1 July 2015 | Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front | [117] |
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15 October 2014 | Free Papua Movement | [118] | |
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6 August 1991 | 1 July 2015 | Represented by Zanzibar Democratic Alternative, in cooperation with the Civic United Front | [119] |
Leadership[]
Secretaries general[120]
Name | Term |
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1991–1998 |
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1997–1998 |
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1998–1999 |
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1999–2003 |
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2003–2018 |
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2018–present |
Executive Director
- Karl Habsburg-Lothringen – (Austria) 19 January 2002 – 31 December 2002
Chair/Presidents of the General Assembly
- Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
- Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
- Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
- John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
- Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
- Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
- Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – 2010–2017
- Nasser Boladai (since 2017)
See also[]
- Federal Union of European Nationalities
- Micronations
- United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
- Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples
- List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
- European Free Alliance
- Stateless nation
References[]
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- ^ Jump up to: a b c "UNPO Organizational Structure". UNPO. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "UNPO World Statesman.org". Worldstatesman. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
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- ^ Barbara Crossette, Those Knocking, Unheeded, at UN's Doors Find Champion, New York Times, 18 December 1994.
- ^ Tishkov, Valerie, An Anthropology of NGOs, Eurozine, July 2008
- ^ Simmons (ed.). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization Yearbook 1995. Kluwer Law International. pp. 1–3. ISBN 90-411-0223-X.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c UNPO 20 th Anniversary Publication: Twenty Years of Promoting Nonviolence, Human Rights and Self Determination (PDF). The Hague, Netherlands: UNPO. 2011.
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- ^ "UNPO: Afrikaners". unpo.org. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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- ^ "UNPO: Brittany". unpo.org. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: UNPO Welcomes the Assemblea Nacional Catalana as its Newest Member". unpo.org. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Chittagong Hill Tracts". unpo.org. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: District of Columbia (Washington, DC)". unpo.org. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Crimean Tatars". unpo.org. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: East Turkestan". unpo.org. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Gilgit Baltistan". unpo.org. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Haratin". unpo.org. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Hmong". unpo.org. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Iranian Kurdistan". unpo.org. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Kabylia". unpo.org. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Khmer-Krom". unpo.org. 30 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Lezghin". unpo.org. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Madhesh". unpo.org. 31 October 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Nagalim". unpo.org. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Ogaden". unpo.org. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Ogoni". unpo.org. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Oromo". unpo.org. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Rehoboth Basters". unpo.org. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Savoy". unpo.org. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Sindh". unpo.org. 6 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Somaliland". unpo.org. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: South Moluccas". unpo.org. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Southern Azerbaijan". unpo.org. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Southern Mongolia". unpo.org. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Sulu". unpo.org. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Taiwan". unpo.org. 19 July 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Tibet". unpo.org. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: West Balochistan". unpo.org. 22 August 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Western Togoland". unpo.org. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ UNPO Covenant
- ^ Downing, John D. H. (2011), Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media, SAGE, p. 290, ISBN 9780761926887
- ^ Simmons, Mary Kate (1998), Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 187, ISBN 9789041102232
- ^ "UNPO: Scania". unpo.org. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ^ "UNPO: Aboriginals of Australia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Albanians in Macedonia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Amazigh". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Armenia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Bashkortostan". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Batwa". unpo.org. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Bougainville". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Buffalo River Dene Nation". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Burma". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Buryatia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Cabinda". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Chameria". unpo.org. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Chin". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Chuvash". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Circassia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Cordillera". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Degar-Montagnards". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: East Timor". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Estonia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Gagauzia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Georgia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Greek Minority in Albania". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Hungarian Minority in Romania". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
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- ^ "UNPO: Iraqi Turkmen". unpo.org. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Kalahui Hawaii". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018.
- ^ "UNPO: Karenni State". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ Downing, John D. H. John Derek Hall Downing (2011). Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. SAGE. p. 290. ISBN 9780761926887.
- ^ Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 187. ISBN 9789041102232. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ Faultlines, 19, Institute for Conflict Management, 2008, p. 108, OCLC 953841033
- ^ "UNPO: Komi". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Kosova". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Kumyk". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Lakota Nation". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Latvia". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Maasai". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Maohi". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
- ^ "UNPO: Mapuche". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Mari". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Mon". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Moro". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Nahua Del Alto Balsas". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Nuxalk Nation". unpo.org. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Belau". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Rusyn". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Sakha". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Sanjak". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ International Organizations N – W
- ^ "UNPO: Scania". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Shan". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: South Arabia". unpo.org. 23 May 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2017.
- ^ "UNPO: Ambazonia". unpo.org. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. 8 July 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Tatarstan". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste)". unpo.org. 8 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017.
- ^ "UNPO: Tsimshian". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Tuva". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Udmurt". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Vhavenda". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: West Papua". unpo.org. 15 October 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
- ^ "UNPO: Zanzibar". unpo.org. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Worldstatesmen International Organizations". Worldstatesman. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
External links[]
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- International nongovernmental organizations
- Human rights organisations based in the Netherlands
- Organisations based in The Hague
- Organizations established in 1991
- 1991 establishments in Belgium