Verrucomicrobia

Verrucomicrobia
Transmission electron micrograph of stage II epixenosomes.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Verrucomicrobia Hedlund 2012
Classes
"Candidatus Epixenosoma" ♠ "" ♠ "" ♠ "" ♠ "" ♠ ""
Synonyms
Verrucomicrobaeota Oren et al. 2015

Verrucomicrobia is a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria that contains only a few described species. The species identified have been isolated from fresh water, marine and soil environments and human faeces. A number of as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protists and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gametes.^{[citation needed]}

Verrucomicrobia are abundant within the environment, though relatively inactive.^[1] This phylum is considered to have two sister phyla: Chlamydiae and Lentisphaerae within the PVC group.^[2] The Verrucomicrobia phylum can be distinguished from neighbouring phyla within the PVC group by the presence of several conserved signature indels (CSIs).^[3] These CSIs represent unique, synapomorphic characteristics that suggest common ancestry within Verrucomicrobia and an independent lineage amidst other bacteria.^[4] CSIs have also been found that are shared by Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae exclusively of all other bacteria.^[5] These CSIs provide evidence that Chlamydiae is the closest relative to Verrucomicrobia, and that they are more closely related to one another than to the Planctomycetales.

Verrucomicrobia might belong in the clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes.^[6]

In 2008, the whole genome of Methylacidiphilum infernorum (2.3 Mbp) was published. On the single circular chromosome, 2473 predicted proteins were found, 731 of which had no detectable homologs. These analyses also revealed many possible homologies with Proteobacteria.^[7][8]

Phylogeny[]

The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project.^[9]

Taxonomy[]

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)^[10] and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[11]

• Phylum Verrucomicrobia Hedlund 2012 [Verrucomicrobaeota Oren et al. 2015]
  • Genus ?"Candidatus Epixenosoma" ♠ Bauer et al. 2005
    • Species "Candidatus Epixenosoma ejectans" ♠ Bauer et al. 2005
  • Genus ? ♠ Choo & Cho 2006
    • Species "" ♠ Choo & Cho 2006
  • Genus? "" ♠ Islam et al. 2008
  • Genus ?"" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
    • Species "" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
    • Species "" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
    • Species "" ♠ van Teeseling et al. 2014
  • Order ?"" ♠ Op den Camp 2009
    • Family "" ♠ Op den Camp 2009
      • Genus "" ♠ Hou et al. 2008 emend. Op den Camp et al. 2009
        • Species "M. fumariolicum" ♠ (Pol et al. 2007) Op den Camp et al. 2009
        • Species "M. infernorum" ♠ (Dunfield et al. 2007) Hou et al. 2008
        • Species "" ♠ Islam et al. 2008
  • Class ?"" Sangwan et al. 2004
    • Genus "Candidatus " ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
      • Species "Ca. " ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
      • Species "Ca. " ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
      • Species "Ca. " ♠ Vandekerckhove et al. 2000
    • Order "" Sangwan et al. 2004
      • Family "" Sangwan et al. 2004
        • Genus "" ♠ Sangwan et al. 2004
          • Species "" ♠ Sangwan et al. 2004
  • Class Choo et al. 2007
    • Order Choo et al. 2007
      • Family Choo et al. 2007
        • Genus ?"Diplosphaera" ♠ Wertz et al. 2012 non Bialosuknia 1909
          • Species "" ♠ Wertz et al. 2012
        • Genus Shieh and Jean 1999
          • Species Shieh and Jean 1999
        • Genus Chin et al. 2001
          • Species Opitutus terrae Chin et al. 2001
        • Genus Cephaloticoccus Lin et al. 2016
          • Species C. capnophilus Lin et al. 2016
          • Species Lin et al. 2016
    • Order Choo et al. 2007
      • Family Choo et al. 2007
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007 (type sp.)
          • Species "" ♠ Yoon et al. 2010
          • Species "" ♠ Yoon et al. 2010
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007 (type sp.)
        • Genus Choo et al. 2007
          • Species Choo et al. 2007
  • Class Verrucomicrobiae Hedlund et al. 1998 emend. Yoon et al. 2008
    • Order Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 emend. Yoon et al. 2008
      • Family Verrucomicrobia subdivision 3 [Pedosphaeraceae]
        • Genus ?"" ♠ Ozyurt 2008
          • Species "" ♠ Ozyurt 2008
        • Genus Anders et al. 2015
          • Species Anders et al. 2015
      • Family Hedlund & Derrien 2012
        • Genus Akkermansia Derrien et al. 2004
          • Species Akkermansia muciniphila Derrien et al. 2004
      • Family Hedlund 2012
        • Genus Scheuermayer et al. 2006
          • Species Yoon et al. 2011
          • Species Scheuermayer et al. 2006 (type sp.)
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007
          • Species Kasai et al. 2007
          • Species Yoon et al. 2007
      • Family Ward-Rainey et al. 1996 emend. Takeda et al. 2008
        • Genus ? ♠ Sakai et al. 2001b
          • Species ♠ Sakai et al. 2001b
        • Genus Brevifollis Otsuka et al. 2013
          • Species Otsuka et al. 2013
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2008 emend. Bibi et al. 2011
          • Species Kang et al. 2013
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Bibi et al. 2011
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008 (type sp.)
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Glaeser et al. 2012
          • Species Jiang et al. 2012
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008 (type sp.)
          • Species Park et al. 2013
        • Genus Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008 (type sp.)
          • Species Yoon et al. 2008
        • Genus Otsuka et al. 2013
          • Species Otsuka et al. 2013
        • Genus Prosthecobacter (ex Staley et al. 1976) Staley et al. 1980 emend. Takeda et al. 2008
          • Species Lee et al. 2014
          • Species Hedlund et al. 1998
          • Species Hedlund et al. 1998
          • Species Takeda et al. 2008
          • Species (ex Staley et al. 1976) Staley et al. 1980 (type sp.)
          • Species Hedlund et al. 1998
        • Genus Qiu et al. 2014
          • Species Qiu et al. 2014
        • Genus Schlesner 1988
          • Species Verrucomicrobium spinosum Schlesner 1988

Notes:
♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but has no standing with the Bacteriological Code (1990 and subsequent Revision) as detailed by List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) as a result of the following reasons:

References[]