Viral disease

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Viral disease
Other namesviral infection
Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.jpg
Transmission electron microscope image of a Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virion
SpecialtyInfectious disease

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Structural characteristics[]

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

  • Double-stranded DNA families: three are non-enveloped (Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae) and two are enveloped (Herpesviridae and Poxviridae). All of the non-enveloped families have icosahedral capsids.
  • Partly double-stranded DNA viruses: Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.
  • One family of single-stranded DNA viruses infects humans: Parvoviridae. These viruses are non-enveloped.
  • Positive single-stranded RNA families: three non-enveloped (Astroviridae, Caliciviridae and Picornaviridae) and four enveloped (Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae and Togaviridae). All the non-enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
  • Negative single-stranded RNA families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Rhabdoviridae. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.
  • Double-stranded RNA genome: Reoviridae.
  • The Hepatitis D virus has not yet been assigned to a family, but is clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.
  • Viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus. Both of these taxa are non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses.

Pragmatic rules[]

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

  • Segmented genomes: Bunyaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Arenaviridae, and Reoviridae (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
  • Viruses transmitted almost exclusively by arthropods: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus, and Togavirus. Some Reoviruses are transmitted from arthropod vectors. All are RNA viruses.[2]
  • One family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non-enveloped.

Baltimore group[]

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I[3][4] Adenovirus[3][4] N[3][4]
Herpesviridae I[3][4] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[5][6][7] Y[3][4]
Papillomaviridae I[3][8] Human papillomavirus[3][8] N[3][8]
Polyomaviridae I[3][9] BK virus, JC virus[3][9] N[3][9]
Poxviridae I[3][4] Smallpox[3][4] Y[3][4]
Parvoviridae II[3][4] Parvovirus B19[3][4] N[3][4]
Reoviridae III[10] Rotavirus,[10] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N[4]
Astroviridae IV[11] [4] N[4]
Caliciviridae IV[10] Norwalk virus[4] N[4]
Coronaviridae IV[12] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,[4] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y[4]
Flaviviridae IV[3][4][13] Hepatitis C virus,[3] yellow fever virus,[3] dengue virus,[3] West Nile virus,[3] TBE virus,[4] Zika virus Y[3][4]
Hepeviridae IV[14] Hepatitis E virus[4] N[4][14]
Matonaviridae IV[3][4][15] Rubella virus[3][16] Y[3][4]
Picornaviridae IV[17] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[4] rhinovirus N[4]
Arenaviridae V[18] Lassa virus[4][18] Y[4][18]
Bunyaviridae V[19] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[4] Y[4][19]
Filoviridae V[20] Ebola virus,[20] Marburg virus[20] Y[4]
Orthomyxoviridae V[3][21] Influenza virus[3][21] Y[3][21]
Paramyxoviridae V[22] Measles virus,[3] Mumps virus,[3] Parainfluenza virus[3][4] Y[3][22]
Pneumoviridae V [23] Respiratory syncytial virus[3] Y[3]
Rhabdoviridae V[24] Rabies virus[3][4] Y[3][4]
Unassigned[25] V[25] Hepatitis D[25] Y[25]
Retroviridae VI[3][26] HIV[3][4] Y[3][4]
Hepadnaviridae VII[3] Hepatitis B virus[3][4] Y[3][4]

Clinical characteristics[]

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
  • fecal-oral[3]
  • venereal[3]
  • direct eye contact[3]
 None[3]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None[3]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • infectious mononucleosis[3]
  • Cytomegalic inclusion disease[3]
  • Premature birth[30]
  • liver, lung and spleen diseases in the newborn[30]
  • Small size at birth[30]
  • Small head size[30]
  • congenital seizures in the newborn[30]
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[3]
  • Hepatitis A vaccine[3][31]
  • avoiding contaminated food/water[3]
  • improved sanitation
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae
  • bodily fluids[3]

Vertical and sexual[32]

  • acute hepatitis[3][32]
  • chronic hepatitis[32]
  • hepatic cirrhosis[32]
  • hepatocellular carcinoma[32]
  • Hepatitis B vaccine[3][32]
  • immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis)[3]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • acute hepatitis[3][33]
  • chronic hepatitis[3]
  • hepatic cirrhosis[3]
  • hepatocellular carcinoma[3]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[3]
  • safe sex[3]
HIV Retroviridae HAART,[3] such as protease inhibitors[34] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[34]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[3]
  • blood product screening[3]
  • safe sex[3]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
  • fomites
  • common cold
  • pneumonia
  • bronchiolitis
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
  • common cold
  • rhinitis
  • bronchitis
  • bronchiolitis
  • pneumonia
  • croup
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
  • common cold
  • pneumonia
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
  • common cold
  • pneumonia
  • bronchiolitis
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[3]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
  • direct contact[3][35]
  • sexual contact[35]
  • vertical transmission
  • (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis)[3]
  • Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma,[35] squamous cell carcinomas)[3]
  • HPV vaccine[3][35]
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[3]
  • safe sex[3]
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
  • influenza[3]
  • (Reye syndrome)[3]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae
  • measles[3][22]
  • postinfectious encephalomyelitis[3]
 None[3]
  • MMR vaccine[3][22]
  • quarantining the sick
  • avoiding contact with the sick
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
  • Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
  • MMR vaccine[3][22]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None[3]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae
  • poliomyelitis[3]
 None[3]
  • Polio vaccine[3][31]
  • avoiding contaminated food and water
  • improved sanitation
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[3]
  • rabies vaccine[24]
  • avoiding rabid animals
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin)[3]
  • hand washing[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[3]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[3]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None[3]
  • MMR vaccine[3][36]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
  • severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
  • coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • social distancing
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[3]
  • direct contact
  • chickenpox[29]
  • herpes zoster[3]
  • Congenital varicella syndrome[29]

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

  • varicella vaccine[3]
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin[3]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also[]

  • List of latent human viral infections
  • Pathogenic bacteria

References[]

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External links[]

Classification
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