Voiced palatal nasal

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"Palatal nasal" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless palatal nasal.
Voiced palatal nasal
ɲ
IPA Number118
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɲ
Unicode (hex)U+0272
X-SAMPAJ
Braille⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
Audio sample
0:00
source · help
Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal
n̠ʲ
ɲ̟
ȵ

The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is visually similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.

The IPA symbol derives from ⟨n⟩ and ⟨j⟩, ⟨n⟩ for nasality and ⟨j⟩ denoting palatal.[2] In French and Italian orthographies the sound is represented by the digraph ⟨gn⟩. In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, it is represented by the letter ⟨ñ⟩, called eñe ("enye"). Occitan uses the digraph ⟨nh⟩, the source of the same Portuguese digraph called ene-agá, used thereafter by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese[citation needed]. In Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph ⟨ny⟩ is used. In Albanian and some countries that used to be Yugoslavia, the digraph (Nj) is used, and sometimes, for the languages with the Cyrillic script that used to be part of Yugoslavia, uses the (Њњ) Cyrillic ligature that might be part of the official alphabet.

The voiced alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɲ̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ⟩ (⟨n⟩, plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩), used especially in Sinological circles.

The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.[3][4]

There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages. Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops [c, ɟ].[5]

Features[]

Features of the voiced palatal nasal:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Palatal or alveolo-palatal[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
!Kung[6] [example needed] — — Represented by ⟨ny⟩
Albanian një [ɲə] 'one'
Aranda [example needed] — — Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[7]
Basque andereño [än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞] 'female teacher'
Bengali[8] অঞ্চল/anycal [ɔɲtʃɔl] 'area'
Burmese[8] ညာ/nya [ɲà] 'right(-hand side)' Contrasts with the voiceless palatal nasal /ɲ̥/.
Catalan[9] any [ˈaɲ̟] 'year' Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[7] See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin 女人 / nǚ rén [ny˨˩˦ ɻən˧˥] 'woman' Alveolo-palatal
Sichuanese [nʲy˨˩˦ zən˧˥]
Wu / Shanghai dialect 女人/nyú nyǐnh [n̠ʲy˩˧ n̠ʲɪɲ˥˨]
Czech kůň [kuːɲ] 'horse' May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.[4] See Czech phonology
Dinka nyɔt [ɲɔt] 'very'
Dutch[10] oranje [oˈrɑɲə] 'orange' Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology
French hargneux [arɲø] 'belligerent' See French phonology
Galician[11] viño [ˈbiɲo] 'wine' See Galician phonology
Greek πρωτοχρονιά / prōtochroniá [pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ] 'New Year's Day' Alveolo-palatal.[12] See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[13] anya [ˈɒɲɒ] 'mother' Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.[7] See Hungarian phonology
Italian Standard bagno [ˈbäɲːo] 'bath' Postalveolo-prepalatal.[14] See Italian phonology
Romanesco dialect niente [ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e] 'nothing'
Irish[3] inné [əˈn̠ʲeː] 'yesterday' Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal /n̠ʲ/, palatal/palatovelar /ɲ/, velar /ŋ/ and, in some dialects, palatalized alveolar /nʲ/.[15][16][17][3] See Irish phonology
Japanese[18] 庭 / niwa [ɲ̟iɰᵝa̠] 'garden' Alveolar or dento-alveolar.[7] See Japanese phonology
Khasi bseiñ [bsɛɲ] 'snake'
Korean 저녁 / jeonyeok [t͡ɕʌɲʌk̚] 'evening' Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology
Kurdish Southern یانزه/yanyza [jäːɲzˠa] 'eleven' See Kurdish phonology
Latvian mākoņains [maːkuɔɲains] 'cloudy' See Latvian phonology
Macedonian чешање/češanje [ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ] 'itching' See Macedonian phonology
Malagasy[7] [example needed] — — Palatal.
Malay banyak [bäɲäʔˈ] 'a lot' Does not occur as a syllable-final coda. Allophone of /n/ before /t͡ʃ/ and /d͡ʒ/ so /punt͡ʃak/ 'peak' is read as [puɲt͡ʃäʔ], not *[punt͡ʃäʔ]. See Malay phonology.
Malayalam[19] ഞാൻ/ñān [ɲäːn] 'I'
Mapudungun[20] ñachi [ɲɜˈt͡ʃɪ] 'spiced blood'
North Frisian Mooring fliinj [ˈfliːɲ] 'to fly'
Norwegian Northern[21] mann [mɑɲː] 'man' See Norwegian phonology
Southern[21]
Occitan Northern Polonha [puˈluɲo̞] 'Poland' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[7] See Occitan phonology
Southern
Gascon banh [baɲ] 'bath'
Polish[22] koń About this sound[kɔɲ̟] (help·info) 'horse' Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by a nasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology
Portuguese Many dialects[23] Sônia [ˈsõ̞n̠ʲɐ] 'Sonia' Possible realization of post-stressed /ni/ plus vowel.
European[24] arranhar [ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ] 'to scratch' Dento-alveolo-palatal.[7]
Quechua ñuqa [ˈɲɔqɑ] 'I'
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[25] câine [ˈkɨɲe̞] 'dog' Alveolo-palatal.[25] corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[26] seinn [ʃeiɲ̟] 'sing' Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[27] њој / njoj [ɲ̟ȏ̞j] 'to her' Alveolo-palatal. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak pečeň [ˈpɛ̝t͡ʃɛ̝ɲ̟] 'liver' Alveolar.[7] See Slovak phonology
Spanish[28] español [e̞späˈɲol] 'Spanish' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[7] See Spanish phonology
Swahili nyama [ɲɑmɑ] 'meat'
Tamil ஞாயிறு/ñāyiru [ɲaːjiru] 'Sunday' Alveolo-palatal.[29] See Tamil phonology
Tyap nyam [ɲam] 'animal'
Ukrainian тінь/tin' [t̪ʲin̠ʲ] 'shadow' Alveolo-palatal. See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese nhà [ɲâː] 'house' "Laminoalveolar".[30] See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian njonken [ˈɲoŋkən] 'next to' Phonemically /nj/. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꑌ / nyi [n̠ʲi˧] 'sit' Alveolo-palatal.
Zulu inyoni [iɲ̟óːni] 'bird' Alveolo-palatal.[7]

Post-palatal[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard[31] gängig [ˈɡ̟ɛŋ̟ɪç] 'common' Allophone of /ŋ/ before and after front vowels;[31] the example also illustrates [ɡ̟]. See Standard German phonology
Lithuanian[32] menkė [ˈmʲæŋ̟k̟eː] 'cod' Allophone of /n/ before palatalized velars;[32] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. See Lithuanian phonology
Mapudungun[20] dañe [ˈθɐɲe̞] 'nest'
Polish[33][34] węgiel [ˈvɛŋ̟ɡ̟ɛl] 'coal' Allophone of /n/ before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[33][34] See Polish phonology
Romanian[35] anchetă [äŋ̟ˈk̟e̞t̪ə] 'inquiry' Allophone of /n/ used before the palatalized allophones of /k, ɡ/.[35] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. See Romanian phonology
Turkish renk [ˈɾeɲc] 'color' Allophone of /n/ before /c/ and /ɟ/. See Turkish phonology
Uzbek[36] ming [miŋ̟] 'thousand' Word-final allophone of /ŋ/ after front vowels.[36]
Vietnamese nhạc [ɲa̰ːʔk˨˩] 'music" Final allophone of /ɲ/. See Vietnamese phonology
Yanyuwa[37] [l̪uwaŋ̟u] 'strip of turtle fat' Post-palatal; contrasts with post-velar [ŋ̠].[37]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
  2. ^ Heselwood (2013), p. 113.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ní Chasaide (1999).
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
  5. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
  6. ^ Doke (1925), p. ?.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recasens (2013), p. 11.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
  9. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  10. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
  11. ^ Regueira (1996), p. 119.
  12. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  13. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  14. ^ Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
  15. ^ Quiggin (1906).
  16. ^ de Bhaldraithe (1966).
  17. ^ Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
  18. ^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  19. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Sadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  22. ^ Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
  23. ^ Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine, p. 12.
  24. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b Pop (1938), p. 30.
  26. ^ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
  27. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  28. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  29. ^ Keane, Elinor (2004). "Tamil". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (1): 111–116. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549.
  30. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b Krech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 97.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111, 114.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41, 86.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

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External links[]

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