Werner Erhard

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Werner Erhard
Werner Hans Erhard-2.jpg
Born
John Paul Rosenberg

(1935-09-05) September 5, 1935 (age 85)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
United States
OccupationAuthor, lecturer
Spouse(s)Patricia Fry, 1953–1960 (divorced)
Ellen Erhard (June Bryde), 1960–1983 (divorced)
Children7
Websitewernererhard.net

Werner Hans Erhard (born John Paul Rosenberg; September 5, 1935[1]:7) is an American author and lecturer known for founding est, which operated from 1971 to 1984.[2]:xiv[3] He has written, lectured, and taught on self-improvement.

In 1977 Erhard, with the support of John Denver, Robert W. Fuller and others, founded The Hunger Project,[4][5] an NGO accredited[when?] by the United Nations[6] in which more than four million people have participated with the goal of establishing "the end of hunger as an idea whose time has come".[7][8]

In 1991 Erhard retired[why?] from business and sold his existing intellectual property to his employees, who then adopted the name Landmark Education,[9] renamed in 2013 Landmark Worldwide, with which he continued to consult occasionally.[10][failed verification][11]

Early life[]

John Paul Rosenberg was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 5, 1935.[1]:6[12] His father was a small-restaurant owner who left Judaism for a Baptist mission before joining his wife in the Episcopal Church,[1]:6[12] where she taught Sunday School.[1]:6 They agreed that their son should choose his religion when he was old enough.[1]:6 He chose to be baptized in the Episcopal Church, served there for eight years as an acolyte,[1]:6 and has been an Episcopalian ever since.[13]

Rosenberg attended Norristown High School in Norristown, Pennsylvania, where he was awarded the English award in his senior year.[1]:25,29 He graduated in June 1953, along with his future wife Patricia Fry.[1]:30 From the early mid-1950s until sometime in 1960, Rosenberg worked in various automobile dealerships (starting at a Ford dealership where he was trained by Lee Iacocca, then Lincoln Mercury, and finally Chevrolet), with a stint managing a nearly defunct medium-duty industrial equipment firm, which became successful under his management.[1]:42[14] Rosenberg married Fry on September 26, 1953,[1]:40 and they had four children.[1][page needed] In 1960, he left Patricia and their children in Philadelphia, traveled to Indianapolis with June Bryde,[1]:57 and changed his name to "Werner Hans Erhard".[15] He chose his new name from Esquire magazine articles he had read about West German economics minister Ludwig Erhard and physicist Werner Heisenberg.[1]:57–58 June Bryde changed her name to Ellen Virginia Erhard.[1]:53

The Erhards moved to St. Louis, where Werner took a job as a car salesman.[1]:54,55 Patricia Rosenberg and their four children initially relied on welfare and help from family and friends. After five years without contact, Patricia Rosenberg divorced Erhard for desertion and remarried.[1]:226 In October 1972, a year after creating the est training, Erhard contacted his first wife and family, arranged to provide support and college educations for the children, and repaid Patricia's parents for their financial support[1]:335 Between 1973 and 1975, members of his extended family took the est training, and Patricia and his younger siblings took jobs in the est organization.[1]:242,243

Career[]

Parents Magazine Cultural Institute[]

In 1961 Erhard began selling correspondence courses in the Midwest. He then moved to Spokane, Washington,[1]:85 where he worked at Encyclopædia Britannica's "Great Books" program as an area training manager. In January 1962 Erhard began working at Parents Magazine Cultural Institute, a division of W.R. Grace & Co.[1]:112[16] In the summer of 1962, he became territorial manager for California, Nevada, and Arizona, and moved to San Francisco and in the spring of 1963 to Los Angeles.[1]:82–106 In January 1964, Parents transferred him to Arlington, Virginia, as the southeast division manager, but after a dispute with the company president he returned to his previous position as west coast division manager in San Francisco.[1]:53:117–138 Over the next few years, Erhard brought on as Parents staff many people who later became important in est, including Elaine Cronin, Gonneke Spits, and Laurel Scheaf.

Influences[]

While largely self-educated,[17][18] Erhard was influenced by or worked closely with academics, philosophers, thinkers and artists.[a][clarification needed][1]:63 During his time in St. Louis, he read two books that had a marked effect on him: Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill (1937) and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz (1960).[1]:122 When a member of his staff at Parents Magazine introduced him to the ideas of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both key figures in the Human Potential Movement, his interests became more focused on personal fulfillment than sales success.[33] After moving to Sausalito, he attended seminars by Alan Watts, a Western interpreter of Zen Buddhism, who introduced him to the distinction between mind and self;[33] Erhard subsequently became close friends with Watts.[1]:117–138 Erhard also studied in Japan with Zen rōshi Yamada Mumon.[34] In Bartley's biography, Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est (1978), Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging Zen as an essential contribution that "created the space for" est.[1]:146,147 Bartley details Erhard's connections with Zen beginning with his extensive studies with Watts in the mid-1960s[1]:118 and quotes Erhard as acknowledging:

Of all the disciplines that I studied, practiced, learned, Zen was the essential one. It was not so much an influence on me, rather it created space. It allowed those things that were there to be there. It gave some form to my experience. And it built up in me the critical mass from which was kindled the experience that produced est.[1]:118

Erhard attended the Dale Carnegie public speaking course in 1967.[33] He was sufficiently impressed by it to make his staff attend the course, and began to think about developing a course of his own.[33] Over the following years, Erhard investigated a wide range of movements, including Encounter, Transactional Analysis, Enlightenment Intensive, Subud and Scientology.[33]

In 1970 Erhard became involved in Mind Dynamics, a training course that used draconian methods to prompt participants to face their fears.[35][1]:158 Erhard began teaching his own version of Mind Dynamics classes in San Francisco and Los Angeles.[1]:136–137 The directors of Mind Dynamics eventually invited him into their partnership, but Erhard rejected the offer, saying he would rather develop his own seminar program—est, the first program of which he conducted in October 1971.[1]:178 John Hanley, who later founded Lifespring, was also involved at this time. In their 1992 book Perspectives on the New Age, James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton write that Mind Dynamics, est, and LifeSpring have "striking" similarities, as all used "authoritarian trainers who enforce numerous rules," require applause from participants, and de-emphasize reason in favor of emotion. The authors also describe graduates recruiting heavily on behalf of the companies, thereby eliminating marketing expenses.[35]

est (1971–1984)[]

Further information: Erhard Seminars Training

Starting in 1971, est, short for Erhard Seminars Training and also Latin for "it is" offered in-depth personal and professional development workshops, the initial program of which was called "The est Training."[36] The est Training's purpose was to transform the way one sees and makes sense of life so that the situations one had been trying to change or tolerating clear up in the process of living itself.[12] The point was to leave participants free to be, while increasing their effectiveness and the quality of their lives.[37] The est Training was experiential and transformational in nature.[38]

The workshops were offered until 1984, when the est training was replaced by the Forum. As of 1984, 700,000 people had completed the est Training.[11] American ethicist, philosopher, and historian Jonathan D. Moreno has described the est training as "the most important cultural event after the human potential movement itself seemed exhausted"[39] and a form of "Socratic interrogation". Erhard challenged participants to be themselves and live in the present[40] instead of playing a role imposed on them[39] by their past, and to move beyond their current points of view into a perspective from which they could observe their own positionality.[39] The author Robert Hargrove said, "you’re going to notice that things do begin to clear up, just in the process of life itself."[40]

The first est course was held in San Francisco, California, in October 1971.[41] Erhard led all the early est courses himself, but by the mid-1970s he had trained ten others (doctors, attorneys, and businessmen and -women) to do so.[33]:384 Est centers opened in Los Angeles, Aspen, Honolulu, New York, and many other cities, and est was enthusiastically endorsed by celebrities and people of influence such as leadership and business academic Warren Bennis, philosopher Walter Kaufmann, social activist Jerry Rubin, business magnate David Geffen, author and businesswoman Arianna Huffington, artist and peace activist Yoko Ono, singer-songwriter John Denver and actress Valerie Harper.[33]:384

Werner Erhard Foundation (1973–1991)[]

In the early 1970s the est Foundation became the Werner Erhard Foundation,[42] with the aim of "providing financial and organizational support to individuals and groups engaged in charitable and educational pursuits—research, communication, education, and scholarly endeavors in the fields of individual and social transformation and human well-being." The foundation supported projects launched by people committed to altering what is possible for humanity, such as The Hunger Project, The Mastery Foundation, The Holiday Project, and the Youth at Risk Program, programs that continue to be active. It also organized presentations by scholars and humanitarians such as the Dalai Lama and Buckminster Fuller[43] and hosted an annual conference in theoretical physics, a science in which Erhard was especially interested.[44] The annual conference was designed to give physicists an opportunity to work with their colleagues on what they were developing before they published, and was attended by such physicists as Richard Feynman, Stephen Hawking,[44] and Leonard Susskind.[45] Susskind wrote, "I met Hawking and Gerard 't Hooft in the attic of Werner Erhard's house in San Francisco. Erhard was a fan of Sidney Coleman. Dick Feynman, myself, and David Finkelstein were his gurus. He was very, very smart."[46]

Werner Erhard and Associates (1981–1991) and "The Forum"[]

Further information: Werner Erhard and Associates

In the 1980s Erhard created a new program called the Forum, which began in January 1985. Also during that period he developed and presented a series of seminars, broadcast via satellite, that included interviews with contemporary thinkers in science, economics, sports, and the arts on topics such as creativity, performance, and money. The interviews were designed not to present particular views, but to inquire into the commitments, visions and influences at the source of their work. People interviewed in this diverse series included Mike Wallace, Milton Friedman, Alice Cahana, Robert Reich, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Daniel Inouye.[47][17][48]

In October 1987 Erhard hosted a televised broadcast with sports coaches John Wooden, Red Auerbach, Tim Gallwey and George Allen to discuss principles of coaching across all disciplines. They sought to identify distinctions found in coaching regardless of the subject being coached. Jim Selman moderated the discussion and in 1989 documented the outcome in an article, "Coaching and the Art of Management."[49]

On February 1, 1991,[50] some of Werner Erhard and Associates' employees purchased its assets, licensed the right to use its intellectual property and assumed some of its liabilities, paying $3 million and committing to remitting up to $15 million over the following 18 years in licensing fees.[51] Shortly afterward, the new owners established Landmark Education.[50]

Academic lectures[]

Erhard has lectured at universities and organizations worldwide.[52] The Harvard Business Review On Change wrote, "We are indebted to numerous philosophers, scholars, and thinkers who have inquired into the nature of being, especially Werner Erhard", and cited his "Transformation and Its Implications for Systems-Oriented Research," lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts, April 1977 and "The Nature of Transformation," Oxford University Union Society, Oxford, England, September 1981. "Numerous writers have grappled with the relationship of past, present and future in the workplace, especially Werner Erhard," the Review wrote, citing his "Organizational Vision and Vitality: Forward from the Future," Academy of Management, San Francisco, California, August 1990.[53][54][55][56] Erhard "breached the 'split' in American intellectual life between the ideology of the university and the ideology of the American marketplace"[1][page needed] and "organized and led Harvard seminars and training sessions with Michael C. Jensen, professor of Business Administration Emeritus at Harvard Business School, who co-founded the Journal of Financial Economics and was the recipient of the 2009 Morgan Stanley-American Finance Association Award for Excellence in Financial Economics."[17]

Subsequent work[]

After retiring from Werner Erhard & Associates, Erhard continued to make public appearances. One of these was the December 8, 1993, episode of CNN's Larry King Live, "Whatever Happened to Werner Erhard?", via satellite from Moscow, where Erhard was working with the All Union Knowledge Society[57] and some members of the newly formed Russian parliament.[18] As of 2001 Erhard maintained a residence with Gonneke Spits in George Town, Cayman Islands.[58] During this time he worked on peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland, and on some occasions with author Peter Block.[59]

Erhard now devotes his time to scholarly research and writing and presentations of his ideas. He participated in an event on May 11, 2004, at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University titled "From Thought to Action: Growing Leaders in a Changing World." The event was in honor of a friend, Warren Bennis, who had taken the est Training and for some time consulted with Werner Erhard and Associates. In 2007 Erhard presented a talk exploring the link between integrity, leadership, and increased performance at the John F. Kennedy Center for Public Leadership,[60] led a course on integrity at the 2007 MIT Sloan School of Management's SIP (Sloan Innovation Period),[61] and spoke at the Harvard Law School program on Corporate Governance.[62] In 2008 he took part in a presentation on integrity at DePaul University[63] and co-led a course on leadership at the Simon School of Business.[64] In 2009 he presented Being a Leader and the Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological Model at the Gruter Institute Squaw Valley Conference: Law, Behavior & the Brain.[65]

Erhard, Jensen, and Steve Zaffron authored the paper "Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics and Legality." According to The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Well-Being, "Erhard, Jensen, and Zaffron (2007) aimed to present a positive model of integrity that provides powerful access to increased performance for individuals, groups, and organizations" ("positive" here means "actually workable", not "good" or "desirable".)[66]

Erhard presented his work on "Why We Do What We Do: A New Model Providing Actionable Access to the Source of Performance" at Harvard's Kennedy Center for Public Leadership in December 2009.[67] Author Bartley J. Madden wrote of Erhard's, Jensen's, and their colleagues’ new paradigm of individual, group, and organizational performance that it “emphasizes how one's worldview shapes and constrains each individual's perceptions. The paradigm takes one to the source of performance, which is not available by merely explaining performance through linear cause and effect analysis”, that “the source of performance resides in how actions correlate naturally with the way circumstances occur”, and that “language (including what is said and unsaid in conversations) plays a dominant role in how situations occur and so is instrumental in improving performance.”[68]

Madden wrote that a cornerstone of this new paradigm is its emphasis on integrity (keeping or when not keeping, then honoring [as they define honoring] one's word). Erhard, Jensen, et al. write, “Integrity is important to individuals, groups, organizations and society because it creates workability. Without integrity, the workability of any object, system, person, group or organization declines; and as workability declines, the opportunity for performance declines. Therefore integrity is a necessary condition for maximum performance. As an added benefit, honoring one's word is also an actionable pathway to being trusted by others.”[68][69]

A major part of Erhard’s current work is devoted to the creation and development of the course “Being A Leader and The Effective Exercise of Leadership: An Ontological/Phenomenological Model”, which he and his colleagues have led at numerous universities and is being taught by 34 professors at their own schools.[68][70] The Financial Times management editor Andrew Hill wrote that this course contributes to the field of business education and furthers academic research.[71] The course helps participants discover constraints their worldviews impose on being and acting as a leader that impede cognitive abilities that could otherwise be brought to bear on the circumstances they confront. Rather than simply teaching about leadership, the course promises to leave participants as leaders who exercise leadership as their natural self-expression.[72][73]

Erhard and Jensen were asked to contribute to the 2012 Harvard University publication The Handbook for Teaching Leadership: Knowing, Doing and Being,[22] edited by Harvard Business School Dean Nitin Nohria,[74] HBS Senior Lecturer of Business Administration Scott Snook, and Harvard College Dean Rakesh Khurana.[75] In their introduction the editors write, "Erhard and Jensen anchor this collection by taking dead aim at the BE component. In a highly provocative chapter titled 'Creating Leaders', this eclectic group of scholars argues for adopting a decidedly ontological approach to leadership education...For these authors, integrity, authenticity, and being committed to something bigger than oneself form the base of 'the context for leadership', a context that once mastered, leaves one actually being a leader. It is not enough to know about or simply understand these foundational factors, but rather by following a rigorous, phenomenologically based methodology, students have the opportunity to create for themselves a context that leaves them actually being a leader and exercising leadership effectively as their natural self-expression."[76]

Erhard's ontological work has been discussed by academics. At the 2013 Philosophy of Communication Division National Communication Association Conference in Washington, D.C., two professors, Bruce Hyde and Drew Kopp, presented their paper "Connecting Philosophy and Communication; A Heideggerian Analysis of the Ontological Rhetoric of Werner Erhard", in which they write, "We are not suggesting here that Heidegger's philosophical writings were the source of Erhard's ideas. We see both men as being at work in the same field, sharing a view toward language and its relationship to Being."[77]

Erhard is the author of the final chapter of Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, a book about economist Friedrich Hayek, edited by Robert Leeson.[17]

In 2014 the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the (ECGI) issued Erhard's and Jensen's paper "Putting Integrity Into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach", in which they summarize their theory of integrity and write that "adding integrity as a positive phenomenon to the paradigm of financial economics provides actionable access (rather than mere explanation with no access) to the source of the behavior that has resulted in damaging effects on value and human welfare, thereby significantly reducing that behavior."[78][79]

Critics and disputes[]

Erhard became the object of popular fascination and criticism, with the media tending to vilify him over several decades.[39] Moreno has written, "Allegations of all sorts of personal and financial wrongdoing were hurled at him, none of which were borne out and some [of which] were even publicly retracted by major media organizations."[39] Various skeptics have questioned or criticized the validity of Erhard's work and his motivations. Psychiatrist Marc Galanter called Erhard "a man with no formal experience in mental health, self-help, or religious revivalism, but a background in retail sales".[80] Michael E. Zimmerman, chair of the philosophy department at Tulane University, wrote "A Philosophical Assessment of the est Training",[81] in which he calls Erhard "a kind of artist, a thinker, an inventor, who has big debts to others, borrowed from others, but then put the whole thing together in a way that no one else had ever done."[82][83] Sacramento City College philosophy professor Robert Todd Carroll has called est a "hodge-podge of philosophical bits and pieces culled from the carcasses of existential philosophy, motivational psychology."[84] Social critic John Bassett MacCleary called Erhard "a former used-car salesman" and est "just another moneymaking scam."[85] NYU psychology professor Paul Vitz called est "primarily a business" and said its "style of operation has been labeled as fascist."[86]

In 1991 Erhard "vanished amid reports of tax fraud (which proved false and won him $200,000 from the IRS[18][87]) and allegations of incest (which were later recanted)."[88] The March 3, 1991, episode of 60 Minutes covered these allegations and was later removed by CBS due to factual inaccuracies.[11] On March 3, 1992, Erhard sued CBS, San Jose Mercury News reporter John Hubner and approximately 20 other defendants for libel, defamation, slander, invasion of privacy, and conspiracy.[89][90] On May 20, 1992, he filed for dismissal of his own case and sent each of the defendants $100 to cover their filing fees in the case.[91] Erhard told Larry King in an interview that he dropped the suit after receiving legal advice telling him that in order to win it, he would have to prove not just that CBS knew the allegations were false but that CBS acted with malice.[92] Erhard told King that his family members[87] had since retracted their allegations, which according to Erhard had been made under pressure from the 60 Minutes producer.[92]

Erhard's daughters retracted the allegations of sexual abuse they had made against him.[93][94] Celeste Erhard, one of the daughters featured on 60 Minutes, sued Hubner and the San Jose Mercury News for $2 million,[95] accusing the newspaper of having "defrauded her and invaded her privacy",[95] saying she had exaggerated information, been promised a $2 million book deal, and appeared on 60 Minutes to get publicity for the book.[95][96] Celeste claimed that her quotes in the Mercury News article were deceitfully obtained.[97] The case was dismissed in August 1993, the judge ruling that the statute of limitation had expired, that Celeste "had suffered no monetary damages or physical harm and that she failed to present legal evidence that Hubner had deliberately misled her",[95] which is legally required for damages.

CBS subsequently withdrew the video of the 60 Minutes program from the market.[98] A disclaimer said, "this segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons".[11]

In 1992 a court entered a default judgment of $380,000 against Erhard in absentia in a case alleging negligent injury.[99]:262 The appellate court stated that he had not been personally served and was not present at the trial.[100]

In 1993 Erhard filed a wrongful disclosure lawsuit against the IRS, asserting that IRS agents had incorrectly and illegally revealed details of his tax returns to the media.[101] In April 1991, IRS spokesmen were widely quoted alleging that "Erhard owed millions of dollars in back taxes, that he was transferring assets out of the country, and that the agency was suing Erhard", branding Erhard a "tax cheat".[101] On April 15, the IRS was reported to have placed a lien of $6.7 million on Erhard's personal property.[102] In his suit Erhard stated that he had never refused to pay taxes that were lawfully due,[101] and in September 1996 he won the suit. The IRS paid him $200,000 in damages. While admitting that the media reports quoting the IRS on Erhard's tax liabilities had been false, the IRS took no action to have the media correct those statements.[101][103]

A private investigator quoted in the Los Angeles Times stated that by October 1989, Scientology had collected five filing cabinets' worth of materials about Erhard, many from former est members who had joined Scientology, and that Scientology was clearly in the process of organizing a "media blitz" aimed at discrediting him.[104] According to Erhard's brother Harry Rosenberg, "Werner made some very, very powerful enemies. They really got him."[93]

Impact[]

A 2012 Financial Times article stated that Erhard's influence "extends far beyond the couple of million people who have done his courses; there is hardly a self-help book or a management training programme that does not borrow some of his principles."[18] Fortune magazine's 40th Anniversary issue (5/15/95), in examining the major contributions to management thinking over the last two decades along with Peter Drucker's The Practice of Management and Michael Hammer and James Champy's Reengineering The Corporation, recognized Erhard's ideas about methods for empowering people as one of the major innovations in management thinking of the last two decades.[105] Erhard and his programs have been cited[106] as having a significant cultural impact on America in the 1970s.[107] Erhard's teachings have influenced the field of professional coaching. The late Thomas Leonard, who founded or helped found Coach U, the International Coach Federation, Coachville, the International Association of Coaches and the Coaches Training Institute, was an employee of est.[108][109] Sociologist and Professor Earl Babbie acknowledged the value that he got out of his work with Werner Erhard. As Babbie says "I want to thank Werner Erhard for all the value I've gotten from my association with him, especially as it was reflected in the writing of this book" (Society By Agreement, which at the time was a widely used introductory sociology textbook in the United States).[110]

Paul Fireman (former CEO of Reebok),[111] Peter Block,[112] leadership expert Warren Bennis,[113] and economist Michael C. Jensen[114][115] spoke positively of Erhard's impact on their own performance. David Logan, an associate professor of business at the University of Southern California said, "Werner's thinking – I don't know any nice way of saying it – is just out there in the world. You can't do a master's degree in organizational development or human resources without picking up some of it. And it's usually not credited back to him. His stuff is just out there."[116] Over the years, Erhard's philosophy has been cited in helping to promote a multibillion-dollar personal growth industry.[116][117][118] Social scientist Daniel Yankelovich said of the large-scale study he conducted of participants of The Forum: "Several of the study's findings surprised me quite a bit, especially the large number of participants for whom The Forum proved to be 'one of the most valued experiences of my life'. This is not a sentiment that people, especially successful, well-educated people, express lightly."[119]

Erhard has influenced many scholars, such as ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) founder and former Association of Cognitive Behavior Therapies president Steven C. Hayes,[120] researcher and author Bartley J. Madden, whose current focus is on market-based solutions to public policy,[121] Professor of Mathematics and author of Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries Jay Greenberg,[122] and Bernard Roth, Rodney H. Adams Professor in the School of Engineering and Academic Director and co-founder of the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University.[123]

Roth has said of Erhard's influence: "I learned a lot from Werner and his work. For me it put an intellectual framework around all the fragments ... I also benefited from co-leading several workshops with Werner and his associates. Three years ago I participated in a leadership workshop co-led by Werner and Michael C. Jensen. It had been 22 years since I last worked with Werner. This experience brought a renewed realization as to how deeply his style and content have influenced my teaching."[124]

Other organizations[]

The Hunger Project[]

Main article: The Hunger Project

In 1977, with the support of John Denver, former Oberlin College president Robert W. Fuller, and others, Erhard founded The Hunger Project, a nonprofit NGO accredited to the United Nations Economic and Social Council[5] in which more than four million people have participated.

Landmark Education[]

In 1991 the group that later formed Landmark Education purchased the intellectual property of Werner Erhard. In 1998, Time magazine published an article[125] about Landmark Education and its historical connection to Werner Erhard. The article stated that: "In 1991, before he left the U.S., Erhard sold the 'technology' behind his seminars to his employees, who formed a new company called the Landmark Education Corp., with Erhard's brother Harry Rosenberg at the helm." Landmark Education states that its programs have as their basis ideas originally developed by Erhard, but that Erhard has no financial interest, ownership, or management role in Landmark Education.[126] In Stephanie Ney v. Landmark Education Corporation (1994), the courts determined Landmark Education Corporation did not have successor-liability to Werner Erhard & Associates, the corporation whose assets Landmark Education purchased.[127][non-primary source needed]

According to Pressman in the 1993 book Outrageous Betrayal: Landmark Education further agreed to pay Erhard a long-term licensing fee for the material used in the Forum and other courses. Erhard stood to earn up to $15 million over the next 18 years."[99]:253–255 However, Arthur Schreiber's declaration of May 3, 2005 states: "Landmark Education has never paid Erhard under the license agreements (he assigned his rights to others)." [128][non-primary source needed]

In 2001, New York Magazine reported that Landmark Education's CEO Harry Rosenberg said that the company had bought outright Erhard's license and his rights to the business in Japan and Mexico.[58] From time to time Erhard consults with Landmark Education.[129]

Barbados Group[]

The Barbados Group represents a "self-selected group of scholars, consultants and practitioners"[130] which aims to build an ontological paradigm of performance in organizations.[131] The group and its main publication-vehicle SSRN both have at their head Michael C. Jensen, Emeritus Professor at the Harvard Business School. Werner Erhard's Barbados Group publications can be found at SSRN.[132] Some members of the Barbados Group are affiliated with Landmark Education.[133]

The Barbados Group was analyzed by economics journalist and author David Warsh, in an article in Economic Principals.[134]

Film and television[]

See also: est and The Forum in popular culture

In 2006 Erhard appeared in the documentary Transformation: The Life and Legacy of Werner Erhard.[135] Robyn Symon and Walter Maksym (who had earlier served as Erhard's attorney in the lawsuit against CBS) co-produced the film.[135]

Werner Erhard featured in the 2002 British documentary by Adam Curtis, The Century of the Self, episode part 3 of 4. This segment of the video discusses the est Training in detail, and includes interviews with est graduates John Denver and Jerry Rubin.

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ [clarification needed]Philosophers Isaiah Berlin, Hubert Dreyfus,[19] Michel Foucault,[20] Karl Popper,[20] Hilary Putnam,[20] and Michael E. Zimmerman;[21][22] leadership and business academics Warren Bennis,[23][22] Fernando Flores,[24][25] Ronald Heifetz,[22] and Dave Logan;[21] economists Milton Friedman[17] and Michael C. Jensen;[21] neuroscientists David Eagleman and Karl H. Pribram; theoretical physicists Richard Feynman[20][26] and Leonard Susskind;[26] anthropologist Gregory Bateson;[27] cyberneticists Heinz von Foerster and James Grier Miller; biologist Humberto Maturana;[20][28] artist Robert Rauschenberg;[29] IBM fellow ;[21] and futurist R. Buckminster Fuller;[30] among others.[31] Philosopher Michael E. Zimmerman said of Erhard, "He had no particular formal training in anything, but he understood things as well as anyone I'd ever seen; and I've been around a lot of smart people in academia."[32]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Bartley, William Warren III (1978). Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN 0-517-53502-5.
  2. ^ Bartley, William Warren III (1978). Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. ISBN 0-517-53502-5. est is a training program in the expansion and transformation of consciousness which was founded by Werner Erhard in California in 1971.
  3. ^ Erhard, Werner. "Curriculum Vitae". Werner Erhard. Retrieved February 2, 2017. These companies were: Erhard Seminars Training Inc. (1971–1975); est, an educational corporation (1975–1981), and Werner Erhard and Associates (1981–1991).
  4. ^ Amor, Ben (2017). The Urban Shepherd: chasing the American Dream. [S.l.]: Dog Ear Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-1457545344. OCLC 985912622. The founders included Werner Erhard (the founder of EST), John Denver, Bob Fuller, Dana Meadows, and Roy Prosterman.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Hunger Project". CSO-Net. Economic and Social Council. Retrieved 30 Nov. 2015.
  6. ^ Encyclopedia of human rights. Lawson, Edward (Edward H.), Bertucci, Mary Lou (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. 1996. p. 744. ISBN 1560323620. OCLC 34731141. Hunger Project has consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council [...].CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ Amor, Ben (2017). Urban Shepard : Chasing the American Dream. [S.l.]: Dog Ear Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-1457545344. OCLC 985912622.
  8. ^ "Werner Erhard - The Hunger Project Source Document". www.wernererhard.net. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  9. ^ LANDMARK EDUCATION: REGISTRATION OF CORPORATION
  10. ^ Symon, Robyn. "Transformation: The Life & Legacy of Werner Erhard: 2005". Symon Productions, Inc. and Eagle Island Films.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Snider, Susan. "Est, Werner Erhard and The Corporatization of Self-Help". The Believer (magazine). Archived from the original on August 6, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2021. By shedding the overt Erhard association with the program (occasionally Erhard still consults, the Forum admits), the Forum moved toward establishing itself as a common passage for the upwardly mobile young (or even not-so-young) adult, as well as for the fringe element it had always succeeded in catching.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c Steven M. Tipton, Getting Saved from the Sixties: Moral Meaning in Conversion and Cultural Change. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982, p. 176.
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