White Castle (restaurant)

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White Castle Management Co.
White Castle
TypePrivate
IndustryRestaurants
GenreFast food
FoundedSeptember 13, 1921; 99 years ago (1921-09-13)
Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
Founders
  • Billy Ingram[1]
  • Walter Anderson
Headquarters
Columbus, Ohio
,
U.S.
Number of locations
377 (2019)
Areas served
  • The Midwest
  • New York metropolitan area
  • Las Vegas
  • Scottsdale, Arizona
  • Orlando
Key people
Lisa Ingram (CEO)[2][3]
ProductsHamburgers, french fries, breakfast, soft drinks, milkshakes
RevenueUS$ 720.6 million[4] Increase (2019)
OwnerIngram family
Number of employees
10,000[5]
Websitewhitecastle.com

White Castle is an American regional hamburger restaurant chain with 377 locations across 13 states, with its greatest presence in the Midwest and New York metropolitan area.[6] It has been generally credited as the world's first fast-food hamburger chain, founded on September 13, 1921.[2] It is known for its small, square hamburgers referred to as "sliders". The burgers were initially priced at five cents until 1929 and remained at 10 cents until 1949.[7] In the 1940s, White Castle periodically ran promotional ads in local newspapers which contained coupons offering five burgers for ten cents, takeout only.[8][9]

Despite being founded in Wichita, Kansas, the restaurant has not operated a location in the city since 1938.[10]

On January 14, 2014, Time labeled the White Castle slider as the most influential burger of all time.[11]

History[]

Background[]

Walter (Walt) A. Anderson (1880–1963), a cook, had been running food stands in Wichita since 1916, when he opened his first diner in a converted streetcar. After a second and third location, he was looking to open a fourth location when he met Edgar Waldo "Billy" A. Ingram, an insurance and real-estate man, and together they started the White Castle chain.

Founding and early activity[]

White Castle was founded in March 1921 in Wichita, Kansas.[12] Anderson partnered with Ingram to make White Castle into a chain of restaurants and market the brand and its distinctive product.

Anderson and Ingram started with only $700 for the original White Castle in Wichita, Kansas. The original location was the northwest corner of First and Main; the building is no longer standing.[12]

At the time, Americans were hesitant to eat ground beef after Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle had publicized the poor sanitation practices of the meat packing industry. The founders set out to change the public's perception of the cleanliness of the industry they were creating. To invoke a feeling of cleanliness, their restaurants were small buildings with stainless steel interiors, and employees outfitted with spotless uniforms. Their first restaurants in Wichita were a success, and the company branched out into other Midwestern markets, starting in 1922 with El Dorado, Kansas.

1925: White Castle Official House Organ, success, expansion and imitators[]

The company also began publishing its own internal employee magazine, the White Castle Official House Organ, circa November 1925 (it was originally named The Hot Hamburger). The bulk of the material was contributed by company personnel and consisted mostly of letters and photographs of workers, promotional announcements, 25-year milestones, retirements, and similar items of interest arranged by geographic area. "Employees could... read about the progress and innovations made by those in other areas which made everyone aware of the entire system's direction and condition."[13] The White Castle Official House Organ was published quarterly at least through the early 1980s, and at some point was renamed The Slider Times. The Ohio Historical Society houses an extensive archive of White Castle System, Inc. records from 1921 to 1991, including issues dating from 1927 to 1970 of the White Castle Official House Organ.[14]

Indianapolis White Castle #3

The earliest buildings, such as Indianapolis White Castle #3, built in 1927, had exteriors of white enamel-glazed brick and interiors of enameled steel. The Indianapolis unit was in operation until 1979, making it, at the time of its closure, the longest-operating fast food restaurant in the country. The company constructed this style of building from 1924 to 1929.[15] White Castle Building No. 8, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, originally built in 1936 and remodeled (photo in infobox above), is an example of the chain's buildings with prefabricated white porcelain enamel on steel exteriors. The building measured 28 feet (8.5 m) by 28 feet (8.5 m) and was designed to resemble the Chicago Water Tower, with octagonal buttresses, crenelated towers, and a parapet wall.[16][17]

The success of White Castle led to numerous imitators. Restaurants copied the distinctive architecture of White Castle buildings, as well as created confusion for consumers by using a similar name. The first of these imitators in Wichita was Little Kastle. Many competitors created their names with a play on the White Castle name. Some restaurant chains just replaced the word "Castle" with their own word (Cabin, Cap, Clock, Crescent, Diamond, Dome, Fortress, Grille, House, Hut, Kitchen, Knight, Log, Manna, Mill, Palace, Plaza, Shop, Spot, Tavern, Tower, Turret, Wonder), while others chose to replace "White" with another color or adjective (Blue, King's, Little, Magic, Modern, Prince's, Red, Royal, Silver). Some of the other imitators included Castle Blanca, Blue Beacon, Blue Bell, Blue Tower, Krystal, Red Barn, Red Lantern, and Klover Kastle. Despite all the competition, few of the competitors were able to match the success of White Castle.[18]

1932: Paperlynen subsidiary[]

The signature hamburger

Since fast food was unknown in the United States at the time of White Castle's founding, there was no infrastructure to support the business, as is common with today's fast-food restaurants. The company established centralized bakeries, meat supply plants, and warehouses to supply itself. It was said that the only things that they did not do themselves were raise the cows and grow their own wheat. Ingram developed a device to produce previously unheard of paper hats (for employees to wear as part of the uniform).

In 1932, Ingram set up a subsidiary, Paperlynen, to produce these hats and other paper products used in his restaurants as well as for many other purposes. At the time, White Castle's distribution stretched from Wichita to New York. Ingram decided the central office should be in the center of the distribution area, and in 1936, relocated the central office to Columbus, Ohio. That same year, Ingram decided to close all of the restaurants in the two smallest-profit markets, Wichita and Omaha.

In 1955, Paperlynen produced over 42 million paper hats worldwide with more than 25,000 different inscriptions.[19]

1934: Porcelain Steel Buildings subsidiary[]

White Castle also created a subsidiary in 1934 named Porcelain Steel Buildings that manufactured movable, prefabricated, steel frame structures with porcelain enamel interior and exterior panels that could be assembled at any of its restaurant sites.[16] This is the first known use of this material in a building design.

Buyout of Anderson, headquarters relocation, and expansion[]

In 1933, Anderson sold his half of the business to Ingram, and the following year the company moved its corporate headquarters to Columbus, Ohio. Co-founder Billy Ingram was followed as head of the firm by his son E. W. Ingram Jr. and grandson E. W. Ingram III.

In 1959, White Castle expanded into new markets for the first time since the 1920s.[20] Billy Ingram, who had retired to Miami in 1958, built three White Castle restaurants there. The company closed the Florida operations in 1967 due to inefficient supply distribution.[21]

Throughout its existence, White Castle has been a private company and relied on company-owned stores. It remains privately held today, and its restaurants are all company-owned; none is franchised,[clarification needed] except very briefly in Japan during the 1980s[22] and more recently in China since 2017.[23]

Cravers' Hall of Fame[]

In concurrence with its 80th anniversary in 2001, White Castle started its Cravers' Hall of Fame. "Cravers" are inducted annually based on stories written about them by another person or that the particular Craver submits for consideration. Between five and 10 stories have been chosen each year, with a grand total of 64 stories selected through the 2007 induction class. This represents less than 1% of the total stories submitted since the inception of the Cravers' Hall of Fame, an indication of the exclusivity of the honor.

Inductees are invited to attend the White Castle Leadership Conference in the chain's hometown of Columbus, Ohio, with full travel, dining and hotel accommodation expenses covered. Furthermore, each inductee receives a celebratory plaque in front of hundreds of White Castle leadership and operations team members.

Location expansion and vegetable sliders[]

The first White Castle in the far western United States opened at the Casino Royale Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip on January 27, 2015.[24] This was the first expansion for White Castle into a region outside the Midwest and Northeast in 56 years. On the first day of business, demand for food was so great that the restaurant had to temporarily close for two hours to restock.[25] White Castle Vice President Jamie Richardson said that the store sold 4,000 sliders per hour in its first 12 hours. He was not aware of any similar closing due to unexpected demand in White Castle's 94-year history. A second White Castle location opened in Las Vegas on September 22, 2017, on Fremont Street, and a third opened in Jean not long after.

In September 2015, White Castle began to offer Veggie Sliders with dairy-free buns to provide a vegan option.[26]

In December 2015, White Castle announced that chief executive officer (CEO) E.W. “Bill” Ingram III would step down at the end of the year, but continue to be chairman of the board. His daughter, Lisa Ingram, then became the fourth CEO of the company.[27][3]

In 2018, White Castle began offering meat-free Impossible Burgers designed to closely mimic the flavor and texture of beef burgers.[28]

The first White Castle location in Arizona opened in Scottsdale on October 23, 2019.[29]

White Castle announced on November 25, 2019, that the chain would return to Florida after previously leaving the state in 1968, with plans to open the first restaurant in Orlando.[30] A ghost kitchen, operated out of the restaurant while it was under construction, overloaded Uber Eats when it opened for one day on February 24, 2021.[31] The Orlando location opened on May 3, 2021.[32] It is the world's largest White Castle, located on Daryl Carter Parkway off Interstate 4. The opening coincided with White Castle's 100th anniversary.

Activities[]

United States[]

White Castle restaurant in the New York City borough of Queens

The Ingram family's steadfast refusal to franchise or take on debt throughout the company's existence has kept the chain relatively small, with a more discontinuous geography than its principal competitors. There are 377 White Castle outlets, predominantly in the Midwest, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The exceptions are about 50 in the New York - New Jersey metropolitan area, three locations around Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Scottsdale, Arizona, one in Orlando, Florida, and two in Shanghai, China. By comparison, there are over 36,000 McDonald's locations globally, with approximately 14,000 of those in the United States.[33] The chain does, however, sell frozen sliders at supermarkets nationwide, with availability varying by chain.

Current White Castle markets in the United States:

  • Chicago (includes Kenosha, Wisconsin)
  • Cincinnati
  • Columbus
  • Dayton
  • Detroit
  • Indianapolis
  • Las Vegas
  • Lexington
  • Louisville
  • Minneapolis–St. Paul
  • Nashville
  • New York - New Jersey (includes Allentown, Pennsylvania)
  • Orlando
  • Scottsdale, Arizona
  • St. Louis

Louisville and Columbus also house bulk-manufacturing (grocery-store sales, meat, and bun production) divisions. Company headquarters and the Porcelain Steel Buildings division are in Columbus, Ohio.

In the early 2000s, White Castle tried expanding into three new cities, Philadelphia, Kansas City, and Cleveland-Akron. Those restaurants closed within several years. White Castle exited Cleveland-Akron effective December 25, 2014.[34]

International activities[]

Through franchise deals with local corporate business partners, White Castle briefly had restaurants outside of the United States in Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but the concept never caught on in those countries.[35] During the same time period, White Castle also tried to establish franchised operations in Mexico and South Korea, but these restaurants also failed.[36] The lone Korean restaurant in Seoul was quietly closed by 1993.[37]

In 1986, White Castle opened its first Japanese restaurant in the city of Osaka via a franchise deal with a Japanese company.[38][22] There are no reliable records that show when this location closed and when the company finally left the Japanese marketplace. By the end of 1986, the Japanese franchise had six restaurants with a seventh opened by the following year.[39]

In June 1989, White Castle and its local franchise partner Innovest Bhd. opened seven restaurants in Malaysia. Innovest franchise territory included Malaysia and Singapore, and the company had plans to open three more restaurants by the end of the year, with the possibility of having a total of 20 restaurants within its two country region by the following year.[39][40] There is no evidence if the company did or did not achieve their goals, and there are no reliable sources that describe the fate of these restaurants and when all of these restaurants had finally closed.

The first White Castle franchised location in Mexico opened in Mexico City in 1996, but it also closed after a brief trial run.[41][42]

In 2017, White Castle opened its first and second restaurants in China in the city of Shanghai through a partnership with Shanghai-based ClearVue Partners. In addition to beef sliders, the Shanghai location also sells a spicy tofu slider and a cherry duck slider, which is smoked duck topped with a sweet cherry sauce. At the time of their openings, these two restaurants were the only White Castle restaurants located outside of the United States.[23]

Although White Castle has never opened any restaurants in Canada, Canadians have been able to purchase White Castle hamburgers from the frozen foods section in select Canadian grocery and convenience stores since 2015 and more recently at Walmart.[43]

Countries formerly with White Castle
  • Malaysia[citation needed] – 1989/90
  • Japan – 1986[44]
  • South Korea – 1993/1994[37]
  • Singapore[citation needed]
  • Mexico - 1986[42]
  • Hong Kong[citation needed]
  • Bahamas[citation needed]

Products and marketing[]

White Castle also markets its sandwiches in 30-hamburger boxes, called a Crave Case.[45] The figure of 30 burgers represents the number that can be produced on one of its standard grills at the same time.[46] A "Crave Crate" is also offered, with the contents being 100 burgers.[45][47]

A variety of White Castle products (mostly frozen) are also sold in grocery stores.[48]

Some locations had been cobranded with Church's Chicken.[49] Church's is a national fried chicken chain of restaurants. That co-branding arrangement ended around 2010.

Around 2012, White Castle experimented with the Laughing Noodle brand that was to share space with White Castle restaurants. The Laughing Noodle concept was discarded a few years later. The Laughing Noodle brand was developed to offer supplemental variety to a White Castle Restaurant. At least one such location was constructed and operated in Sharonville, Ohio.[50]

Although White Castle originated in Wichita, Kansas, the city has not had a restaurant since 1938, nor is there a White Castle restaurant in the entire state of Kansas. White Castle is one of the few restaurant chains that does not have a location in its original city.[10] In the early 2000s, White Castle tried expanding into the Kansas City market, with at least one location in Kansas, but those restaurants were closed several years later.

In April 2020, White Castle respond to the COVID-19 pandemic by announcing that the chain would be delivering free meals to healthcare workers.[51] White Castle also offered a free dessert in the month of May 2021 to anyone who showed a vaccination certificate.

Impact[]

Anderson is credited with the invention of the hamburger bun[52] as well as "the kitchen as assembly line, and the cook as infinitely replaceable technician,"[53] hence giving rise to the modern fast-food phenomenon. Due to White Castle's innovation of having chain-wide standardized methods, customers could be sure that they would receive the same product and service in every White Castle restaurant.[54]

Ingram's business savvy not only was responsible for White Castle's success but for the popularization of the hamburger.[55] On January 14, 2014, Time labeled the White Castle slider as the most influential burger of all time.[11]

In popular culture[]

Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle is a 2004 stoner comedy film following the characters of Harold and Kumar as they decide to go to the fast food chain White Castle after smoking marijuana but end up on a series of comical misadventures along the way.

Starting in 2011, a White Castle on Long Island has become a frequent setting for challenges on the show Impractical Jokers, during which the contestants pose as cashiers, drive-thru workers, and janitors.[citation needed]

Season 2, episode 9 of includes features about White Castle.[56] In The King of Queens sitcom Doug Heffernan (Kevin James) often remarks about his desire to go to White Castle.

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Kieler, Ashley (July 14, 2015). "The White Castle Story: The Birth Of Fast Food & The Burger Revolution". Consumerist.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Maze, Jonathan (December 22, 2015). "Lisa Ingram to be next White Castle CEO". Nation's Restaurant News.
  4. ^ www.whitecastle.com Case Revenue Increase https://www.whitecastle.com/about-us/our-historytitle=White Case Revenue Increase Check |url= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ www.whitecastle.com Case Employees https://www.whitecastle.com/about-us/our-historytitle=White Case Employees Check |url= value (help). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ "White Castle's Impossible Sliders Now Available at All Locations". QSR Mag. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
  7. ^ "White Castle Offers 27 Cent Burgers". QSR magazine. May 23, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  8. ^ "The White Castle Story: The Birth Of Fast Food & The Burger Revolution – Consumerist". Consumerist. July 14, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  9. ^ Danna, Nicole; Doss, Laine (September 30, 2015). "White Castle's Crave Mobile Coming to Magic City Casino in November". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b Tanner, Beccy (May 12, 2011). "White Castle marks 90th anniversary with one-day return to Wichita". Wichita Eagle.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Begley, Sarah (January 10, 2014). "The 17 Most Influential Burgers of All Time". TIME. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Tanner, Beccy (May 12, 2011). "White Castle marks 90th anniversary with one-day return to Wichita". Wichita Eagle. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  13. ^ "History and Heritage of White Castle". White Castle Official House Organ. 51 (1). Spring 1975. p. 20.
  14. ^ "White Castle System, Inc. Records, 1921-1991". Ohio Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
  15. ^ "Indiana State Historic Architectural and Archaeological Research Database (SHAARD)" (Searchable database). Department of Natural Resources, Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology. Retrieved March 1, 2017. Note: This includes Hannah W. Collins; Brent Rosenberg; Rebecca Smith (March 2, 2011). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Indianapolis White Castle #3" (PDF). Retrieved August 1, 2016.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Gardner, Denis P. (2004). Minnesota Treasures: Stories Behind the State's Historic Places. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 0-87351-471-8.
  17. ^ "History on a Bun". American Eats. Season 1. Episode 105. March 20, 2009. History Channel.
  18. ^ Goldberg, Ryan (November 23, 2010). "The Origins of Cult-Favorite Fast Food Restaurants: White Castle". Minyanville. Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2014.
  19. ^ "Promotion: Caps on the Side". Time. September 3, 1956. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008.
  20. ^ Hogan, David Gerard (1997). Selling 'em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food (First ed.). NYU Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8147-3567-3. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  21. ^ "Remember The 2 White Castles In Miami? Probably Not #throwbackthursday #tbt". Burger Beast. February 6, 2014. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Siler, Julia Flynn (May 7, 1988). "White Castle's Search for Youth". New York Times (Late (East Coast) ed.). p. 37. ProQuest 426818317. It owns all of its restaurants in the United States and has granted only one franchise - to an operator in Japan who expects to have 12 restaurants open by the end of the year.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b Eaton, Dan (August 26, 2017). "Cherry duck sliders and spicy tofu: White Castle expands to China". Columbus Business First.
  24. ^ Snel, Alan (January 28, 2015). "White Castle on Strip reopens after temporary shutdown". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  25. ^ "First Las Vegas White Castle opens to feeding frenzy". WESH. January 30, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  26. ^ "White Castle's Veggie Sliders Are Now Vegan". PeTA. October 5, 2015.
  27. ^ Malone, J.D. (December 20, 2015). "White Castle CEO passes reins to fourth generation: New CEO will be fourth in company's 94 years — first one not named Edgar Waldo". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  28. ^ Goldfield, Hannah (April 14, 2018). "Can White Castle Sell the Impossible—the Meatless Burger That Bleeds?". New Yorker.
  29. ^ Frigerio, Josh (August 24, 2018). "White Castle to open restaurant in AZ in 2019". KNXV-TV. Retrieved January 7, 2019.[dead link]
  30. ^ Figueroa IV, Daniel (November 25, 2019). "White Castle is coming back to Florida after a 50-year absence". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  31. ^ Krietz, Andrew (February 24, 2021). "Heavy demand forces Florida's newest White Castle to close for a day". WTSP 10. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  32. ^ Krietz, Andrew (May 3, 2021). "Florida White Castle opens today". wtsp.com. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  33. ^ Bloch, Hayley (July 22, 2014). "Statistics and facts on McDonald's". Statista. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  34. ^ Jablonski, Ray (December 11, 2014). "White Castle closing five restaurants in Cleveland and Akron". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  35. ^ Ma, Wayne & Lin, Liza (September 24, 2017). "White Castle Takes a Slider-Sized Bite Out of China'– Fast Food Market: The chain hopes curiosity about Western food, and Cherry Duck mini-burgers, will attract customers". Wall Street Journal. Overseas, the burger chain has had several false starts.
  36. ^ Robehmed, Natalie (August 18, 2014). "White Castle: A Cult Classic Searching For New Sizzle". Forbes.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Hyun-jung, Kim (August 30, 2010). "화이트 캐슬 햄버거,누리꾼 관심 폭발" [White Castle burger, nether attention bursts]. etoday (in Korean). Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  38. ^ "White Castle in Japan". New York Times. October 27, 1986. p. D13. ProQuest 426297466. The White Castle fast-food chain is entering the Japanese market, its first venture outside the United States. Bill Ingram, president and chief executive of White Castle System Inc., said a restaurant would open on Nov. 21 in Osaka.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b Christopher A. Amatos, Dispatch Assistant Business Editor (July 16, 1989). "Business Meaty In Far East - White Castle Pleased By Sales at 7 Restaurants". Columbus Dispatch. p. 04H. They may not call them sliders in Malaysia - yet - but the Far East country apparently gave White Castle a warm response when seven restaurants opened there last month... White Castle's franchisee in Malaysia and Singapore is Innovest Bhd... Three more stores are expected to open by the end of the year. By the end of 1990 another 10 will have opened, giving the area 20 units in Malaysia and Singapore, Thomas said... White Castle's first experiment with franchising was in Japan, where it opened a little more than a year ago with five units. That market has six stores now.
  40. ^ Youngblood, Ruth (May 28, 1989). "Special Report: Malaysia looms as Asia's newest tiger; New incentives offered for foreign investment". UPI. Planning a June debut is another American chain, White Castle, with its square, steam-cooked beef burgers.
  41. ^ "Empresas gringas que no funcionaron en México" [Gringo companies that didn't work in Mexico]. GoBizNext (in Spanish). September 30, 2019. Llegó a México en el año 1996, pero su estancia fue breve, pues no tuvo el éxito que esperaban. [It arrived in Mexico in 1996, but its stay was short, because it did not have the success they expected.]
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, Jim (March 31, 2007). "One-time patron helped bring White Castle to Mexico City". Columbus Dispatch.
  43. ^ "White Castle Sliders Head To Walmart Grocery Aisles Across Canada". Business Insider. May 3, 2018. White Castle products have been available in Canadian convenience stores since 2015
  44. ^ "History of White Castle System, Inc". FundingUniverse. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b "The world's 'most craveable' burger may surprise you". Fox News. March 13, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  46. ^ Fulton, Wil (December 22, 2017). "Why White Castle's Burgers Have Holes". Thrillist. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  47. ^ Hein, J. (2016). Fast Food Maniac: From Arby's to White Castle, One Man's Supersized Obsession with America'sFavorite Food. Crown/Archetype. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-553-41804-0. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  48. ^ "Bring Home the Crave". White Castle. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  49. ^ Gramig, Mickey H. (November 11, 1996). "White Castle, Churchs Chicken to Share Restaurant Sites". Knight Ridder/Tribune. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2014 – via HighBeam Research.
  50. ^ Cincinnati Business Courier, September 12, 2012
  51. ^ WKRC, Zachary Rogers (April 13, 2020). "White Castle offering free meals to health care workers, delivering sliders to hospitals". WKRC. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  52. ^ "Hamburgers in History". h2g2. May 16, 2003.
  53. ^ "Big bite". The Economist. April 24, 2008.
  54. ^ Bowen, Dana (September 2009). "Chain Reaction". Saveur.
  55. ^ Hogan, David Gerard (1997). Selling 'em by the Sack: White Castle and the Creation of American Food (First ed.). NYU Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-8147-3567-3. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
  56. ^ "the food that built america season 2 - Google Search". www.google.com.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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