Zayyanid dynasty

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Zayyanid dynasty
Parent house Kingdom of Tlemcen
CountryAlgeria
Founded1236
FounderYaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
Final rulerHassan ibn Abdallah II
TitlesSultan of Tlemcen
Dissolution1556
Deposition1556
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The Zayyanid dynasty (Arabic: زيانيون‎, Ziyānyūn) or Abd al-Wadids (Arabic: بنو عبد الواد‎, Bānu ʿabd āl-Wād) was a Berber Zenata[1][2][3] dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of Tlemcen, an area of northwestern Algeria, centered on Tlemcen. The territory stretched from Tlemcen to the Chelif bend and Algiers. At its zenith, the kingdom reached the Moulouya river to the west, Sijilmasa to the south, and the Soummam river to the east.[4][5] The Zayyanid dynasty's rule lasted from 1235 to 1556.[6]

History[]

Main article: Kingdom of Tlemcen

On the collapse of the Almohad Caliphate's rule around 1236,[7] the kingdom of Tlemcen became independent under the rule of the Zayyanids, and Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan.[7][8] Ibn Zyan was able to maintain control over the rival Berber groups, and when faced with the outside threat of the Marinids, he formed an alliance with the Sultan of Granada and the King of Castile, Alfonso X.[7]

After ibn Zyan's death, the Marinid sultan besieged Tlemcen for eight years and finally captured it in 1337–48, with Abu al-Hasan 'Ali as the new ruler. After a period of self-rule, it was governed again by the Marinid dynasty from 1352–59 under Abu Inan Faris.[7] The Marinids reoccupied it periodically, particularly in 1360 and 1370.[9] In both cases, the Marinids found that they were unable to hold the region against local resistance.[10] but these episodes appear to have marked the beginning of the end of the Zayyanid dynasty.

In the 15th century, expansion eastward was attempted, but proved disastrous, as consequences of these incursions they were so weakened that over the following two centuries, the Zayyanid kingdom was intermittently a vassal of Hafsid Ifriqiya, Marinid Morocco, or Aragon.[10] When the Spanish took the city of Oran from the kingdom in 1509, continuous pressure from the Berbers prompted the Spanish to attempt a counterattack against the city of Tlemcen (1543), which was deemed by the Papacy to be a crusade. The Spanish failed to take the city in the first attack, although the strategic vulnerability of Tlemcen caused the kingdom's weight to shift toward the safer and more heavily fortified corsair base at Algiers.

In 1554, the Kingdom of Tlemcen became a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire, which later deposed the Zayyanid dynasty and annexed the country to the Regency of Algiers.

The failure of this kingdom from ever being a formidable foe can be linked to a number of reasons. First, they had no geographical or cultural unity. They also constantly faced internal issues, and they did not have fixed frontiers, and finally most important was the fact that they depended on Arab nomads for their military.[7]

List of rulers[]

Dates and most alternate names taken from John Stewart's African States and Rulers (1989).[11]

No. Name Alternate Name Reign Begin Reign End Notes
1 Yghomracen Ibn Zyan Abu Yahya I bin Zayyan 1236 March 1283 Founder
2 Abu Said Uthman I Othmane Ibn Yaghmoracen March 1283 6 June 1304 Son of Abu Yahya I
3 Abu Zayyan I Abu Zayyar I Muhammad 6 June 1304 14 April 1308 Son of Abu Said Uthman I
4 Abu Hammu I Abu Hamma I Musa 14 April 1308 22 July 1318 Brother of Abu Zayyan I
Assassinated by his son Abu Tashufin I
5 Abu Tashufin I Abu Tashufin I Abdal Rahman 22 July 1318 May 1336 Son of Abu Hammu I
First Marinid conquest (1337–1348) (Marinid ruler was Abu al-Hasan Ali)
6 Abu Said Uthman II Abu Sa'id Uthman II Abdal Rahman 1348 1352 Son of Abu Tashufin I
Co-ruler with Abu Thabid I
7 Abu Thabid I Abu Thabit 1348 1352 Son of Abu Tashufin I
Co-ruler with Abu Said Uthman II
Second Marinid conquest (1352–1359) (Marinid ruler was Abu Inan)
8 Abu Hammu II Musa Abu Hammu II ibn Abi Yaqub February 1359 20 May 1360 First Reign
Brother of Abu Said Uthman II
9 Abu Zayyan II Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman 20 May 1360 1360 Ruled during times when Abu Hammu II was forced from power
- Abu Hammu II - 1360 1370 Second Reign
Expedition to Bugia defeated, 1366
- Abu Zayan II - 1370 1372 Second Reign
- Abu Hammu II - 1372 1383 Third Reign
- Abu Zayan II - 1383 1384 Third Reign
- Abu Hammu II - 1384 1387 Fourth Reign
- Abu Zayan II - 1387 1387 Fourth and final Reign
- Abu Hammu II - 1387 1389 Fifth and final Reign
10 Abu Tashufin II Abu Tashufin II Abdal Rahman 1389 29 May 1393 Son of Abu Hammu I
11 Abu Thabid II Abu Thabit II Yusuf 29 May 1393 8 July 1393 Son of Abu Tashufin I
12 Abul Hadjdjadj I Abu Hadjjaj Yusuf 8 July 1393 November 1393 Brother of Abu Thabid II
13 Abu Zayyan II Abu Zayyan II Muhammad November 1393 1397 Brother of Abul Hadjdjadj I
14 Abu Muhammad I Abu Muhammad Abdallah I 1397 1400 Brother of Abu Zayyan II
15 Abu Abdallah I Abu Abdallah Muhammad I 1400 1411 Brother of Abu Muhammad I
16 Abd al-Rahman I Abd al-Rahman ibn Musa U 1411 1411 Son of Abu Muhammad I
17 Said I Abu Sa'id ibn Musa 1411 November 1412 Brother of Abu Muhammad I
18 Abu Malek I Abu Malek Abd al-Wahid November 1412 May 1424 First reign
Brother of Said I
19 Abu Abdallah II Abu Abdallah Muhammad II May 1424 1427 First reign
Son of Abd al-Rahman I
Interregnum – Civil War (1427–1429)
- Abu Malek I - 1429 1430 Second reign
- Abu Abdallah II - 1430 1430 Second reign
20 Abu Abbas Ahmad I Abu al-Abbas Ahmad I 1430 January 1462 Son of Abu Thabid II
21 Abu Abdallah III Abu Abdallah Muhammad III February 1462 1468 Son of Abu Abbas Ahmad I
22 Abu Tashufin III - 1468 1468 Son of Abu Abdallah III
23 Abu Abdallah IV Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV 1468 1504 Brother of Abu Tashufin III
24 Abu Abdallah V Abu Abdallah Muhammad V 1504 1517 Son of Abu Abdallah IV
25 Abu Hammu III Abu Hammu III Musa 1517 1527 Son of Abu Abbas Ahmad I
26 Abu Muhammad II Abu Muhammad Abdallah II 1527 January 1541 Brother of Abu Hammu III
27 Abu Zayyan III Abu Zayyan Ahmad January 1541 7 March 1543 First Reign
Son of Abu Muhammad II
28 Abu Abdallah VI Abu Abdallah Muhammad VI 7 March 1543 June 1543 Brother of Abu Zayyan III
Saadi conquest (1543–1544)
- Abu Zayyan III - June 1543 1550 Second Reign
29 Al Hassan ibn Abdallah - 1550 1550 Brother of Abu Zayyan III

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Algeria - Zayanids". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  2. ^ "Abd al-Wadid Dynasty | Berber dynasty". Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  3. ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (1 January 2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709.
  4. ^ The Abdelwadids (1236–1554), on qantara-med.org
  5. ^ Simon, Jacques (1 August 2017). L'Algérie au passé lointain: de Carthage à la régence d'Alger. Harmattan. ISBN 9782296139640 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Phillip Chiviges Naylor, North Africa: a history from antiquity to the present, (University of Texas Press, 2009), 98.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "'Abd al-Wadid". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 16. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
  8. ^ Delfina S. Ruano (2006), Hafsids, in Josef W Meri (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia. Routledge., p. 309.
  9. ^ http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=603&lang=en
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b I. Hrbek (1997), The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34–43.
  11. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 2-3. ISBN 0-89950-390-X.

External links[]

Media related to Zayyanid dynasty at Wikimedia Commons

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