2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections

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2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections
← 2019 May 9, 2022 (2022-05-09)
All 316 seats to the House of Representatives of the Philippines
159 seats needed for a majority
Speaker before election

Lord Allan Velasco
PDP–Laban

Elected Speaker

TBD

The 2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections will be the 36th lower house elections in the Philippines. The election of the House of Representatives is scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022.

The election will be held concurrently with the 2022 presidential, Senate and local elections. A voter has two votes in the House of Representatives: one for the congressional district, and one for party-list. Parties of leading presidential candidates are expected to stand candidates in many districts. In the outgoing 18th Congress, there are 243 congressional districts.

As there will be 253 districts to date, there shall be 63 seats, or at least 20% of the seats, disputed in the party-list election. The party-list election is done on a nationwide, at-large basis, separate and distinct from the election from the congressional districts.

Background[]

Main article: 18th Congress of the Philippines

In the 18th Congress of the Philippines, the parties supporting President Rodrigo Duterte disputed the speakership, Alan Peter Cayetano of the Nacionalista Party, Lord Allan Jay Velasco of PDP–Laban, and the National Unity Party's (NUP) Paolo Duterte emerged as the front-runners to be speaker. The president pushed for a term-sharing agreement between Cayetano and Velasco, with Cayetano serving from July 2019 to October 2020, then Velasco serving until 2022. The younger Duterte disapproved of term-sharing, though. Cayetano was elected Speaker in July 2019.[1]

By March 2020, Cayetano allegedly met with representatives from the Nacionalistas and the NUP to consolidate support for his tenure as speaker. This allegedly involved declaring the position of Speaker vacant. and with Cayetano having enough votes to be reelected, override the original agreement in order to remain in position for the rest of the congressional term. Cayetano, when asked about this, said "I cannot predict what's going to happen sa (on the) floor which can happen anytime and any member can make any motion."[2]

Weeks before he is expected to turn over the speakership to Velasco, Cayetano said that Velasco's term shall start on November, as October is the 15th month, and it was brokered that he become speaker for the first 15 months. Aside from the speakership, only one committee chairmanship is expected to change hands, with all other positions unaffected by the change.[3]

In a September 29, 2020 meeting between President Duterte, Cayetano and Velasco, the president asked the representatives to abide by the gentleman's agreement.[4] Velasco rejected Duterte's suggestion to move the term-sharing deal from October to December.[5] On the October 1 session, Cayetano, who attacked Velasco for pushing through with the deal in the middle of the pandemic and while the budget is being tackled offered to resign as speaker, but it was rejected by his allies. A later vote showed that 184 representatives wanted Cayetano to stay as speaker, 1 dissented, and 9 abstained.[6]

At the next week, Congress suspended its session a week earlier than scheduled. At the session Cayetano moved to terminate the period of debates and amendments. After that was approved, another motion was approved for the 2021 budget to be approved on second reading. The session was then suspended until November 16. This meant that session was suspended before the expected transfer of power on October 14.[7] This put the status of the budget in time in doubt. Duterte called on Cayetano and Velasco to settle their differences or else he'll "do it for you". Duterte then called on a special session from October 13 to 16 to pass the budget.[8]

On October 11, pictures of Velasco and Davao City mayor Sara Duterte appeared on the internet, with the presidential daughter giving tacit approval of Velasco's speakership campaign.[9] On October 12, the day before the special session, Velasco and his allies gathered in the Celebrity Sports Plaza in Quezon City to elect new officials of the House of Representatives, including the speakership. Velasco was elected 186–0. Cayetano branded the session as illegal.[10] On the morning of the special session, Velasco allies entered the session hall of the Batasang Pambansa Complex and elected Velasco as speaker in the same 186–0 result. While voting was ongoing, Cayetano resigned as speaker on Facebook live, giving Velasco the speakership undisputedly.[11] Velasco then recalled the budget from second reading, reopening deliberations for it.[12]

After Velasco and his allies consolidated leadership positions in the chamber, Cayetano and six of his allies launched "BTS sa Kongreso", or "Back to service in Congress" in January 2021. Cayetano clarified that his bloc was not named as such, in response to fans of South Koream boy band BTS who called out Cayetano using the name of the boy band for political motives.[13]

Electoral system[]

The Philippines uses parallel voting for its lower house elections. For this election, there shall be 316 seats in the House of Representatives; 253 of these are district representatives, and 63 are party-list representatives

Philippine law mandates that there should be one party-list representative for every four district representatives. District representatives are elected under the first-past-the-post system from single-member districts. Party-list representatives are elected via the nationwide vote with a 2% election threshold, with a party winning not more than three seats.[14] The party with the most votes usually wins three seats, then the other parties with more than 2% of the vote two seats. At this point, if all of the party-list seats are not filled up, the parties with less than 2% of the vote will win one seat each until all party-list seats are filled up.[15]

Political parties competing in the party-list election are barred from participating district elections, and vice versa, unless permitted by the Commission on Elections. Party-lists and political parties participating in the district elections may forge coalition deals with one another.

Campaigning for elections from congressional districts seats are decidedly local; the candidates are most likely a part of an election slate that includes candidates for other positions in the locality, and slates may comprise different parties. The political parties contesting the election make no attempt to create a national campaign.[citation needed]

Party-list campaigning, on the other hand, is done on a national scale. Parties usually attempt to appeal to a specific demographic. Polling is usually conducted for the party-list election, while pollsters may release polls on specific district races. In district elections, pollsters do not attempt to make forecasts on how many votes a party would achieve, nor the number of seats a party would win; they do attempt to do that in party-list elections, though.[citation needed]

District changes[]

In the Philippines, Congress has the power to create new congressional districts. Congress can either redistrict the entire country within three years after each Philippine census, or create new districts from existing ones piecemeal, although Congress has never redistricted the entire country wholesale since the approval of the 1987 constitution. Congress usually creates a new district once a place reaches the minimum 250,000 population mandated by the constitution.[16]

New districts can also be created by creating new provinces and cities; in this case, it also must be approved by the people in a plebiscite in the affected places.

Changes from redistricting laws from the previous Congress[]

There are four new districts that will be first contested in 2022, based from redistricting laws passed by the 17th Congress:[17]

  • Dividing Southern Leyte's at-large district to two districts[18]
    • The part of Southern Leyte to the east of Sogod Bay belongs to the 1st district, while the 2nd district is the one to the west, including Sogod.
  • Dividing South Cotabato's 1st district to two districts[18]
    • A new district will be created for General Santos, which becomes its own at-large district.
    • The rest of the 1st district is left intact.
  • Dividing Laguna's 1st district to two districts[19]
    • A new district will be created for Santa Rosa, which becomes its own at-large district.
    • The rest of the 1st district, San Pedro, remains intact.
  • Dividing Cebu's 6th district to two districts[20]
    • A new district will be created for Mandaue, which becomes its own at-large district
    • The rest of the district (Consolacion and Cordova) remains intact.

It will also be the first election for Davao de Oro in that name, after the successful renaming plebiscite in 2019 from "Compostela Valley".[21]

In Palawan, a law was passed dividing it into three provinces, with each province and Puerto Princesa getting a new district each; Palawan and Puerto Princesa together presently has 3 districts. As this means creating new provinces, it has to be approved in a plebiscite before it can be made effective.[22] In the ensuing plebiscite held on March 13, 2021, the voters rejected division, thereby retaining the status quo of three districts between Palawan and Puerto Princesa.[23]

Changes from redistricting laws from the current Congress[]

There are six new districts created by the 18th Congress that have either been signed by President Rodrigo Duterte, or lapsed, into law:[17]

  • Dividing Rizal's 2nd district to three districts
    • This involves giving Rodriguez and San Mateo its own congressional districts each as and districts respectively, while leaving the rest of the 2nd district intact.[24][25]
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11533[26]
  • Dividing Caloocan's 1st district to two districts
    • The new 3rd district shall include Camarin's Barangay 178, and the entirety of Tala and Amparo, while leaving the rest of the 1st district intact.[27][28]
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11545[29]
  • Reapportioning Bulacan excluding San Jose del Monte from four districts to six
    • This involves redistricting Bulacan's 2nd, 3rd and 4th districts. The 1st district is not affected.[30][28]
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11546[31]
  • Reapportioning Bataan from two districts to three
    • Bagac and Mariveles from the 2nd district and Dinalupihan and Morong from the 1st district will compose the new 3rd district, with the rest of the 1st and 2nd districts intact.
    • Enacted into law as Republic Act No. 11553[32][33]

On August, the Commission on Elections set the number of seats to be disputed in the election. As there were 253 districts by that date, that means there will be 63 party-list seats to be disputed as well.[34]

Category Total
Congressional districts in the current Congress 243
New districts from redistricting laws from previous Congress 4
New districts from redistricting laws from current Congress 6
Congressional districts in the next Congress 253
Party-list seats for the next Congress 63
Total seats for the next Congress 316

A law was ratified dividing Maguindanao into two provinces; as Maguindanao now is divided into 2 districts, this does not change the number of districts, but does send Talitay along with the old 1st district to Maguindanao del Norte, while leaving the rest of the old 2nd district as the new Maguindanao del Sur.[35] As this involved creating new provinces, the people must agree on a plebiscite for this to be effective. The law originally scheduled the plebiscite on August 2022, but the Commission on Elections rescheduled the plebiscite to be held after the 2022 election. This means that in Maguindanao, the current appropriation would be used before the province was to be divided.[36]

As there shall be 253 districts in the election to date, and that party-list seats shall be 20% of the seats in the chamber, there shall be 63 seats to be disputed under the party-list system. This means that the incoming 19th Congress shall have 316 seats.

Participating parties[]

In both chambers of Congress, members are organized into "blocs", akin to parliamentary groups elsewhere. In keeping with the traditions of the Third Philippine Republic which was under a two-party system, there are two main blocs, the majority and minority blocs, this is in spite of the fact that the country is now in a multi-party system. Those who voted for the winning speaker are from the majority bloc, while those who did not (if there are more than two candidates for the speakership) will vote amongst themselves on who will be the minority bloc. The loser from the that shall be the independent minority bloc. Members can also be from the independent bloc. Each bloc can have members from multiple parties. Only the majority and minority blocs have voting privileges in committees.

In the present 18th Congress, the majority bloc is seen to be in favor of President Rodrigo Duterte's presidency, while the minority and independent minority blocs are those opposed.

Elections in congressional districts[]

Political parties in the Philippines have been described as "temporary political alliances", or argued that there are no parties at all, just "fan clubs of politicians". Party-switching is not uncommon. The dependence of parties on personalities instead of issues is seen as a factor on why this is so.[37][38]

Party 2019 results Current seats Bloc membership Ideology Political spectrum
Votes Seat(s) Majority Minority Other
PDP–Laban
31.22%
82 / 304
62 / 304
 Most Some Some Democratic socialism, populism, federalism Center-left to left-wing
NUP
9.51%
25 / 304
44 / 304
 Most Some No Social conservatism, Christian democracy Center to center-right
Nacionalista
16.10%
42 / 304
42 / 304
 Most Some No Conservatism Right-wing
NPC
14.31%
37 / 304
33 / 304
 Most Some No Conservatism Right-wing
Lakas
5.11%
12 / 304
19 / 304
 All No No Conservatism, Christian democracy Right-wing
Liberal
5.73%
18 / 304
16 / 304
 Most Some No Social liberalism Center to center-left
PFP
2.38%
5 / 304
5 / 304
 All No No Federalism Center
LDP
0.62%
2 / 304
2 / 304
 Some No Some Conservatism Center
Aksyon
0.98%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Progressivism, liberal democracy Center-left
CDP
0.20%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Christian democracy Center-right
PMP
0.98%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Populism Big tent
PRP
0.34%
1 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Reformism Center-left
Reporma
0%
0 / 304
1 / 304
 No No All Reformism Right-wing
Independent
4.97%
2 / 304
1 / 304
 All No No Varies Varies
Local parties
6.33%
14 / 304
9 / 304
 Most No Some Regionalists and localists Varies
Vacancy N/A
0 / 304
5 / 304
 N/A

Party-list election[]

In party-list elections, parties, usually called as "party-lists" can represent ideological, sectoral or ethnolinguistic interests. These elections have allowed left-wing parties to enter the legislature, such as parties allied with the Makabayan and Akbayan, and right-wing parties such as Magdalo. Other parties represent sectoral interests such as Senior Citizens, who represent the elderly, or regionalists such as Ako Bikol who represent Bicolanos. While envisioned as a tool to allow the marginalized to enter the legislature, it has allowed politicians who had previously ran and won in non-party-list elections and landed interests to win under the party-list banner as well. Party-list representatives have also ran and won in elections outside the party-list system as well.

The Party-list Coalition has represented party-list interests in Congress starting in 2014. In the 18th Congress, all party-lists, save for those from Makabayan and Magdalo, are members of this group. The party-list representatives, save from the Makabayan bloc usually support the policies of the sitting president.

Coalition Seats won in 2019 Current seats Bloc membership Ideology Political spectrum
Seat(s) Majority Minority Other
Party-list Coalition
54 / 304
54 / 304
 17.76% Most Some Some Varies Big tent
Makabayan
6 / 304
6 / 304
 1.97% No All No Progressivism Left-wing
Magdalo
1 / 304
1 / 304
 0.33% All No No Conservatism Right-wing

Retiring and term-limited incumbents[]

Representatives who have been elected for three consecutive times on regular elections (special elections do not count) are prohibited from running for a fourth consecutive term.

Term-limited incumbents[]

These are incumbents who are on their third consecutive terms and cannot run for reelection:

Bukidnon Paglaum incumbents

  • (Bukidnon–1st)

Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats incumbents

  • Fredenil Castro (Capiz–2nd)

Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino incumbents

  • Rodrigo Abellanosa (Cebu City–2nd)
    • By March 2020, Abellanosa is said to be eyeing to run for mayor of Cebu City, or not run in 2022.[39] Over a year later, Bando Osmeña – Pundok Kauswagan was reportedly eyeing him to either run for mayor or vice mayor.[40]

Liberal Party incumbents

Nacionalista Party incumbents

Nationalist People's Coalition incumbents

  • Erico Aristotle Aumentado (Bohol–2nd)
    • It's speculated that Aumentado will run for governor of Bohol, while his wife will run to replace him as congressman from the third district.[44]
  • (Lanao del Norte–2nd)
  • (Sorsogon–1st)
  • (Quezon–4th)
  • (Tarlac–3rd)

National Unity Party incumbents

  • (Cavite–3rd)
    • Advincula is reportedly eyeing to run for mayor of Imus.[46]
  • (Palawan–1st)
  • Wilfredo Caminero (Cebu–2nd)
  • (Negros Occidental–2nd)
  • (Cavite–6th)
  • (Bulacan–2nd)
  • Abraham Tolentino (Cavite–8th)
  • (Misamis Oriental–2nd)
    • Uy is seen as a potential opponent of Cagayan de Oro mayor Oscar Moreno in the Misamis Oriental gubernatorial race.[47]
  • Rolando Uy (Cagayan de Oro–1st)

Partido Federal ng Pilipinas incumbents

  • (Zambales–2nd)

Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan incumbents

  • (Laguna–4th)
  • Isagani Amatong (Zamboanga del Norte–3rd)
  • Rose Marie Arenas (Pangasinan–3rd)
  • (South Cotabato–2nd)
    • Hernandez is rumored to run for governor of South Cotabato.[49]
  • Dulce Ann Hofer (Zamboanga Sibugay–2nd)
  • Elisa Olga Kho (Masbate–2nd)
  • (Oriental Mindoro–1st)
  • (Parañaque–1st)
    • By July 2021, it is rumored that Olivarez will run for mayor of Parañaque.[41] By September, Olivarez confirmed that he will run for the mayoralty, while his brother Edwin, who is term-limited as mayor himself, will run for the open congressional seat.[50]
  • (Camiguin)
  • (Nueva Ecija–1st)
  • Abraham Tolentino (Cavite–8th)
  • Lucy Torres (Leyte–4th)
    • Torres was originally rumored to run for senator. However, she and her husband Ormoc mayor Richard Gomez's local organization announced that she will run for mayor, and he will run for the open congressional seat.[51]
  • Alfred Vargas (Quezon City–5th)
    • Vargas did not push through running for senator, and is instead planning to return to private life after his third term ends. His brother, Quezon City councilor Patrick Michael, will run on the open seat on his place.[52]
  • Ronaldo Zamora (San Juan)

Party-list representatives

Retiring incumbents[]

These were allowed defend their seats, but chose not to:

Marginal seats[]

These are the marginal seats that had a winning margin of 5% or less in the 2019 elections, in ascending order via margin:

District Incumbent Party 2019 margin
Manila–5th Cristal Bagatsing PDP–Laban 0.83%
Dinagat Islands Alan Ecleo PDP–Laban 0.92%
Pangasinan–5th Ramon Guico III Lakas 1.42%
Masbate–1st Narciso Bravo, Jr. NUP 1.45%
Misamis Occidental–1st Diego Ty NUP 1.92%
Ifugao Solomon Chungalao NPC 1.95%
Ilocos Sur–2nd Kristine Singson-Meehan Bileg 2.10%
Camarines Sur–2nd Luis Raymund Villafuerte Nacionalista 2.18%
Iligan Frederick Siao Nacionalista 2.27%
Batanes Ciriaco Gato, Jr. NPC 2.50%
Lanao del Sur–2nd Yasser Balindong Lakas 2.73%
Manila–2nd Rolando Valeriano NUP 2.77%
Eastern Samar Maria Fe Abunda PDP–Laban 3.11%
Zamboanga del Sur–2nd Leonardo Babasa, Jr. PDP–Laban 3.45%
Pangasinan–1st Arnold Celeste Nacionalista 3.79%
Bohol–3rd Kristine Alexie Besas-Tutor Nacionalista 4.00%
Makati–1st Romulo Peña, Jr. Liberal 4.20%
Nueva Ecija–4th Maricel Natividad-Nagaño PRP 4.59%
Davao de Oro–2nd* Ruwel Peter Gonzaga PDP–Laban 5.00%

*Contested as Compostela Valley–2nd in 2019.

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