260s

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Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
  • 260
  • 261
  • 262
  • 263
  • 264
  • 265
  • 266
  • 267
  • 268
  • 269
Categories:
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments

The 260s decade ran from January 1, 260, to December 31, 269.

Events

260

This section is transcluded from AD 260. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Battle of Edessa: With a large army, said to number 70,000 men, Valerian attempts to drive the Persians back from Edessa. The Roman army is surrounded and most of its troops are killed or captured. Valerian is taken prisoner for the remainder of his life.
  • King Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur and uses the captured Roman army for engineering plans. They construct the Band-e Kaisar ("Bridge of Valerian").
  • Gallienus becomes the sole emperor of Rome; during his reign the Pannonian governor Ingenuus revolts on the Danube.
  • Gallienus evacuates the fortifications (limes) in the Agri Decumates (Germania Superior), covering the Black Forest area in the face of invading Alamanni.
  • Gallienus establishes himself at Mediolanum (modern Milan); he reorganizes the army, supported by elite cavalry, and dispatches troops to the Rhine frontier.
  • Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire and protects the Rhine against an invasion of Germanic tribes.
  • Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is proclaimed Augustus by his troops. Postumus besieges Cologne, where Silvanus is praetorian prefect and Roman ruler of Gaul.
  • Postumus executes Saloninus and his adviser Silvanus after breaching the walls of Cologne. He is recognized as emperor and establishes his capital at Trier.
  • Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.
  • The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.
  • The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date).
Persia[]
  • Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.
China[]
  • Emperor Cao Mao of Former Wei state attempts to lead a coup against the powerful regent Sima Zhao, but he himself is killed before it comes to a confrontation.
  • June 2 – Cao Mao is killed in an coup d'état against Sima Zhao. The 14-year-old Cao Huan becomes ruler of Former Wei, but the Sima clan controls the state.

By topic[]

Art and Science[]
  • Earliest known date of chess (approximate date).
Religion[]
  • Pope Dionysius convenes a synod at Rome to demand an explanation from bishop Dionysius of Alexandria, who has been charged with separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct deities.
  • Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

261

This section is transcluded from AD 261. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
Asia[]
  • Michu of Silla ascends the Korean throne of Silla, becoming the first ruler of the Long Kim line.

262

This section is transcluded from AD 262. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]

263

This section is transcluded from AD 263. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • King Odenathus of Palmyra declares himself ruler of the area west of the River Euphrates and is declared Dux Orientalis by the Roman emperor Gallienus.
Asia[]

By topic[]

Art and Science[]

264

This section is transcluded from AD 264. ( | )

By place[]

Asia[]

265

This section is transcluded from AD 265. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Emperor Gallienus tries twice to crush the usurper Postumus, but on the first occasion Aureolus, commander of the elite cavalry, carelessly lets him escape. The second time, Gallienus sustains an arrow wound and has to break off his siege of a Gallic town where Postumus has holed up. He makes no other serious attempt to overcome his rival, instead devoting his attention to the political and military problems in the Danube and eastern parts of the Roman Empire.
  • Postumus makes no move to march on Rome and claim his territory south of Gaul.
  • Gallienus gives the order to fortify Milan and Verona.
  • Gallienus repels the invasion of the Goths in the Balkans.
  • A general of Gallienus' army, Victorinus, defects to Postumus.
China[]
  • Sima Zhao, who had been the regent and de facto primary authority of the state of Cao Wei for little over 10 years by this point, passes away, leaving his authority to his eldest son, Sima Yan, who will go on to disestablish the state of Cao Wei in 266, founding the Jin dynasty.

266

This section is transcluded from AD 266. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • King Odaenathus of Palmyra invades Persia to conquer the capital, Ctesiphon, and twice comes as far as the walls of the Persian capital, but fails to take it.[1][2][3] After his victories in the East, he pronounces himself with the title "king of kings".
  • A powerful tropical volcanic eruption around this year brings a below-average flood of the Nile next year.[4]
Ireland[]
Asia[]
  • February 4 – Sima Yan, regent of the Chinese state of Cao Wei, forces the last Cao Wei emperor Cao Huan to abdicate in his favour. The Cao Wei state's existence comes to an end. Sima Yan establishes the Jin Dynasty, and becomes its first emperor on 8 February, and is historically known as "Wu of Jin". He establishes his capital at Luoyang, and gives his male relatives independent military commands throughout his empire.

267

This section is transcluded from AD 267. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • First Gothic invasion: The Goths, originally from Scandinavia, with the Sarmatians (from modern Iran), invade the Balkans and Greece. They ravage Moesia and Thrace.
  • The Heruli invade the Black Sea coast; they unsuccessfully attack Byzantium and Cyzicus. The Roman fleet defeats the Herulian fleet (500 ships) but allows them to escape into the Aegean Sea, where they raid the islands of Lemnos and Skyros.
  • The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. After the Sack of Athens, an Athenian militia force (2,000 men), under the historian Dexippus, pushes the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.
  • Aureolus, charged with defending Italy, defeats Victorinus (co-emperor of Gaul), is proclaimed emperor by his troops, and begins his march on Rome.
Near East[]
  • King Septimius Odaenathus of Palmyra makes plans for a campaign in Cappadocia against the Goths. He is assassinated, along with his eldest son, most probably by his nephew due to a previous altercation between him and Odaenathus.[5] His wife Zenobia succeeds him, and rules Vaballathus (the Palmyrene Empire) with her young son.

268

This section is transcluded from AD 268. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • September – Battle of Naissus: Emperor Gallienus, aided by Aurelian, defeats a Gothic coalition (50,000 warriors) near Naissus (Niš, modern Serbia).
  • Gallienus is killed by his own senior officers at Mediolanum (Milan) while besieging his rival Aureolus, one of the Thirty Tyrants. Aureolus is murdered in turn by the Praetorian guard.
  • Marcus Aurelius Claudius is charged, by the Senate, with having murdered Gallienus (it will never be proven). He becomes the new emperor of Rome and will reign as Claudius II.
  • Claudius II asks the Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus's family and political supporters. Emperor Gallienus is deified and buried in a family tomb on the Appian Way.
  • The Alamanni invade Italy north of the Po River.
  • The Visigoths first appear as a distinct people.
  • November – Battle of Lake Benacus: A Roman army (35,000 men) under emperor Claudius II defeats the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni along the banks of Lake Garda.
Europe[]

By Topic[]

Religion[]

269

This section is transcluded from AD 269. ( | )

By place[]

Roman Empire[]
  • Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.
  • Claudius II travels to Sirmium and prepares a war against the Vandals, who raid Pannonia.
  • The Heruli capture Athens and raid the Aegean Islands as far as Crete and Rhodes.
  • Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus is killed by his own troops after not allowing them to sack the city of Mogontiacum.
Near East[]
  • Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, parts of Mesopotamia and Anatolia and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.

By topic[]

Religion[]

Significant people[]

Births[]

Transcluding articles: 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, and 269

260

  • Eusebius of Caesarea, Greek bishop and historian (approximate date)

261

  • Lu Ji (or Shiheng), Chinese general and politiican (d. 303)[8]

265

  • Eusebius of Caesarea, Greek historian (approximate date)

266

267

  • Pei Wei (or Yimin), Chinese philosopher and politician (d. 300)

269

Deaths[]

Transcluding articles: 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, and 269

260

261

262

  • Ji Kang (or Shuye), Chinese Daoist philosopher and poet (b. 223)
  • Marinus of Caesarea, Roman soldier and Christian martyr
  • Valerian, Roman consul and emperor (approximate date)

263

  • Gao Rou (or Wenhui), Chinese politician (b. 174)
  • Lady Li (or Lishi), Chinese noblewoman
  • Liu Chen, Chinese prince of the Shu Han state
  • Ruan Ji, Chinese poet and musician (b. 210)
  • Zhuge Zhan, Chinese general and politician (b. 227)

264

  • March 3
    • Jiang Wei (or Boyue), Chinese general and regent (b. 202)
    • Zhang Yi (or Bogong), Chinese general and politician
    • Zhong Hui (or Shiji), Chinese general and politician (b. 225)
  • March 22 – Dionysius the Great, patriarch of Alexandria
  • September 3 – Sun Xiu (Jing of Wu), Chinese emperor (b. 235)
  • Deng Ai (or Shizai), Chinese general and politician (b. 197)
  • Guo (or Mingyuan), Chinese empress of the Cao Wei state
  • Liao Hua (or Yuanjian), Chinese general and politician
  • Liu Xuan, Chinese prince of the Shu Han state (b. 224)
  • Puyang Xing (or Ziyuan), Chinese official and chancellor
  • Zong Yu (or Deyan), Chinese general and politician

265

266

  • Wang Chen (or Chudao), Chinese general and politician
  • Wang Fan, Chinese astronomer and mathematician (b. 228)

267

  • Septimius Herodianus, co-king of Palmyra (assassinated)
  • Septimius Odaenathus, king of Palmyra (assassinated)

268

269

References[]

  1. ^ Who's Who in the Roman World By John Hazel
  2. ^ Babylonia Judaica in the Talmudic Period By A'haron Oppenheimer, Benjamin H. Isaac, Michael Lecker
  3. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ^ Climate change in antiquity: Mass emigration due to water scarcity. sciencedaily.com January 25, 2021
  5. ^ Dodgeon & Lieu 2002, p.72
  6. ^ a b "Saint Dionysius | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  7. ^ Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005). Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-4027-2592-0.
  8. ^ "Lu Ji's (261–303) Essay on Literature dated 1544 and 1547". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  9. ^ Ermatinger, James W. (2018). The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-4408-3809-5.
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