Battle of Qbaada

Battle of Qbaada
	Part of Russo-Circassian War
	; Location on the map
Date	1864
Location	Qbaada (Krasnaya Polyana)43°40′43″N 40°12′19″E / 43.67861°N 40.20528°ECoordinates: 43°40′43″N 40°12′19″E / 43.67861°N 40.20528°E
Result	Russian victory, end of the Russo-Circassian War, annexation of Circassia, Circassian Genocide
Belligerents
Russian Empire	Circassian last stand
Commanders and leaders
Michael Nikolaevich; ; Pavel Khristoforovich Grabbe; ;	Tribal leaders
Units involved
Russian Imperial Army Russian artillery units; Russian cavalry units; Russian infantry units; Caucasus-Cossack cavalry units; Caucasus-Cossack infantry units;	Last Circassian ressistance Abreks; Swordsmen; Archers; Local villagers;
Strength
100,000-250,000	20,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown but heavy	20,000
	During the Circassian Genocide, about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were expelled mainly to the Ottoman Empire, and a much smaller number to Persia. An unknown number of those expelled died during deportation.

The Battle of Qbaada (Adyghe: Ӏаткъуадж зауэ, romanized: 'atqwadj zawə; Russian: Кра́снополя́нская битва) was a last stand battle in 1864 fought between the last remains of the Circassians and the Russian imperial forces during the Russo-Circassian War.^[6]^[2]^[7]^[8]^[3]^[9]^[4]^[10] It is widely accepted as the last battle of the war as no other significant battle, other than minor rebellions, occurred.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[4]^[14]

History[]

The battle took place in Qbaada in 1864 between the Circassian army of 20,000 men and women, consisting of local villagers and militia as well as tribal horsemen and a Russian army of 100,000 men, consisting of Cossack and Russian horsemen, infantry and artillery. The Russian forces advanced from four sides. Circassian forces tried to break the line, but many were hit by Russian artillery and infantry before they managed to reach the front. The remaining fighters continued to fight as militants and were soon defeated. The Russian army began celebrating victory on the corpses, and a military-religious parade was held, as 100 Circassian warriors were publicly mutilated in a public execution in order to establish authority.^[15] The Russian army then continued raiding and burning Circassian villages, destroying fields to prevent return, cutting down trees, and driving the people to the Black Sea coast, the soldiers used many methods to entertain themselves.^[14]

References[]

^ Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. back cover. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.
^ ^a ^b "Çerkes Soykırımı nedir? 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Sürgünü tarihçesi". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi, Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33
^ McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45
^ Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.
^ Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2
^ T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258
^ Nıbe Anzor, 'Çerkes Meclisi 150 Yaşında', (In Turkish)
^ "Çerkesler olimpiyat meşalesini söndürdü". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-13.
^ Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.
^ Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2
^ T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258
^ ^a ^b Weismann, Ein Blick auf die Circassianer
^ Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864

[1] Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. Rutgers University Press. back cover. ISBN 978-0-8135-6069-4.

[:0-2] "Çerkes Soykırımı nedir? 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Sürgünü tarihçesi". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:1-3] Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.

[:2-4] Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi, Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33

[McCarthy_1995:53-5] McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45

[6] Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.

[7] Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2

[8] T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258

[9] Nıbe Anzor, 'Çerkes Meclisi 150 Yaşında', (In Turkish)

[10] "Çerkesler olimpiyat meşalesini söndürdü". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-01-13.

[11] Semen Esadze. Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.

[12] Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2

[13] T.V.Polovinkina, Çerkesya Gönül Yaram. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258

[:3-14] Weismann, Ein Blick auf die Circassianer

[15] Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864

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