Bay Area Rapid Transit

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)

A BART train at Berryessa/​North San José in June 2020
Overview
Locale	San Francisco Bay Area (Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, and Santa Clara counties)
Transit type	Rapid transit, Light rail
Number of lines	6 lines 5 rapid transit lines 1 AGT line
Number of stations	50 7 planned/proposed
Daily ridership	411,000 weekdays 161,000 Saturdays 116,000 Sundays (FY 2019 average)[1]
Annual ridership	118 million (FY 2019)
Chief executive	Robert Powers[2]
Headquarters	2150 Webster Street, Oakland, California
Website	www.bart.gov
Operation
Began operation	September 11, 1972 (1972-09-11)
Operator(s)	San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District
Character	Fully grade separated with at-grade, elevated and subway sections
Number of vehicles	789 total, with 618 legacy cars and 171 new cars in service;[3] with 8 DMU train cars (eBART);[4] excluding AGT fleet
Train length	4–10 cars (710 feet (216 m) max) 2-car married pair (DMUs) 3 cars (AGT)
Headway	15–30 mins (by line); 2–8 mins (between trains at busiest stations)[citation needed]
Technical
System length	131.4 mi (211.5 km)[4]
Track gauge	5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) Indian gauge[4] eBART: 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge[4]
Minimum radius of curvature	120 m (394 ft)
Electrification	1 kV DC Third rail[4][5]
Average speed	35 mph (56 km/h)[4]
Top speed	80 mph (130 km/h) (maximum) 70 mph (110 km/h) (normal operations)[6][4]
System map

Part of a series of articles on

Overview History Stations Rolling stock Expansion District Police

v t

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a heavy rail elevated and subway public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. BART serves 50 stations along six routes on 131 miles (211 kilometers) of rapid transit lines, including a 10-mile (16 km) spur line in eastern Contra Costa County which uses diesel multiple-unit trains and a 3.2-mile (5.1 km) automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport. With an average of 411,000 weekday passengers and 118 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2019,^[1][7] BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States and is operated by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District which formed in 1957. The initial system opened in stages from 1972 to 1974. The system was extended most recently on June 13, 2020, when Milpitas and Berryessa/North San José stations opened as part of the Silicon Valley BART extension in partnership with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA).^[8]

History[]

Origins, planning, and geographical coverage[]

Some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system's current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular transbay traffic across the lower deck of the Bay Bridge, but the system was dismantled in the 1950s, with its last transbay crossing in 1958, and was superseded by highway travel. A 1950s study of traffic problems in the Bay Area concluded the most cost-effective solution for the Bay Area's traffic woes would be to form a transit district charged with the construction and operation of a new, high-speed rapid transit system linking the cities and suburbs.^[9] Marvin E. Lewis, a San Francisco trial attorney and member of the city's board of supervisors spearheaded a grassroots movement to advance the idea of an alternative bay crossing and the possibility of regional transit network.^[10]

Formal planning for BART began with the setting up in 1957 of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District, a county-based special-purpose district body that governs the BART system. The district initially began with five members, all of which were projected to receive BART lines: Alameda County, Contra Costa County, the City and County of San Francisco, San Mateo County, and Marin County. Although invited to participate, Santa Clara County supervisors elected not to join BART due to their dissatisfaction that the peninsula line only stopped at Palo Alto initially, and that it interfered with suburban development in San Jose, preferring instead to concentrate on constructing freeways and expressways. Though the system expanded into Santa Clara County in 2020, it is still not a district member.

In 1962, San Mateo County supervisors voted to leave BART, saying their voters would be paying taxes to carry mainly Santa Clara County residents (presumably along I-280, SR 92, and SR 85).^[11] The district-wide tax base was weakened by San Mateo's departure, forcing Marin County to withdraw a month later. Despite the fact that Marin had originally voted in favor of BART participation at the 88% level, its marginal tax base could not adequately absorb its share of BART's projected cost. Another important factor in Marin's withdrawal was an engineering controversy over the feasibility of running trains on the lower deck of the Golden Gate Bridge, an extension forecast as late as three decades after the rest of the BART system.^[12][13][14] The withdrawals of Marin and San Mateo resulted in a downsizing of the original system plans, which would have had lines as far south as Palo Alto and northward past San Rafael. Voters in the three remaining participating counties approved the truncated system, with termini in Fremont, Richmond, Concord, and Daly City, in 1962.^[15]

Construction of the system began in 1964, and included a number of major engineering challenges, including excavating subway tunnels in San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley; constructing aerial structures throughout the Bay Area, particularly in Alameda and Contra Costa counties; tunneling through the Berkeley hills on the Concord line; and lowering the system's centerpiece, the Transbay Tube connecting Oakland and San Francisco, into a trench dredged onto the floor of San Francisco Bay.^[16]

Early years and train control problems[]

Passenger service began on September 11, 1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. The rest of the system opened in stages, with the entire system opening in 1974 when the transbay service through the Transbay Tube began.^[17] The new BART system was hailed as a major step forward in subway technology,^[18] although questions were asked concerning the safety of the system^[19] and the huge expenditures necessary for the construction of the network.^[20] Ridership remained well below projected levels throughout the 1970s, and direct service from Daly City to Richmond and Fremont was not phased in until several years after the system opened.

Some of the early safety concerns appeared to be well founded when the system experienced a number of train-control failures in its first few years of operation. As early as 1969, before revenue service began, several BART engineers identified safety problems with the Automatic Train Control (ATC) system. The BART Board of Directors was dismissive of their concerns and retaliated by firing them.^[21] Less than a month after the system's opening, on October 2, 1972, an ATC failure caused a train to run off the end of the elevated track at the terminal Fremont station and crash to the ground, injuring four people.^[22][23] The “Fremont Flyer” led to a comprehensive redesign of the train controls and also resulted in multiple investigations being opened by the California State Senate, California Public Utilities Commission, and National Transportation Safety Board.^[24] Hearings by the state legislature in 1974 into financial mismanagement at BART forced the General Manager to resign in May 1974, and the entire Board of Directors was replaced the same year when the legislature passed legislation leading to the election of a new Board and the end of appointed members.^{[25][26][27][28][29][30]}

Extensions[]

Even before the BART system opened, planners projected several possible extensions. Although Marin County was left out of the original system, the 1970 Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan considered a tunnel under the Golden Gate or second deck on the bridge, but neither of these plans was pursued.^[31] Over twenty years would pass before the first extensions to the BART system were completed to Colma and Pittsburg/Bay Point in 1996. An extension to Dublin/Pleasanton in 1997 added a fifth line to the system for the first time in BART's history. The system was expanded to San Francisco International Airport in 2003 and to Oakland International Airport via an automated guideway transit spur line in 2014.^[32][33] eBART, an extension using diesel multiple units along conventional railroad infrastructure between Pittsburg and Antioch, opened on May 26, 2018. BART's most significant current extension project is the Silicon Valley BART extension. The first phase extended the Fremont line to Warm Springs/South Fremont in early 2017, and the second phase to Berryessa/North San José began service on June 13, 2020. The third phase to Santa Clara is contingent upon the allocation of funding as of May 2020, but is planned to be completed by 2030.

Plans had long been floated for an extension from Dublin to Livermore, but the most recent proposal was rejected by the BART board in 2018.^[34] Other plans have included an extension to Hercules, a line along the Interstate Highway 680 corridor, and a fourth set of rail tracks through Oakland.^{[needs update][35]} At least four infill stations such as Irvington and Calaveras on existing lines have been proposed.^[36] With the Transbay Tube nearing capacity, long-range plans included a new four-bore Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run parallel and south of the existing tunnel and emerge at the Transbay Transit Terminal to connect to Caltrain and the future California High-Speed Rail system. The four-bore tunnel would provide two tunnels for BART and two tunnels for conventional/high-speed rail. The BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges and different loading gauges.^[4] In 2018, BART announced that a feasibility study for installing a second transbay crossing would commence the following year.^[37] By 2019, the Capitol Corridor Joint Powers Authority had joined with BART to study a multi-modal crossing, which could also allow Capitol Corridor and San Joaquin routes to serve San Francisco directly.^[38]

BART has also been studying ways to improve service and reliability in its core system, where density and ridership is highest. Recent exploratory ideas have included a line that would continue from the Salesforce Transit Center through South of Market, northwards on Van Ness Avenue and terminating in western San Francisco along the Geary Boulevard corridor, the Presidio, or North Beach.^{[citation needed]}

System modernization[]

Since the mid-1990s, BART has been trying to modernize its system.^{[39][disputed – discuss][better source needed]} The fleet rehabilitation is part of this modernization. In 2009, fire alarms, fire sprinklers, yellow tactile platform edge domes, and cemented-mat rubber tiles were installed. The rough black tiles on the platform edge mark the location of the doorway of approaching trains, allowing passengers to wait at the right place to board. All faregates and ticket vending machines were replaced.^{[citation needed]}

In 2007, BART stated its intention to improve non-peak (night and weekend) headways for each line to 15 minutes. The 20-minute headways at these times is a barrier to ridership.^[40] In mid-2007, BART temporarily reversed its position, stating that the shortened wait times would likely not happen due to a $900,000 state revenue budget shortfall. Nevertheless, BART eventually confirmed the implementation of the plan by January 2008.^[41] Continued budgetary problems halted the expanded non-peak service and returned off-peak headways to 20 minutes in 2009.^[42]

In 2008, BART announced that it would install solar panels at two yards, maintenance facilities, and Orinda station^[43] (the only station that receives enough amount of sunlight to justify installation cost).^[43]

In 2012, The California Transportation Commission announced that they would provide funding for expanding BART facilities, through the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, in anticipation of the opening of the Silicon Valley Berryessa Extension. $50 million would go in part to improvements to the Hayward Maintenance Complex.^[44]

In March 2019, BART announced that they would begin updating ticket add-fare machines inside the paid area to accept debit and credit cards for payment (for Clipper cards only).^[45] In December 2020, BART completed the changeover to Clipper and stopped issuing magstripe paper tickets. Existing paper tickets remain valid.^[46]

During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the BART equipment was mostly undamaged. A 2010 study^[47] shows that along with some Bay Area freeways, some of BART's overhead structures could collapse in a major earthquake, which has a significant probability of occurring within three decades.^[48] Seismic retrofitting has been carried out in recent years to address these deficiencies, especially in the Transbay Tube.

Infrastructure[]

v t Bay Area Rapid Transit system diagram
Legend
eBART Maintenance Yard Antioch      Pittsburg Center Pittsburg/​Bay Point          ⇋ Diablo Range North Concord/​Martinez Concord Richmond Maintenance Yard   Concord          Richmond Train Yard   El Cerrito del Norte Pleasant Hill/​Contra Costa Centre El Cerrito Plaza Walnut Creek Contra Costa County Alameda County North Berkeley Lafayette Downtown Berkeley Orinda Ashby Berkeley Hills Tunnel Contra Costa County Alameda County Rockridge MacArthur ⇋ southbound 19th St. Oakland ⇋ northbound 12th St. Oakland City Center Oakland Wye Lake Merritt West Oakland Fruitvale Alameda County San Francisco Transbay Tube Coliseum      ⇋ San Leandro Creek Muni Metro to 4th & King Doolittle maintenance and storage facility Embarcadero Oakland International Airport      Montgomery Street San Leandro Powell Street Bay Fair ⇋ Civic Center / UN Plaza Castro Valley Muni Metro to West Portal San Leandro Hills 16th Street Mission West Dublin/​Pleasanton 24th Street Mission Dublin/​Pleasanton      Glen Park San Lorenzo Creek Hayward ⇋ Balboa Park South Hayward San Francisco San Mateo County   Hayward          Daly City Maintenance Complex   Union City Alameda Creek Colma Fremont Colma Maintenance Yard Lake Elizabeth tunnel Irvington proposed South San Francisco Warm Springs/​South Fremont Colma Creek Alameda County Santa Clara County ⇋ San Bruno Calaveras proposed Milpitas          SFO Airport Berryessa/​North San José               Millbrae San Jose extension 28th Street/Little Portugal 2029 Downtown San Jose 2029 2029 Santa Clara Diridon 2029 Newhall Maintenance Facility
5 ft 6 in gauge third rail 1,000 V DC Standard gauge DMU eBART Market Street Subway upper level constructed for Muni Metro Cable Liner AGT Coliseum – Oakland International Airport  ⇋ transfer between BART lines

A typical concrete viaduct structure near Walnut Creek station

The entirety of the system runs in exclusive, grade-separated right-of-way. BART's rapid transit revenue routes cover about 120 miles (190 km) with 50 stations. On the main lines, approximately 28 miles (45 km) of lines run through underground sections with 32 miles (51 km) on elevated tracks.^[4]

The main system uses an unusual 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge^[4][49] (mostly seen in India and Pakistan) and mostly ballastless track. Originally using flat-edge rail and wheelsets with cylindrical treads, BART is now switching to conical tread to reduce the noise caused by flange/rail contact and loss of adhesion of one of the wheels on curves.^[50] DC electric current at 1,000 volts is delivered to the trains over a third rail.^[5] An automated guideway transit line and an additional station were opened in 2014 and use off-the-shelf cable car technology developed by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car: the Cable Liner. The section of the Antioch-SFO/Millbrae line east of the Pittsburg/Bay Point station runs on conventional unelectrified 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge rail.

Schedules call for trains to operate at up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), but certain segments (in particular, the Transbay Tube) are designed for 80 mph (130 km/h) operation when making up delays.^[4][51][6]

Rapid transit trains have 4–10 cars, the maximum length of 710 feet (216 m) being the longest of any metro system in the United States and extending slightly beyond the 700-foot (213 m) platforms.^[52] Cars are 10.5 feet (3.2 m) wide, the maximum gradient is four percent, and the minimum curve radius is 394 feet (120 m).^[53] The combination of unique loading gauges and unusual rail technologies has complicated maintenance and increased cost of the system, as rolling stock requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and power systems.^[49][54]

Many of the original 1970s-era stations, especially the aerial stations, feature simple Brutalist architecture, but newer stations are a mix of Neomodern and Postmodern architecture. The additional double tracked four mile long upper deck of the Market Street Subway and its four underground stations were built by BART for Muni Metro.

BART has elements of both traditional rapid transit (high-frequency urban service with close station spacing) and commuter rail/regional rail (lower-frequency suburban service with wider station spacing). BART, like other transit systems of the same era, endeavored to connect outlying suburbs with job centers in Oakland and San Francisco by building lines that paralleled established commuting routes of the region's freeway system.^[55] In the 1970s, BART had envisioned frequent local service, with headways as short as two minutes between trains on the quadruple-interlined section in San Francisco and six minutes on each individual line.^[56] Present service has 16 trains per hour (3.75-minute headways) through the Transbay Tube on weekdays and Saturdays, with lower frequency on evenings and Sundays; headways on the individual services are 15 to 30 minutes.

Lines and services[]

BART operates five named and interlined heavy rail services plus one separate automated guideway line. All of the heavy rail services run through Oakland, and all but the Richmond–Berryessa line run through the Transbay Tube to San Francisco. All five services run on weekdays and Saturdays; only three services operate evenings and Sundays. All stations are served during all service hours.^[57] The eastern segment of the Antioch–​SFO + Millbrae Line line (between Antioch and the transfer platform east of Pittsburg/Bay Point) uses different rolling stock and is separated from the rest of the line.

Unlike most other rapid transit and rail systems around the world, BART lines are not primarily referred to by shorthand designations or their color names (although the colors used on maps have been constant since 1980). The services are mainly identified on maps, schedules, and station signage by the names of their termini. However, the new fleet displays line colors more prominently, and BART has begun to use color names in press releases and GTFS data.^[58][59]

The heavy rail routes run on a number of track segments, which are internally but not commonly known by letters:^[4][60]

Automation[]

BART was one of the first U.S. rail transit systems of any size to be substantially automated. Routing and dispatching of trains, and adjustments for schedule recovery are controlled by a combination of computer and human supervision at BART's Operations Control Center (OCC) and headquarters at the Kaiser Center in Downtown Oakland. Station-to-station train movement, including speed control and maintenance of separation between successive trains, is entirely automatic under normal operation, the operator's routine responsibilities being issuing announcements, closing the doors after station stops, and monitoring the track ahead for hazards. In unusual circumstances the operator controls the train manually at reduced speed.^{[citation needed]}

Rolling stock[]

Car types[]

Side view of nine-car BART train made up of four C1 cars and five B2 cars.

The mainline BART network operates six types of electrically-operated, self-propelled railcars, built from four separate orders. The first four types, built from 1968 until 1996, total 669 cars (although 662 are currently available for revenue service), and have two sets of passenger doors on each side of the car.^[61] The newer two types, which are technologically incompatible with the older types, are in the process of manufacturing, delivery, and commissioning, and are due to replace all older types by 2022 while simultaneously expanding the fleet for future extensions. They will all feature three sets of passenger doors on each side of the car to speed up passenger boarding.^[62]

BART trains are unique among American rapid transit systems as they have proper gangway connections and passengers are permitted to walk between cars, not unlike an open gangway system.

To run a typical peak morning commute, BART requires 579 cars. Of those, 535 are scheduled to be in active service; the others are used to build up four spare trains (essential for maintaining on-time service).^[61][63] At any one time, the remaining 90 cars are in for repair, maintenance, or some type of planned modification work.^[64]

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line uses a completely separate and independently operated fleet as it uses cable car-based automated guideway transit technology. It uses four Cable Liner trains built by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car, arranged as three-car sets, but the system can accommodate four-car trains in the future.

The vehicle procurement for eBART included eight Stadler GTW diesel railcars, with two options to purchase six more. The first of these trains were delivered in June 2016.^[65] The Stadler GTW trains are diesel multiple units with 2/6 articulated power units, and are based on models previously used in Austin, Texas; Denton, Texas (greater Dallas) and New Jersey.^[66][67]

Interior of a typical mainline BART car, here a C2 car

Current fleet

Lines	Manufacturer	Class[a]	Image	Number	Car numbers	Built	Notes
BART main lines	Rohr	A		59	1164–1276	1968–1975	To be phased out by August 2023 and replaced by the "D" and "E" cars.[68]
		B		380	1501–1913	1971–1975
	Alstom	C1		150	301–450	1987–1989
	Bombardier	Movia D		310	3001–3310	2012–	Order being filled/testing, entered service on January 19, 2018.
		Movia E		465	4001–4465
Oakland Airport Connector	Doppelmayr Cable Car	Cable Liner		4	1.3–4.3	2014	automated guideway transit trainsets
eBART	Stadler	GTW		8	101–108	2016	diesel multiple units

Former fleet

Lines	Manufacturer	Class	Image	Number	Car numbers	Built	Notes
BART main lines	Morrison–Knudsen	C2		80	2501-2580	1994–1996	Retired between 2019 and 2021.[69]

Next-generation railcars[]

Interior of a new BART car

BART has ordered 775 new cars from manufacturer Bombardier Transportation:^[70][71] 310 cab cars (D-cars, which must be the end cars, and can be at any position in a train, although unlike both types of C-cars will not permit passengers to move freely between cars past the operator cab) and 465 non-cab cars (E-cars, which cannot be "end cars").^[72][58] The new cars have three doors on each side (increased from the current two, to speed station stops), bike racks, 54 seats per car, and interior displays giving next-stop information.^[58] The new cars' couplers are incompatible with all prior cars and must run in separate trains. The first test car was unveiled in April 2016;^[66] upon approval, the first 10 cars were expected to be in service in December 2016, however, glitches delayed entry into service for one year. In early November 2017, a test train failed a CPUC regulatory inspection due to door issues, leaving the planned revenue service date in doubt.^[73] The first ten-car train received CPUC certification on January 17, 2018,^[74] with revenue service beginning two days later.^[75] Delivery of all 775 cars is expected to be completed by Fall 2022.^[76]

Depots[]

The first maintenance yards built for the core BART system were in Richmond, Concord, and Hayward. An additional yard was added at Colma in the 1980s. A yard will be added near the planned Santa Clara station in 2029, upon completion of Phase II of the Silicon Valley BART extension.

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line uses the Doolittle Maintenance and Storage Facility as a car barn for the line's guideway trains. eBART trains use a facility in Antioch for maintenance and service.

Hours and frequencies[]

Map of evening/Sunday BART service

BART has five rapid transit services, all of which share tracks. As BART operates between the traditional rapid transit and commuter rail service types, frequencies are lower than most rapid transit systems. Trains on each primary service run every 15 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays, and every 30 minutes evenings and Sundays. Segments served by multiple lines have higher frequencies, the busiest of which is the section between Daly City and West Oakland, which has around 16 trains per hour per direction at peak hours. The eBART section of the Antioch–SFO/Millbrae line matches the frequency of the rest of the line. The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line runs "on demand".

The first inbound trains leave outer terminals around 5:00 am on weekdays, 6:00 am on Saturdays, and 8:00 am on Sundays and most holidays. (The previous 4:00 am weekday start time was changed to 5:00 am for three years starting on February 11, 2019, to accommodate retrofitting of the Transbay Tube.)^[59] The last inbound trains leave their terminals around midnight, with the final Antioch–SFO + Millbrae line and Berryessa/North San José–Richmond line trains in both directions meeting at MacArthur station for guaranteed transfers.

Two of the five rapid transit services do not operate during some service hours, though all stations are served at all service hours. The Berryessa/North San José–Daly City line does not run after about 7:00 pm on weekdays and Saturdays, and has no Sunday service. The Richmond–Millbrae + SFO line does not run after about 9:00 pm on weekdays and Saturdays, and also has no Sunday service.

Two different bus networks operated by regional transit agencies run during the overnight hours when BART is not operating. The All Nighter is a regional network providing basic overnight service to much of the Bay Area. Most BART stations are served (directly or within several blocks) by the All Nighter system except for the Antioch–Rockridge and Bay Fair–Dublin/Pleasanton segments plus Warm Springs/South Fremont station.^[77] A network of seven BART-specific routes operated by regional agencies run between 3:50 am and 5:30 am to replace early-morning weekday BART service during the Transbay Tube retrofit project. Two San Francisco/Peninsula routes and five Transbay routes run between a limited number of major BART stations, with the San Francisco/Peninsula and Transbay routes meeting at the Temporary Transbay Terminal. The original Early Bird Express network introduced on February 11, 2019, had fifteen routes.^[78] One East Bay-only route was discontinued on June 17, 2019, and another on December 16, 2019.^[79][80] Six routes were discontinued on April 27, 2020, with the remaining seven routes being cut to 1–2 trips each.^[81]

Connecting services[]

AC Transit buses at San Leandro station

Connections to local, regional, and intercity transit – including bus, light rail, commuter rail, and intercity rail – are available across the BART system. BART also runs directly to two of the three major Bay Area airports: San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport.

Three Amtrak intercity rail services – the California Zephyr, Capitol Corridor, and San Joaquin – stop at Richmond station; the Capitol Corridor also stops at Oakland Coliseum station. The Oakland – Jack London Square station and Emeryville station hubs, which are served by those three routes plus the Coast Starlight, are not located near BART stations. Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach also stops at several BART stations. Connection between BART and Caltrain commuter rail service is available at Millbrae station. Free shuttle bus service runs from Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) commuter rail stations to West Dublin/Pleasanton, Dublin/Pleasanton, and Fremont stations.

BART and all lines of the Muni Metro light rail system share four stations (Embarcadero, Montgomery Street, Powell Street, and Civic Center/UN Plaza), in the two-level Market Street Subway. Connections are also available to three lines at Balboa Park station and one line at Glen Park station. Milpitas station provides a connection to the Orange Line of VTA Light Rail.

BART is served by bus connections from regional and local transit agencies at all stations, most of which have dedicated off-street bus transfer areas. Many connecting routes (particularly in suburban areas) serve primarily as feeder routes to BART, while others are largely independent. Larger bus systems connecting to BART include Muni in San Francisco, AC Transit in the East Bay, SamTrans in San Mateo County, County Connection and Tri Delta Transit in eastern Contra Costa County, WestCAT in western Contra Costa County, WHEELS in the Tri-Valley, VTA in the Santa Clara Valley, and Golden Gate Transit. Smaller systems include Emery Go-Round in Emeryville, Alliance on the Peninsula, San Leandro LINKS, Dumbarton Express, and Union City Transit. The Transbay Transit Center regional bus hub is located one block from Embarcadero and Montgomery stations.

Several transit agencies offer limited commuter-oriented bus service from more distant cities to outlying BART stations; these include VINE from Napa County, Solano Express from Solano County, Rio Vista Delta Breeze, Modesto Area Express and Stanislaus Regional Transit from Stanislaus County, and San Joaquin RTD from Stockton. Many BART stations are also served by privately run employer and hospital shuttles, and privately run intercity buses stop at several stations.

Fares[]

Fare media[]

A legacy standard-fare BART paper ticket. (As of December 2020, paper tickets are no longer issued.) The initial purchased fare is printed parallel to the magnetic strip, and the card's remaining balance is printed on the left, updated upon each exit.

Two BART ticket machines at Embarcadero station in San Francisco. Both have been converted to Clipper card usage only. The machine on the left dispenses new Clipper cards and adds value to existing cards, while the machine on the right only adds value to existing cards.

From BART's inception, fares were payable only using refillable paper-plastic-composite tickets,^[82] on which fares are stored via a magnetic strip, to enter and exit the system. The exit faregate prints the remaining balance on the ticket each time the passenger exits the station, and a paper ticket with zero balance is captured by the exit gate. The magnetic strip-based technology for the paper tickets was developed by Cubic Transportation Systems with a contract awarded in 1974.^[83] The paper ticket technology is identical to the Washington Metro's former paper fare card, though the BART system does not charge higher fares during rush hour. BART formerly relied on unused ticket values on discarded low-value cards for additional revenue – as much as $9.9 million annually.^[84]

In 2006, BART began piloting a smart card for fare payment called EZ Rider; this program was abandoned in 2010 in favor of the regional Clipper card.^[85][86]

BART began accepting Clipper cards for fare payment in 2009. As of December 2020, Clipper cards are the only fare media dispensed by BART ticket vending machines.

In 2009, BART became one of the first five transit agencies to accept TransLink (later renamed Clipper) cards for fare payment^[87] and began phasing out paper tickets, beginning with high-value discount tickets. As of December 2020, all BART ticket machines, except for add-fare machines inside of paid areas, have been converted to Clipper use only. New paper tickets are no longer issued, though existing paper tickets continue to be accepted at faregates.^[46] A 50-cent surcharge per trip (25 cents for discounted fares) is applied to all journeys made on paper tickets.^[88]

Fare schedule[]

Fares on BART are comparable to those of commuter rail systems and are higher than those of most subways, especially for long trips. The fare is based on a formula that takes into account both the length of the trip and the counties passed through. A surcharge is added for trips traveling through the Transbay Tube, to Oakland International Airport, to San Francisco International Airport, and/or through San Mateo County, a county that is not a member of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District.

The minimum fare is $2.10 (except San Mateo County trips) under 6 miles (9.7 km).^[89] The maximum one-way fare including all possible surcharges is $17.50, the journey between San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport.^[89] The farthest possible trip, from Antioch to Berryessa/North San José, costs less ($9.95 with Clipper) because of the $4 additional charge added to SFO trips and $6 additional charge added to OAK trips.

Entering and exiting the same station within three hours incurs an excursion fare of $6.20 (subject to the additional 50-cent surcharge if using a paper ticket). Failure to exit the system within three hours of entering incurs the maximum fare possible from the entrance station (also subject to the paper ticket surcharge).

Passengers without sufficient fare to complete their journey must use an add-fare machine to pay the remaining balance in order to exit the station.

Discounted fares[]

Unlike many other rapid transit systems, BART does not have an unlimited ride pass, and the only discount provided to the general public is a 6.25% discount when "high value tickets" (only available on Clipper with autoload) are purchased with fare values of $48 and $64, for prices of $45 and $60 respectively. A 50% discount is available to youth aged 5-18 using Youth Clipper cards, and a 62.5% discount is provided to seniors and the disabled using Senior Clipper cards and RTC Clipper cards respectively.^[90] Children aged 4 and under ride free.^[90] The Clipper START program for low-income adults provides a 20% discount.^[91]

A 62.5% special group discount is available for student field trips for elementary, middle and high school students attending school in Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and San Mateo counties. To be eligible for this discount, students must be chaperoned by adults and travel as a group; the adult chaperones pay the full, undiscounted fare.^[92] These tickets are only available by mail order from the BART group sales office; they cannot be purchased at ticket vending machines.^[92]

The San Francisco Muni "A" monthly pass (only available on Clipper) provides unlimited rides within San Francisco, with no fare credit applied for trips outside of the city. As of 2010, the SFMTA paid $1.02 for each trip taken under this arrangement.^[93]

Fare enforcement[]

Fares are enforced by BART Police and station agents, who monitor activity at the fare gates adjacent to the window and at other fare gates through closed circuit television and faregate status screens located in the agent's booth. All stations are staffed with at least one agent at all times, though not every entrance is staffed at all times.

Proposed simplification[]

Proposals to simplify the fare structure abound. A flat fare that disregards distance has been proposed, or simpler fare bands or zones. Either scheme would shift the fare-box recovery burden to the urban riders in San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley and away from suburban riders in East Contra Costa, Southern Alameda, and San Mateo Counties, where density is lowest, and consequently, operational cost is highest.^[94]

Ridership levels[]

Faregates with the orange barrier wings retracted for a Spare the Air Day

For most of its history, BART's ridership has reflected the U.S. economy, growing modestly during periods of economic expansion and dropping slightly during recessions.^[95] A major exception occurred in 1989 in the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake, which severely damaged the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, causing its closure for a month. BART became the only direct route between the East Bay and San Francisco, resulting in a nearly 17% ridership jump for the 1990 fiscal year.^[95] Ridership would not drop back to previous levels after the repair of the bridge until the COVID-19 pandemic began to affect the Bay Area in March 2020.

Between 2010 and 2015, BART ridership grew rapidly, mirroring strong economic growth in the Bay Area. In 2015, the system was carrying approximately 100,000 more passengers each day than it had five years earlier.^[96] High gasoline prices also contributed to growth, pushing ridership to record levels during 2012, with the system recording five record ridership days in September and October 2012.^[97]

After six straight years of expansion, ridership growth began to slow in late 2016, dropping by 1.7% in October 2016 from the prior year.^[98] Although the fiscal year ending June 30, 2017, showed an average weekday ridership of 423,395, the second-highest in BART's history, this was a 2.3% drop from FY 2016.^[95] Ridership continued to decline by approximately 3% per year between 2016 and 2019, mirroring a nationwide decline in mass transit ridership in the second half of the decade.^[99] Some see this decline as linked to changes in commute patterns, the fall in gasoline prices since 2014, and competition from the private sector in the form of ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft.^[100][101] Ride-hailing has especially affected ridership on the lines to the San Francisco International Airport and the Oakland International Airport. At SFO, ride-hailing services grew by a factor of almost six or nearly 500% at the airport between 2014 and 2016.^[102] BART planners believe that competition from Uber and Lyft is reducing overall ridership growth and BART's share of airport transit.^[103][104]

Stations in the urban cores of San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley have the highest ridership, while suburban stations record lower rider numbers. During fiscal year 2017, the busiest station was Embarcadero with 48,526 average weekday exits, followed by Montgomery Street with 45,386. The busiest station outside of San Francisco was 12th Street Oakland City Center with 13,965 riders, followed by 19th Street Oakland with 13,456. The least busy station was Oakland International Airport with 1,517 riders, while the least busy standard BART station was North Concord / Martinez with 2,702 weekday exits.^[105]

BART's one-day ridership record was set on Halloween of 2012 with 568,061 passengers attending the San Francisco Giants' victory parade for their World Series championship.^[106] This surpassed the record set two years earlier of 522,198 riders in 2010 for the Giants' 2010 World Series victory parade.^[107] Before that, the record was 442,100 riders in October 2009, following an emergency closure of the Bay Bridge.^[108] During a planned closure of the Bay Bridge, there were 475,015 daily riders on August 30, 2013, making that the third highest ridership.^[109] On June 19, 2015, BART recorded 548,078 riders for the Golden State Warriors championship parade, placing second on the all-time ridership list.^[110]

BART set a Saturday record of 419,162 riders on February 6, 2016, coinciding with Super Bowl 50 events and a Golden State Warriors game.^[111][112] That easily surpassed the previous Saturday record of 319,484 riders, which occurred in October 2012, coinciding with several sporting events and Fleet Week.^[113] BART set a Sunday ridership record of 292,957 riders in June 2013, in connection with the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade,^[114] surpassing Sunday records set the previous two years when the Pride Parade was held.^[114]

Ridership dropped sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns beginning in March 2020, during which BART was forced to drastically cut service.^[115] Ridership in the weeks immediately following the start of the Bay Area's lockdown (on March 17, 2020) fell by as much as 93%.^[115] As of May 2021, weekday ridership remains about 85% below pre-pandemic levels and weekend ridership remains about 75% below pre-pandemic levels.^[115]

Facilities[]

Parking[]

Many BART stations offer parking, however, underpricing causes station parking lots to overflow in the morning.^[116] Pervasive congestion and underpricing forces some to drive to distant stations in search of parking.^[117]

BART hosts car sharing locations at many stations, a program pioneered by City CarShare. Riders can transfer from BART and complete their journeys by car. BART offers long-term airport parking through a third-party vendor^[118] at most East Bay stations. Travelers must make an online reservation in advance and pay the daily fee of $5 before they can leave their cars at the BART parking lot.

Parking at stations in Santa Clara County (Milpitas and Berryessa/North San José) is managed by Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority rather than BART.

Accessibility[]

All BART trains have dedicated spaces for wheelchair users and every station has accessible elevators.^[119] Estimated train arrival times and service announcements are both displayed on platform-level screens and announced audibly over the public address system. Station platforms are equipped with tactile paving to aid those with visual impairments, and Braille/tactile signs are present throughout stations.^[120]

At some stations, the elevator to the platform (which is inside the paid area) is accessed from an unpaid area of the station. When arriving at these stations, passengers using the elevator must first pass through a faregate into the paid area and then exit back through the swing gate adjacent to the station agent booth before taking the elevator to the platform. When exiting from these stations, passengers must do the reverse: take the elevator from the platform to the concourse level, enter the paid area through the swing gate, and then process their ticket at a faregate to exit the paid area once again. Station agents may be able to assist upon request.^[119] The configuration of these stations enables fare evasion and causes confusion for passengers.^[121] BART has corrected this issue at several stations either by expanding the paid area on the concourse level or by installing a single accessible faregate in front of the elevator doors; plans are underway to similarly retrofit the remaining stations with this configuration.^[121][122] As of September 2021, the following 9 stations still have a platform elevator outside of the paid area: 19th Street Oakland, Civic Center, El Cerrito Plaza, Embarcadero, North Berkeley, Orinda, Powell, Rockridge, and Walnut Creek.^[122] Of these, North Berkeley and Walnut Creek have ticket processing machines near the elevators that allow elevator users to avoid having to enter, then exit, then re-enter the paid area; however, these do nothing to deter fare evasion.^[119]

Cell phone and Wi-Fi[]

In 2004, BART became the first transit system in the United States to offer cellular telephone communication to passengers of all major wireless carriers on its trains underground.^[123] Service was made available for customers of Verizon Wireless, Sprint/Nextel, AT&T Mobility, and T-Mobile in and between the four San Francisco Market Street stations from Civic Center to Embarcadero. In 2009, service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube, thus providing continuous cellular coverage between West Oakland and Balboa Park.^[124] In 2010, service was expanded to all underground stations in Oakland (19th Street, 12th Street/Oakland City Center, and Lake Merritt).^[125] Uninterrupted cellular coverage of the entire BART system is a goal. As of 2012 passengers in both the Berkeley Hills Tunnel and the Berkeley subway (Ashby, Downtown and North Berkeley) received cell service. The only sections still not covered by cell service are short tunnel that leads to Walnut Creek BART, and San Mateo County subway stations (including service to SFO and Millbrae).

In 2007, BART ran a beta test of Wi-Fi Internet access for travelers. It initially included the four San Francisco downtown stations: Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell, and Civic Center. It included above ground testing to trains at BART's Hayward Test Track. The testing and deployment was extended into the underground interconnecting tubes between the four downtown stations and further. The successful demonstration provided for a ten-year contract with WiFi Rail, Inc. for the services throughout the BART right of way.^[126] In 2008, the Wi-Fi service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube.^[127] BART terminated the relationship with Wi-Fi Rail in December 2014, citing that WiFi Rail had not submitted an adequate financial or technical plan for completing the network throughout the BART system.^[128]

In 2011, during the Charles Hill killing and aftermath BART disabled cell phone service to hamper demonstrators.^[129] The ensuing controversy drew widespread coverage^[130] that raised legal questions about free speech rights of protesters and the federal telecommunications laws that relate to passengers.^[131] In response, BART released an official policy on cutting off cell phone service.^[132]

Organization and management[]

Governance[]

The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a special district consisting of Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and the City and County of San Francisco. San Mateo County, which hosts six BART stations, and Santa Clara County, which hosts two, are not part of the BART District. A nine-member elected Board of Directors represents nine districts. BART has its own police force.^[133]

While the district includes all of the cities and communities in its jurisdiction, some of these cities do not have stations on the BART system. This has caused tensions among property owners in cities like Livermore who pay BART taxes but must travel outside the city to receive BART service.^[134] In areas like Fremont, the majority of commuters do not commute in the direction that BART would take them (many Fremonters commute to San Jose)^{[citation needed]}. This would be remedied with the completion of the Silicon Valley BART extension. Phase I of the extension opened on June 13, 2020, giving San Jose its first BART station, Berryessa/North San José station.

Budget[]

In 2005, BART required nearly $300 million in funds after fares. About 37% of the costs went to maintenance, 29% to actual transportation operations, 24% to general administration, 8% to police services, and 4% to construction and engineering. In 2005, 53% of the budget was derived from fares, 32% from taxes, and 15% from other sources, including advertising, station retail space leasing, and parking fees.^[135] BART reported a farebox recovery ratio of 75.67% in February 2016,^[136] up from 2012's 68.2%.^[137] BART train operators and station agents have a maximum salary of $62,000 per year with an average of $17,000 in overtime pay.^[138] (BART management claimed that in 2013, union train operators and station agents averaged about $71,000 in base salary and $11,000 in overtime, and pay a $92 monthly fee from that for health insurance.)^[139]

Incidents and controversies[]

BART Police shootings[]

Oscar Grant III[]

On January 1, 2009, a BART Police officer, Johannes Mehserle, fatally shot Oscar Grant III.^[140][141] BART held multiple public meetings to ease tensions led by BART Director Carole Ward Allen^[142] who called on the BART Board to hire two independent auditors to investigate the shooting, and to provide recommendations to the board regarding BART Police misconduct.^[143] Director Ward Allen established BART's first Police Department Review Committee and worked with Assemblyman Sandre Swanson to pass AB 1586 in the California State Legislature, which enforced civilian oversight of the BART Police Department.^[144] BART Director Lynette Sweet said that "BART has not handled this [situation] correctly,"^[145] and called for the BART police chief and general manager to step down, but only one other BART Director, Tom Radulovich, has supported such action.^[146]

Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with video cameras, which were later submitted to and disseminated by media outlets and watched hundreds of thousands of times^[147] in the days following the shooting. Violent demonstrations occurred protesting the shooting.^[148]

Mehserle was arrested and charged with murder, to which he pleaded not guilty. Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US$25 million wrongful death claim against the district on behalf of Grant's daughter and girlfriend.^[149] Oscar Grant III's father also filed a lawsuit claiming that the death of his son deprived him of his son's companionship.

Mehserle's trial was subsequently moved to Los Angeles following concerns that he would be unable to get a fair trial in Alameda County. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty on a lesser charge of involuntary manslaughter.^[150] He was released on June 13, 2011, and is now on parole.^[151]

Charles Hill[]

On July 3, 2011, two officers of the BART Police shot and killed Charles Hill at Civic Center Station in San Francisco. Hill was allegedly carrying a knife.^[152]

On August 12, 2011, BART shut down cellphone services on the network for three hours in an effort to hamper possible protests against the shooting^[153][154] and to keep communications away from protesters at the Civic Center station in San Francisco.^[155] The shutdown caught the attention of Leland Yee and international media, as well as drawing comparisons to the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in several articles and comments.^[156] Antonette Bryant, the union president for BART, added that, "BART have lost our confidence and are putting rider and employee safety at risk."^[157]

Members of Anonymous broke into BART's website and posted names, phone numbers, addresses, and e-mail information on the Anonymous website.^[158][159]

On August 15, 2011, there was more disruption in service at BART stations in downtown San Francisco.^{[160][161][162]} The San Francisco Examiner reported that the protests were a result of the shootings, including that of Oscar Grant.^[163][164] Demonstrations were announced by several activists, which eventually resulted in disruptions to service. The protesters have stated that they did not want their protests to results in closures, and accused the BART police of using the protests as an excuse for disruption.^[165] Protesters vowed to continue their protests every Monday until their demands were met.

On August 29, 2011, a coalition of nine public interest groups led by Public Knowledge filed an Emergency Petition asking the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to declare "that the actions taken by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (“BART”) on August 11, 2011, violated the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, when it deliberately interfered with access to Commercial Mobile Radio Service (“CMRS”) by the public" and "that local law enforcement has no authority to suspend or deny CMRS, or to order CMRS providers to suspend or deny service, absent a properly obtained order from the Commission, a state commission of appropriate jurisdiction, or a court of law with appropriate jurisdiction".^[166][167]

In December 2011 BART adopted a new "Cell Service Interruption Policy" that only allows shutdowns of cell phone services within BART facilities "in the most extraordinary circumstances that threaten the safety of District passengers, employees and other members of public, the destruction of District property, or the substantial disruption of public transit service".^[168] According to a spokesperson for BART, under the new policy the wireless phone system would not be turned off under circumstances similar to those in August 2011. Instead police officers would arrest individuals who break the law.^[169]

In February 2012, the San Francisco District Attorney concluded that the BART Police Officer that shot and killed Charles Hill at the Civic Center BART station the previous July "acted lawfully in self defense" and will not face charges for the incident. A federal lawsuit filed against BART in January by Charles Hill's brother was proceeding.^[170]

In March 2012, the FCC requested public comment on the question of whether or when the police and other government officials can intentionally interrupt cellphone and Internet service to protect public safety.^[169]

Employee and firefighter fatalities[]

1979 fatal electrical fire[]

In January 1979, an electrical fire occurred on a train as it was passing through the Transbay Tube. One firefighter (Lt. William Elliott, 50, of the Oakland Fire Department) was killed in the effort to extinguish the blaze. Since then, safety regulations have been updated.^[171]

James Strickland[]

On October 14, 2008, track inspector James Strickland was struck and killed by a train as he was walking along a section of track between the Concord and Pleasant Hill BART stations. Strickland's death started an investigation into BART's safety alert procedures.^[172] At the time of the accident, BART had assigned trains headed in opposite directions to a shared track for routine maintenance. BART came under further fire in February 2009 for allegedly delaying payment of death benefits to Strickland's family.^[173]

October 2013 incident[]

On the afternoon of October 19, 2013, a BART employee and a contractor, who were inspecting tracks, were struck and killed near Walnut Creek by a train being moved for routine maintenance. A labor strike by BART's two major unions was underway at the time, which caused BART to use an undertrained operator. Instead of the usual 14 weeks of the training, the operator only received four. The BART trainer was not in the cab with the operator at the time of impact but was instead in the passenger compartment. The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the accident occurred because BART facilitated access to the railway line.^[174] BART was fined $600,000 for the incident.^[175]

Crime[]

In mid-2017, BART came under severe criticism for suppression of video evidence of crimes committed at Oakland stations. That year, in at least three incidents, groups of people had boarded stopped trains and attacked and robbed train riders.^[176] BART responded to criticism of the suppression of this evidence by saying that "to release these videos would create a high level of racially insensitive commentary toward the district [...] and in addition it would create a racial bias in the riders against minorities on the trains." According to a memo distributed to BART Directors, the agency didn't do a press release on the June 30 theft because it was a "petty crime" that would make BART look "crime ridden." Furthermore, it would "unfairly affect and characterize riders of color, leading to sweeping generalizations in media reports."^[176] In September 2017, six victims of the robberies/assaults filed suit against BART for gross negligence, claiming BART does not provide adequate security for its riders.^[177]

On July 22, 2018, a man fatally stabbed 18-year-old Nia Wilson with a knife as she exited a train car at the MacArthur station.^[178] This was the third homicide at a BART station within five days.^[179] In June 2019, the Alameda County Civil Grand Jury released a report documenting a 128% increase in thefts on BART between 2014 and 2018, and an 83% increase in aggravated assault during the same time period.^[180]

See also[]

• eBART
• List of Bay Area Rapid Transit stations
• List of San Francisco Bay Area trains
• List of California railroads
• List of metro systems
• List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership

References[]

Further reading[]

• Owen, Wilfred (1966). The metropolitan transportation problem. Anchor Books.
• BART: a study of problems of rail transit. California. Legislature. Assembly. Committee on Transportation. 1973.
• Richard Grefe (1976). A history of the key decisions in the development of Bay Area Rapid Transit. National Technical Information Service.
• E. Gareth Hoachlander (1976). Bay Area Rapid Transit: who pays and who benefits?. University of California.
• Cervero, Robert (1998). The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-591-6.
• University of California (1966). The San Francisco Bay area: its problems and future, Volume 2. University of California.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BART.

Route map:

• Bay Area Rapid Transit
• Engineering Geology of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System, 1964–75
• Shuttles serving BART stations at 511.org
• Pictures of BART on world.nycsubway.org