British diaspora

British diaspora

Total population
Estimated at about 200 million[1]
Regions with significant populations
United Kingdom	51,736,290 (81.9% of population)[2]
New Zealand	71,391 Self-identified (up to 59.0% of population)[3][failed verification]
Australia	10,764,870 (45.4% of population)[4]
Canada	10,749,150 (30.6% of population)[5]
United States	34,275,567 (10.7% of population)[6]
Chile	700,000 (4% of population)[7]
France	150,000-400,000 (2017)[8]
Spain	297,229 (2014)[9]
Germany	178,000 (2021)[10]
Languages
Predominantly English Also: Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish, Scots, Ulster Scots, Cornish, Manx, British Sign Language
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (Anglican, Presbyterian, Methodist, Catholic, etc.)[11]

The British diaspora consists of people of British ancestry (and their descendants) who emigrated from the United Kingdom. The largest proportional concentrations of people of self-identified British descent in the world outside of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories occur in New Zealand (59%),^{[12][failed verification]} Australia (45%),^[13] Canada (30.6%),^[14] the United States (11%)^[6] and parts of the Caribbean. Those who do claim British ancestry form a sub-set of those who could claim British ancestry;^[15] the British diaspora includes about 200 million people worldwide.^[16]

Additionally, countries with over 100,000 British expatriates include the Republic of Ireland, Spain, France, Germany, South Africa and the United Arab Emirates.^[17][18]

History of British diaspora[]

Up to the 19th century[]

After the Age of Discovery, the various peoples of the British Isles, and especially the English, were among the earliest and by far the largest communities to emigrate out of Europe. Indeed, the British Empire's expansion during the first half of the 19th century saw an extraordinary dispersion of the British people, with particular concentrations in Australasia and North America.^[19]

The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",^[20] who left Great Britain, later the United Kingdom, and reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents.^[19] As a result of the British colonisation of the Americas, what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British", but in what would become the Commonwealth of Australia the British experienced a birth rate higher than anything seen before, which together with continuing British immigration resulted in a huge outnumbering of indigenous Australians.^[19]

In colonies such as Southern Rhodesia, British Hong Kong, Singapore, Jamaica, Barbados, British East Africa, and the Cape Colony, permanently resident British communities were established, and while never more than a numerical minority, these Britons exercised a dominant influence upon the culture and politics of those lands.^[20] In Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population, contributing to these states becoming integral to the Anglosphere.^[20]

The British not only emigrated to parts of the British Empire, but also settled in large numbers in parts of the Americas, particularly in the United States and in sizeable numbers in Mexico, Chile and Argentina.

The United Kingdom census, 1861 estimated the number of overseas British to be around 2.5 million. However, it concluded that most of these were "not conventional settlers" but rather "travellers, merchants, professionals, and military personnel".^[19] By 1890, there were over 1.5 million further British-born people living in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa.^[19]

British diaspora today[]

According to The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, there were 13.1 million British nationals living abroad in 2004–05. These figures are taken from the consular annual returns from overseas posts. There is no requirement for UK citizens to register with British missions overseas, so these figures are therefore based on the most reliable information that can be obtained, e.g. from host government official statistics.^[21]

A 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated that 5.5 million British-born people lived outside the United Kingdom.^[18]

In terms of outbound expatriation, in 2009, the United Kingdom had the most expatriates among developed OECD countries, with more than three million British living abroad, a figure followed by Germany and Italy.^[22] On an annual basis, emigration from Britain has stood at about 400,000 per year for the past 10 years.^[23]

Living abroad as an expatriate can affect certain rights. In particular:

• ^[24] can only vote in general elections if they have been on a British electoral register at some point in the past 15 years. Otherwise, they are not eligible to vote.^[25][26] This Briefing Paper provides information on the eligibility to vote in UK Parliamentary elections for British citizens living overseas and the government's plans to end the 15-year rule - it's 'votes for life' policy.
• The British Mental Health Act 1983 rules that persons resident abroad do not qualify as "nearest relative" of a person who is ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.

British people by country[]

Map of the British diaspora in the world by population (includes people with British ancestry or citizenship).

  United Kingdom

  + 10,000,000

  + 1,000,000

  + 100,000

  + 10,000

List of countries and territories by population of self-reported British ancestry[]

Country or territory	British ancestry	% of population
Pitcairn Islands[27]	49	100%
United Kingdom[2]	51,736,290	82%
Falkland Islands[28]	2,474	80%
New Zealand[12][failed verification]	2,425,278	59%
Norfolk Island[29]	857	49%
Australia[13]	10,764,870	45%
Canada[14]	10,753,945	31%
Cayman Islands[30]	9,600	30%
Gibraltar[31]	9,100	27%
Bermuda[32]	15,700	25%
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[33]	1,408	25%
United States[6]	34,275,567	11%
The Bahamas[34]	38,000	10%
Barbados[35][36]	20,000	7%
Ireland[36]	291,000	7%
Chile[37]	700,000	4%
Brazil[38][39]	840,000	0.4%

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) estimates[]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2015)

In 2006, the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), a British think tank, published a report on the British diaspora, entitled Brits Abroad. The following table lists the estimated number of British people (defined as people who are British Subjects, such as British citizen, British National Overseas or British Overseas Citizen) living overseas in countries with more than 100 British people, according to the IPPR's report:^[18][36]

^ Note: A different estimate puts China (incl. Hong Kong) ahead with a population of 3,750,000 British citizens,^[40][41] most of which are those in Hong Kong who have continued to possess British nationality, particularly the British nationals (overseas) status, which numbered 3.4 million, through their connection with the former crown colony (see British nationality and Hong Kong for further details).^[42]

See also[]

• Anglosphere
• British Empire
• CANZUK

References[]

Notes

Bibliography

• Ember, Carol R.; et al. (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9.
• Marshall, Peter James (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7.