COVID-19 lockdowns
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COVID-19 pandemic |
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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of non-pharmaceutical interventions colloquially known as lockdowns (encompassing stay-at-home orders, curfews, quarantines, cordons sanitaires and similar societal restrictions) have been implemented in numerous countries and territories around the world. These restrictions were established to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.[1] By April 2020, about half of the world's population was under some form of lockdown, with more than 3.9 billion people in more than 90 countries or territories having been asked or ordered to stay at home by their governments.[2] Although similar disease control measures have been used for hundreds of years, the scale seen in the 2020s is thought to be unprecedented.[3]
Research and case studies have shown that lockdowns are effective at reducing the spread of COVID-19, therefore flattening the curve.[4] The World Health Organization's recommendation on curfews and lockdowns is that they should be short-term measures to reorganize, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect health workers who are exhausted. To achieve a balance between restrictions and normal life, the WHO recommends a response to the pandemic that consists of strict personal hygiene, effective contact tracing, and isolating when ill.[5]
Countries and territories around the world have enforced lockdowns of varying stringency. Some include total movement control while others have enforced restrictions based on time. In many cases, only essential businesses are allowed to remain open. Schools, universities and colleges have closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 63 countries, affecting approximately 47 percent of the world's student population.[6][7]
Beginning with the first lockdown in China's Hubei province[8] and nationwide in Italy in March, lockdowns continued to be implemented in many countries throughout 2020 and 2021. On 24 March 2020, the entire 1.3 billion population of India was ordered to stay at home during its lockdown, making it the largest of the pandemic.[9] The world's longest continuous lockdown lasting 234 days took place in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2020, although as of October 2021, the city of Melbourne, Australia has spent the most cumulative days in lockdown at 267 days over separate periods.[10] Although public health experts and economists generally supported lockdown restrictions, citing greater long-term costs for allowing the disease to spread uncontrollably, pandemic restrictions have had health,[11] social, and economic impacts, and have been met with protests in some territories.
A few countries and territories did not use the strategy, including Japan, Belarus, Sweden, South Korea, Tanzania, two states in Brazil and certain United States states.
Efficacy[]
Several researchers, from modelling and demonstrated examples, have concluded that lockdowns are effective at reducing the spread of, and deaths caused by, COVID-19.[12][4][13][14][15][16][17] Lockdowns are thought to be most effective at containing or preventing COVID-19 community transmission, healthcare costs and deaths when implemented earlier, with greater stringency, and when not lifted too early.[18][19][20][21][22]
A study investigating the spread based on studies of the most common symptoms such as loss of taste and smell in France, Italy and the UK showed a marked decrease in new symptoms just a few days after the start of confinement on the countries (Italy and France) with the strongest lockdowns.[23] Modelling on the United States pandemic suggested "the pandemic would have been almost completely suppressed from significantly taking off if the lockdown measures were implemented two weeks earlier" and that the second wave would have been less severe had the lockdown lasted another two weeks.[18]
The stringent lockdown in Hubei in early 2020 proved effective at controlling the COVID-19 outbreak in China.[16][24] The relatively high number of cases and deaths in Sweden, which has kept much of its society open during the pandemic, when compared to its neighbours with comparable demographics Norway, Denmark and Finland that did enforce lockdowns, is thought to be at least partly attributable to this difference in policy.[25][26][27][28][29] Similarly, modelling on Australian data concluded that achieving zero community transmission through a strict lockdown lowers healthcare and economic costs compared to less stringent measures that allow transmission to continue, and warned that early relaxation of restrictions have greater costs.[20][21] This "zero community transmission" approach was adopted in Australia, and a strict four month lockdown in the state of Victoria during an outbreak in Melbourne, combined with other measures, averted a wider outbreak in the country in 2020.[30] New Zealand and Vietnam's successful containment measures throughout 2020 included targeted lockdowns.[31][32]
The emergence of the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in 2021 has led some commentators to suggest that although lockdowns continue to reduce the spread of COVID-19, they have become less effective at containing it. Lockdowns in Australia and Vietnam in response to Delta outbreaks proved less effective at containment than previous lockdowns were against the spread of other variants.[33][34][35]
Voluntary versus mandatory restrictions[]
![]() | This section possibly contains original research. (April 2021) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peruvian_army_K9_-_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Peru.jpg/220px-Peruvian_army_K9_-_2020_coronavirus_pandemic_in_Peru.jpg)
One study led by an economist at the University of Chicago found that involuntary lockdowns had little impact, with voluntary distancing making up nearly 90% of the fall in consumer traffic as people feared the virus itself.[36] Similarly, a NBER study found stay-at-home orders increased staying at home by just 5–10%.[37] Another study from Yale University found that most social distancing was voluntary, driven primarily by "media coverage of morbidity and mortality."[38]
On the other hand, some studies have argued[15][39] that coercive measures probably decreased interactions, while accepting that most of the reduction may have been voluntary. One of those two studies, by Flaxman et al., has been criticized, among other things for having a country-specific adjustment factor, without which the model would predict a massive number of deaths for Sweden.[40] One widely cited economic simulation asserting that shelter-in-place orders reduced total cases three-fold, however, held voluntary distancing constant.[41] Another study found a 30% difference among border-counties where stay-at-home orders were imposed.[42]
Another study that compared the impact of 'less restrictive interventions' on the spread of COVID-19 in Sweden and South Korea, with mandatory stay-at home orders in 8 other countries, such as France and Spain, did not find evidence for greater disease control in the countries with more restrictions.[43] However, the findings of the study have been questioned due to its numerous limitations, including the small sample size of countries.[44][45]
Some research has also found that an "advisory" approach is not adequate to control COVID-19 outbreaks. An analysis of an outbreak in northern Italy found that an effective reduction in community transmission occurred during a strict national lockdown, and that earlier less stringent measures were ineffective at reducing mobility to a level low enough to reduce the spread of COVID-19.[19]
Since the beginning of the pandemic, Google has consistently collected data on movements, showing rapid declines in public activity long before legal restrictions were imposed.[46] An April poll found that 93% of Americans voluntarily chose to only leave home when necessary, regardless of legal restrictions.[47]
Reception[]
![]() | This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. (February 2021) |
A review of 348 articles concluded there was unanimous acknowledgement of the importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in controlling the spread of COVID-19.[4] However, current research also acknowledges high societal costs, though less than the costs of allowing the pandemic to spread without mitigation.[11][4]
Related to epidemiology[]
The consensus of epidemiological evidence supports generalised non-pharmaceutical interventions to curb the spread of COVID-19.[4][48][49][50]
During the early stages of the pandemic in Europe and the United States, statistical modelling which advised that restrictions were needed to prevent a large number of deaths were used as the basis for lockdowns.[17] This includes an Imperial College projection, led by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson.[51] Despite some criticisms, academics defended the Imperial projection as fundamentally sound, while admitting the code was "a buggy mess."[52]
A notable opponent of lockdowns has included Sweden's state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell, who has frequently criticised the strategy.[53][54] The Swedish government's approach has included minimal restrictions and has been controversial in part due to the relatively high death toll due to widespread transmission.[55][56] However, the Swedish government began considering enacting a lockdown in early 2021.[57][58]
While arguing in August 2020 for the need for further lockdowns in the United States, physicians Ranu Dhillon and Abraar Karan argued for "smarter lockdowns" that impose restrictions on areas with high levels of transmission, and to increase support to vulnerable populations in these locations to offset the economic costs.[59]
A small number of medical experts signed the Great Barrington Declaration in October 2020 which called for "Focused Protection" on high risk groups and minimal restrictions on the general population to achieve herd immunity through COVID-19 infection. However, the majority of medical experts and the WHO have strongly criticised this proposed strategy for its lack of scientific basis and for being unethical.[49][60][61] The declaration has also attracted controversy over its funding and the authenticity of its signatures.[48][62]
Related to social impacts[]
Some commentators have suggested that states' use of emergency powers to curb freedom of assembly and movement are authoritarian and may result in long-term democratic backsliding. Centralization of power by political leadership in Hungary, Poland, China and Cambodia in response to the pandemic have been cited as examples.[63][64][65]
Some researchers have noted that pandemic restrictions have come with mental health costs, compounded by those caused by the pandemic itself.[4][66][67][68][69]
Due to their closure, educational institutions worldwide transitioned to online learning. Teachers and faculty had to learn new ways to engage with students while in a pandemic. Examples of online teaching tools are podcasts, videos, and virtual classrooms.[70][better source needed]
UN Women warned in a April 2020 report that pandemic restrictions exacerbate gender inequalities and have led to an increase in domestic violence.[71] Many women are being forced to ‘lockdown’ at home with their abusers at the same time that services to support survivors are being disrupted or made inaccessible.[72] For instance, in France there was a spike in cases of about 30% since the lockdown in March 2020.[71]
Related to economic impacts[]
Economists generally supported increased government funding for mitigation efforts, even at the cost of tolerating a very large economic contraction.[73] They agreed that lockdowns should continue until the threat of resurgence has declined, even when considering only the economic impact.[74] There was consensus, at least in some economic circles, that "severe lockdowns — including closing non-essential businesses and strict limitations on people's movement — are likely to be better for the economy in the medium term than less aggressive measures".[75]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg/220px-Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_%2849799974031%29.jpg)
Both the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have published statements noting the impact of the lockdowns on livelihoods and food security, and Dr David Nabarro, WHO Special Envoy on COVID-19 stated in October 2020 that "lockdowns just have one consequence that you must never ever belittle, and that is making poor people an awful lot poorer".[76][77][78]
Protests[]
There have also been a number of protests worldwide in opposition to lockdowns, including in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada and New Zealand. The motivations for and sizes of these protests have varied. Some have been spurred by the economic and social impacts of lockdowns, but have also been associated with misinformation related to the pandemic, conspiracy theories and anti-vaccination.[79][80]
Table of pandemic lockdowns[]
Country / territory | Place | First lockdown | Second lockdown | Third lockdown | Fourth lockdown | Fifth lockdown | Sixth lockdown | Seventh lockdown | Eighth lockdown | Total length (days) | Level | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | |||||
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2020-03-13[81] | 2020-06-01[82] | 80 | 80 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Algiers | 2020-03-23[83] | 2020-05-14[84] | 52 | 52 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Blida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Greater Buenos Aires | 2020-03-19[85] | 2020-11-08[86] | 234 | 2021-05-22[87] | 2021-05-30 | 9 | 2021-06-05[88] | 2021-06-06 | 2 | 245 | Metropolitan area | ||||||||||||||||
Rest of the country | 2020-03-19[85] | 2020-05-10[89] | 52 | 2021-05-22[87] | 2021-05-30 | 9 | 2021-06-05[88] | 2021-06-06 | 2 | 63 | National | |||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-24[90] | 2020-05-04[91] | 41 | 41 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Melbourne | 2020-03-31[92] | 2020-05-12[93][a] | 43 | 2020-07-09[b][94][95] | 2020-10-27[96] | 111 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28[98] | 2021-06-10[99] | 14 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-10-21[103] | 78 | 263 | Metropolitan area | |||||||
Greater Shepparton | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-15[105][106] | 25 | 2021-10-02[107] | 2021-10-09[108] | 7 | 145 | Local government area | ||
Ballarat | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 2021-09-16[109] | 2021-09-22[c][110][111] | 7 | 140 | |||
Greater Geelong | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 2021-09-20[112] | 2021-09-26[113] | 7 | 140 | |||
Surf Coast Shire | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 2021-09-20[112] | 2021-09-26[113] | 7 | 140 | |||
Mitchell Shire | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-07-09[b][114] | 2020-09-16[95] | 70 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 2021-09-20[112] | 2021-10-13[d][115] | 24 | 186 | |||
Mildura | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 2021-10-09[116] | 2021-10-22[117] | 14 | 147 | |||
Latrobe Valley | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 2021-09-29[118] | 2021-10-06[119] | 7 | 140 | Region | ||
Rest of regional Victoria[e] | 2020-03-31 | 2020-05-12[93] | 43 | 2020-08-06[95] | 2020-09-16[95] | 41 | 2021-02-13[97] | 2021-02-17[97] | 5 | 2021-05-28 | 2021-06-03 | 7 | 2021-07-16[100] | 2021-07-27[101] | 12 | 2021-08-05[102] | 2021-08-09 | 5 | 2021-08-21[104] | 2021-09-09[105][106] | 20 | 133 | State | |||||
South Australia | 2020-11-19[120] | 2020-11-22[121] | 3 | 2021-07-21[122] | 2021-07-27 | 7 | 62 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Southern Tasmania | 2021-10-16[123] | 2021-10-19 | 3 | 55 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Northern Beaches (NSW) | 2020-12-19[124] | 2021-01-10[125] | 22 | 2021-06-26 | 2021-10-11[f][126] | 107 | 181 | Local government area | ||||||||||||||||||||
Brisbane | 2021-01-08[127] | 2021-01-11[127] | 3 | 2021-03-29[128] | 2021-04-01[129] | 3 | 2021-06-29[130] | 2021-07-03 | 4 | 2021-07-31[131] | 2021-08-08[132] | 8 | 67 | Metropolitan area | ||||||||||||||
Perth | 2021-01-31[133] | 2021-02-05[133] | 5 | 2021-04-23[134] | 2021-04-26[134] | 3 | 2021-06-28[135] | 2021-07-02[135] | 4 | 61 | Metropolitan area | |||||||||||||||||
Peel | 2021-01-31[133] | 2021-02-05[133] | 5 | 2021-04-23[134] | 2021-04-26[134] | 3 | 2021-06-28 | 2021-07-02 | 4 | 61 | Region | |||||||||||||||||
South West | 2021-01-31[133] | 2021-02-05[133] | 5 | 57 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Illawarra | 2021-06-26[136] | 2021-10-11[g][137][138][126] | 107 | 159 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greater Sydney | 2021-06-26[136] | 2021-10-11[h][137][138][126] | 107 | 159 | Metropolitan area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Darwin | 2021-06-27[139] | 2021-07-02[140] | 5 | 2021-08-16 | 2021-08-19 | 3 | 57 | Metropolitan area | ||||||||||||||||||||
South East Queensland | 2021-06-29[130] | 2021-07-02 | 3 | 2021-07-31 | 2021-08-08 | 8 | 63 | Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Townsville | 2021-06-29[130] | 2021-07-02 | 3 | 2021-07-31 | 2021-08-08 | 8 | 63 | Metropolitan area | ||||||||||||||||||||
Alice Springs | 2021-06-30 [141] | 2021-07-03 | 3 | 55 | Metropolitan area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Central West | 2021-07-20[142] | 2021-07-27[142] | 7 | 2021-08-14 | 2021-10-11[i][143] | 58 | 117 | Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Hunter Region | 2021-08-05[144][145] | 2021-10-11[j][143] | 67 | 119 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Upper Hunter | 2021-08-05[144] | 2021-09-16[k][143][146] | 42 | 94 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muswellbrook | 2021-08-05[144] | 2021-09-16[l][143][146] | 42 | 2021-09-28[147] | 2021-10-11[m] | 13 | 107 | Local government area | ||||||||||||||||||||
Armidale | 2021-08-07[148] | 2021-09-10[149] | 34 | 87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cairns Region | 2021-08-08[150] | 2021-08-11[151] | 3 | 55 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yarrabah | 2021-08-08[150] | 2021-08-11[151] | 3 | 55 | Local government area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Richmond Valley | 2021-08-09[152] | 2021-09-10[143][153] | 32 | 84 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lismore | 2021-08-09[152] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 32 | 2021-09-16[146] | 2021-09-23 | 7 | 2021-10-03[154] | 2021-10-11 | 8 | 99 | ||||||||||||||||||
Byron Shire | 2021-08-09[152] | 2021-09-10[143][153] | 32 | 2021-09-21[155] | 2021-09-28 | 7 | 91 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ballina | 2021-08-09[152] | 2021-09-10[143][153] | 32 | 84 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tamworth | 2021-08-09[156] | 2021-09-10[143][153][149] | 32 | 84 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dubbo | 2021-08-11[157] | 2021-10-11[n][143][149] | 61 | 113 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Australian Capital Territory | 2021-08-12[158] | 2021-10-15[159] | 61 | 114 | Territory | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Regional NSW[o] | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 81 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Mid-Coast | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149][161] | 28 | 81 | Local government area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
South Coast[p] | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-10-11[q][143][149] | 57 | 109 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Bega Valley | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-16[r][143][149][162] | 33 | 85 | Local government area | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Goulburn–Mulwaree | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-10-11[s][143][149] | 57 | 109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Snowy–Monaro | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-16[t][143][149][162] | 33 | 2021-09-30[163] | 2021-10-11[164] | 11 | 96 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Yass Valley | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[149] | 28 | 2021-09-14[165] | 2021-09-27 | 14 | 94 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Albury (NSW) | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-09-16[146] | 2021-09-23 | 7 | 87 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Cowra | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-09-20[166] | 2021-10-05[167] | 14 | 94 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Glen Innes Severn (NSW) | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-09-17[168] | 2021-09-24 | 7 | 87 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hilltops (NSW) | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-09-17[168] | 2021-10-01[169] | 14 | 94 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Port Macquarie-Hastings | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-09-28[147] | 2021-10-05 | 7 | 87 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Oberon | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-09-29[170] | 2021-10-11[164] | 12 | 92 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Gunnedah | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-10-05[171] | 2021-10-11 | 6 | 86 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Casino | 2021-08-14[160] | 2021-09-10[143][149] | 28 | 2021-10-02[172] | 2021-10-11 | 9 | 89 | Town | ||||||||||||||||||||
Rest of the country[u] | 2020-03-23[173] | 2020-05-15[174] | 52 | 52 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-16[175] | 2020-04-13[176] | 28 | 2020-11-03[177] | 2020-11-30[177] | 27 | 2020-12-26[178] | 2021-02-07[179] | 43 | 2021-11-15[180] | 2021-12-11[181] | 27 | 125 | |||||||||||||||
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2020-03-31[182] | 2020-08-30[182] | 152 | 152 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-26[183] | 2020-05-16[184] | 51 | 2021-04-05[185] | 2021-07-14[186] | 100 | 2021-07-23[187] | 2021-08-10[188] | 18 | 169 | ||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-28[189] | 2020-05-03[189] | 36 | 36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-18[190] | 2020-05-04 [191] | 47 | 2020-11-02[192] | 2020-12-14[192] | 42 | 2021-03-27[193] | 2021-04-26[194] | 30 | 119 | ||||||||||||||||||
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2020-04-04[189] | 2020-05-02[195] | 28 | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-08-11[196] | 2020-09-01[197] | 21 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-22[198] | 2020-07-31[199] | 131 | 131 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-04-02[200] | 2020-04-30[200] | 28 | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Santa Catarina | 2020-03-17[201] | 2020-04-07[201] | 21 | 21 | State | ||||||||||||||||||||||
São Paulo | 2020-03-24[202] | 2020-05-10[203] | 47 | 47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-13[v][207][208] | 2020-06-15[w][210][211] | 94 | 2020-11-28 (de facto)[x][213] | 2021-01-31[y][213][214] | 65 | 2021-03-22[z][216] | 2021-03-31 | 10 | 169 | National | |||||||||||||||||
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Phnom Penh | 2021-04-15[217] | 2021-05-05[218] | 21 | 21 | Municipality | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Ta Khmau | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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British Columbia | 2020-03-18[219] | 2020-05-18[220] | 61 | 2020-11-07[221] | 2021-01-08[221] | 62 | 123 | Province | |||||||||||||||||||
Ontario | 2020-03-17[222][223] | 2020-05-14 | 58 | 2021-04-03[224] | 2021-05-01 | 28 | 86 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Ontario - South | 2020-12-26[225] | 2021-01-23[225] | 28 | 2021-04-08[226] | 2021-06-02[226] | 55 | 83 | Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Ontario - North | 2020-12-26[225] | 2021-01-09[225] | 14 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Quebec | 2020-12-25[227] | 2021-01-11[227] | 18[227] | 18 | Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-25[228] | 2020-06-30[229] | 97 | 97 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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2020-03-31[230] | 2020-04-20[230] | 20 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-23[231] | 2020-05-01[232] | 39 | 39 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-18[233] | 2020-05-11 | 32 | 2020-12-22[234] | 2020-12-29[235] | 7 | 39 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-24[236] | 2020-04-13[236] | 20 | 2021-01-10[237] | 2021-01-31[237] | 21 | 2021-04-26[238] | 2021-05-09[238] | 13 | 54 | ||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-16[175] | 2020-04-12[239] | 27 | 2020-10-22[240] | 2021-03-28[240] | 174 | 201 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-12[241] | 2020-04-13[242] | 33 | 2020-12-25[243] | 2021-03-01[244] | 66 | 99 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-16[245] | 2020-03-31[245] | 15 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-12[246] | 2020-04-02[246] | 21 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-04-02[247] | 2020-04-23[247] | 21 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2021-03-11[248] | 2021-04-11[248] | 31 | 31 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Lautoka | 2020-03-20[249] | 2020-04-07[250] | 18 | 2021-04-19 | 18 | City | |||||||||||||||||||||
Suva | 2020-04-03[251] | 2020-04-17[252] | 14 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-17[253] | 2020-05-11[254] | 55 | 2020-10-30[255] | 2020-12-15[256] | 46 | 2021-04-04[257] | 2021-05-03[257] | 29 | 130 | National | ||||||||||||||||
Paris | 2021-03-19[258] | 2021-04-18 | 30 | 131 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2021-03-08[259] | 2021-03-28[259] | 20 | 20 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-31[260] | 2020-04-21[260] | 21 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
different regionally | 2020-03-16[aa][262] | 2020-05-30[263][264] to 2020-05-11[265] |
76 | 2020-11-02[266] | 2021-03-01 to 2021-06-11[267][268] | 119 to 222 | 179 to 298 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Berchtesgadener Land | 2020-10-20[269] | 2020-11-03[270] | 14 | 43 to 64 | District | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Accra | 2020-03-30[271] | 2020-04-12[272] | 13 | 13 | Metropolitan area | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Kumasi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-23[273] | 2020-05-04[274] | 42 | 2020-11-07[275] | 2021-03-22[276] | 135 | 177 | National | |||||||||||||||||||
Thessaloniki | 2020-11-03[277] | 139 | 181 | Regional unit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Serres | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-25[278] | 2020-06-20[279] | 87 | 2021-01-23[280] | 2021-02-22[281] | 30 | 117 | National | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-20[282] | 2020-05-17[283] | 58 | 58 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-28[284] | 2020-04-10[284] | 13 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-25[285] | 2020-06-07[286] | 74 | 74 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Bengaluru | 2021-04-27[287] | 2021-05-09 | 12 | 12 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Delhi | 2021-04-19[288] | 2021-05-31[289] | 42 | 42 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Haryana | 2021-05-03[290] | 2021-05-10 | 7 | 7 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Maharashtra | 2021-04-14[291] | 2021-06-15[292] | 62 | 62 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Odisha | 2021-05-05[293] | 2021-05-19 | 14 | 14 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Rajasthan | 2021-05-10[294] | 2021-06-08[295] | 29 | 29 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Uttar Pradesh | 2021-04-30[296] | 2021-05-10[297] | 10 | 10 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-14[298] | 2020-04-20[299] | 37 | 2021-04-14[300] | 2021-04-24 | 14 | 47 | National | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-22[301] | 2020-04-11[302] | 20 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
All 26 counties | 2020-03-12[ab][303][304] | 2020-05-18[305] | 67 | 2020-10-21[306] | 2020-12-01[307] | 41 | 2020-12-24[ac][308] | 2021-04-12[309] | 119 | 227 | |||||||||||||||||
Kildare | 2020-08-07[310][311] | 2020-08-31[312] | 24 | 24 | Regional | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Laois | 2020-08-21[313] | 14 | 14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Offaly | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Bnei Brak | 2020-04-02[314] | 2020-04-16[315] | 14 | 30 | 42 | 86 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||
Nationwide | 2020-09-18[316] | 2020-10-18[317] | 2020-12-27[318] | 2021-02-07[319] | 72 | National | ||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-09[ad][320] | 2020-05-18[321] | 70 | 2020-12-24[322][ae] | 2021-01-06[322] | 13 | 2021-03-15[323] | 2021-04-30 | 46 | 129 | National | ||||||||||||||||
Lombardy | 2020-11-06[324] | 2020-12-03[325] | 27 | 2021-01-17 [326] | 2021-01-30 | 13 | 110 | Region | ||||||||||||||||||||
Piedmont | 2020-11-06[324] | 2020-12-03[325] | 97 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Aosta Valley | 2020-11-06[324] | 2020-12-03[325] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Calabria | 2020-11-06[324] | 2020-12-03[325] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sicily | 2021-01-17[326] | 2021-01-30 | 13 | 83 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Province of Bolzano | 2021-01-17 [326] | 2021-01-30 | Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Saint Catherine | 2020-04-15[327] | 2020-04-22[327] | 7 | 7 | Parish | ||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-18[328] | 2020-04-30[329] | 43 | 2020-11-10[330] | 2020-11-15[330] | 5 | 48 | National | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-14[331] | 2020-05-04 [332] | 51 | 51 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-05-10[333] | 2020-05-31[333] | 21 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-15[334] | 2020-03-28[334] | 13 | 2020-11-14[335] | 2020-11-28 | 14 | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-22[336] | 2020-06-27[337] | 97 | 97 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-16[338] | 2020-06-18[339] | 94 | 2020-11-07[340] | 2020-11-28 | 21 | 115 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Antananarivo | 2020-03-23[341] | 2020-04-20[342] | 28 | 28 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Toamasina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-18[343] | 2020-06-09[344] | 83 | 2021-01-13 | 2021-02-10 | 28 | 2021-06-01[345] | 2021-08-16[346] | 76 | 187 | National | |||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-23[347] | 2020-06-01[347] | 70 | 70 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Chihuahua | 2020-10-23[348] | 2020-12-06 | 44 | 114 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Durango | 2020-11-03[349] | 2020-12-06 | 33 | 103 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Baja California | 2020-12-07 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mexico City | 2020-12-19[350] | 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
State of Mexico | 2020-12-19[350] | 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Morelos | 2021-01-04 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Guanajuato | 2021-01-04 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-10[351] | 2020-03-16[351] | 6 | 2020-11-17[352] | 2020-12-01 | 15 | 21 | National | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Tuzi | 2020-03-24[353] | 2020-05-05[354] | 42 | 42 | Municipality | ||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-19[355] | 2020-06-10[356] | 83 | 83 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-27[af][357] | 2020-05-04[358] | 38 | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-24[359] | 2020-07-21[360] | 120 | 120 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Kathmandu | 2020-08-20[361] | 2020-09-09[361] | 21 | 141 | City | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-15[362] | 2020-04-06[362] | 22 | 2020-12-15[363] | 2021-06-05[364] | 172 | 2021-11-13[365] | 2022-01-14[366] | 63 | 162 | National | |||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-03-23[367][368] | 2020-05-13[369] | 52 | 2021-08-18[367] | 2021-09-07[367] | 21 | 73 | National | |||||||||||||||||||
Auckland | 2020-08-12[370] | 2020-08-30[367] | 19 | 2021-02-14[371] | 2021-02-17[371] | 3 | 2021-02-28[367] | 2021-03-07[367] | 7 | 2021-08-18[367] | 2021-11-29(TBC)[372] | 104 | 185 | Region | ||||||||||||||
![]() |
Abuja | 2020-03-30[373] | 2020-04-12[373] | 13 | 13 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Lagos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ogun | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-30[374] | 2020-05-04[375] | 35 | 35 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Kaesong | 2020-07-25[376] | 2020-08-14[377] | 20 | 20 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Muscat | 2020-04-10[378] | 2020-05-29[379] | 49 | 49 | Governorate | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Jalan Bani Bu Ali | 2020-04-16[380] | 2020-05-29[381] | 43 | 43 | Province | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-24[382] | 2020-05-09[383] | 46 | 2021-05-08[384] | 2021-05-18 | 10 | 46 | National | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-25[385] | 2020-05-31 (downgraded to a night and weekend curfew)[386] |
67 | 67 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-24[387] | 2020-04-07[387] | 14 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-20[388] | 2020-05-03[389] | 44 | 44 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-16[390] | 2020-06-30[391] | 106 | 106 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Cebu | 2020-03-27[392] | 2020-05-15[ag][393] to 2020-05-31[ah][394] |
49 to 65 | 49 to 65 | Province | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Davao Region | 2020-03-19[395] | 2020-05-15[393] | 57 | 57 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Luzon | 2020-03-15[ai][396] | 2020-04-30[aj][397] to 2020-05-15[ak][398] to 2020-05-31[ah][394] |
46 to 61 to 77 | 2020-08-04[399][al] | 2020-08-18[399][al] | 15 | 61 to 92 | Island group | ||||||||||||||||||||
Soccsksargen | 2020-03-23[395] | 2020-05-15[400] | 53 | 53 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-13[401] | 2020-04-11[402] | 29 | 2020-12-28[403] | 2021-01-17[403] | 20 | 2021-03-20[404] | 2021-04-25[405] | 36 | 85 | National | |||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-19[406] | 2020-04-02[402] | 14 | 2021-01-15[407] | 2021-03-15[408] | 59 | 73 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Doha Industrial Area | 2020-03-11[409] | 2020-06-15[410] | 96 | 96 | Industrial park | ||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-25[411] | 2020-05-12[412] | 48 | 48 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Moscow | 2020-03-30[413] | 2020-05-12[414][415] | 43 | 2021-10-28[416] | 2021-11-04 | 7 | 50 | Metropolitan area | |||||||||||||||||||
Rest of the country[am] | 2020-03-28[417] | 2020-04-30[417] | 33 | 33 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-21[418] | 2020-04-19[419] | 29 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-26[420] | 2020-04-08[421] | 13 | 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-14[422] | 2020-05-05[423] | 52 | 52 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Jeddah | 2020-03-29[424] | 2020-06-21[425] | 84 | 84 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Mecca | 2020-03-26[424] | 87 | 87 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Medina | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Qatif | 2020-03-09[426] | 104 | 104 | Area | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Riyadh | 2020-03-26[424] | 87 | 87 | City | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-15[402] | 2020-04-21[427] to 2020-05-04[428] |
37 to 50 | 37 to 50 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-04-07[429] | 2020-06-01[430] | 55 | 2021-05-16[431] | 2021-06-13 | 28 | 2021-07-22 | 2021-08-09 | 18 | 2021-09-27 | 2021-10-24 | 28 | 129 | |||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-26[432] | 2020-04-30[433] | 35 | 2020-12-28 | 2021-01-15 | 18 | 2021-06-28 | 2021-07-25 | 27 | 80 | ||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-14[434] | 2020-05-09[435] | 56 | 56 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-18[436] | 2020-06-21[437] | 95 | 2021-08-20[438] | 2021-10-01[439] | 42 | 137 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-17[440] | 2020-04-27[441] | 41 | 2021-01-18[442] | 2021-03-01[443] | 42 | 83 | |||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-25[444] | 2020-05-31[445] | 67 | 67 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-17[446] | 2020-03-31[446] | 14 | 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-22[447] | 2020-04-19[448] | 28 | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-04-23[449] | 2020-04-27[449] | 4 | 4 | Only in 30 metropolitan cities and Zonguldak. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Nationwide | 2021-04-29[450] | 2021-05-17[450] | 18 | 18 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-17[402] | 2020-04-24[402] | 38 | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-26[451] | 2020-04-17[452] | 22 | 22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
England | 2020-03-23[453] | 2020-07-04[454] | 103 | 2020-11-05[455] | 2020-12-02[455] | 27 | 2021-01-05[456] | 2021-03-28[457][an] | 83 | 213 | |||||||||||||||||
Scotland | 2020-06-29[458] | 98 | 2020-12-26[459] | 2021-04-02[460] | 97 | 195 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Northern Ireland | 2020-07-03[461] | 102 | 2020-11-27[462] | 2020-12-11[462] | 14 | 2020-12-26[463] | 2021-04-12[464] | 107 | 223 | Country | ||||||||||||||||||
Wales | 2020-07-13[465] | 112 | 2020-10-23[466] | 2020-11-09[466] | 17 | 2020-12-20[467] | 2021-03-13[468][469][ao] | 83 | 212 | |||||||||||||||||||
North West | 2020-12-31[470] | 2021-03-29 | 88 | 88 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
North East | 2020-12-31[470] | 2021-03-29 | 88 | 88 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Midlands | 2020-12-31[470] | 2021-03-29 | 88 | 88 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
West Midlands | 2020-12-31[470] | 2021-03-29 | 88 | 88 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norfolk | 2020-12-26[471] | 2021-03-29 | 93 | 93 | County | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Suffolk | 2020-12-26[472] | 2021-03-29 | 93 | 93 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cambridgeshire | 2020-12-26[473] | 2021-03-29 | 93 | 93 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Essex | 2020-12-26[474] | 2021-03-29 | 93 | 93 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
London area | 2020-12-20[475] | 2021-03-29 | 99 | 99 | City | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Kent & South East | 2020-12-20[475] | 2021-03-29 | 99 | 99 | Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Leicester | 2020-06-30[476] | 2020-07-24[477] | 24 | 24 | County | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Glasgow | 2020-11-20[478] | 2020-12-11[478] | 21 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Renfrewshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Renfrewshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Dunbartonshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
West Dunbartonshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
North Lanarkshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
South Lanarkshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
East Ayrshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
South Ayrshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
West Lothian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stirling | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
California | 2020-03-19[479] | 2021-06-15[480] | 453 | 110 | State | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Connecticut | 2020-03-23[481] | 2020-04-22[482] | 30 | 30 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Illinois | 2020-03-21[483] | 2020-05-30[484] | 70 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kansas City in Kansas | 2020-03-24[485] | 2020-04-19[486] | 26 | 26 | City | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Massachusetts | 2020-03-24[487] | 2020-05-04[487] | 41 | 41 | State | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Michigan | 2020-03-24[488] | 2020-04-13[482] | 20 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
New York | 2020-03-22[489] | 2020-06-13[490] | 83 | 83 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Oregon | 2020-03-24[491] | 2020-05-15[492] | 53 | 53 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Wisconsin | 2020-03-24[493] | 2020-05-13[494] | 50 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-17[495] | 2020-05-13 | 57 | 57 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
Nationwide | 2020-04-01[496] | 2020-04-22[497] | 21 | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Da Nang | 2020-07-28[498] | 2020-09-05[499] | 39 | 60 | City | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Hai Duong | 2021-02-16[500] | 2021-03-02 | 14 | 35 | Province, Chi Linh city lockdown began from 28 January. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Bac Ninh | 2021-05-18[501][502] | 23 | 23 | 4 districts and 1 city | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bac Giang | 2021-05-18[503][504] | 23 | 6 districts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() |
2020-03-30[505] | 2020-05-02[506] | 33 | 33 | National | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Outbreak ongoing: Lockdown data as of 24 December 2021
Notes
|
In the table pandemic lockdowns are defined as the shutdown of parts of the economy,[507] due to non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures and are enforceable by law like:
- Closing of schools and kindergartens
- Closing of non-essential shops (shops and stores apart from food, doctors and drug stores)
- Closing of non-essential production
- Cancellation of recreational venues and closing of public places
- Curfews
- Stay-at-home orders and total movement control
These measures are considered to have caused the COVID-19 recession in 2020.[508] The table does not contain:
- Measures with smaller economic impacts like:
- border closures
- social distancing measures and social movement restrictions
- travel restrictions.
- Other non-pharmaceutical anti-pandemic measures like mandatory quarantines after travel, self quarantine and social distancing measures
- Any measures which are voluntary rather than enforceable by law
The pandemic has resulted in the largest number of shutdowns/lockdowns worldwide at the same time in history.[citation needed]. By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown,[509] which increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of April – more than half of the world's population.[510][511]
Restrictions first began in China,[512] with other countries in East Asia like Vietnam soon following it in implementing widespread containment measures. Much of Europe, North America and Africa took much longer to bring in tough measures. Lockdowns between and within nations are of varying stringency.[513]
By mid April, nearly 300 million people, or about 90 per cent of the population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States,[514] with around 100 million in the Philippines[515] and about 59 million in South Africa,[516] while around 1.3 billion were under lockdown in India, which was the largest of all lockdowns.[517][518]
By the end of April, around 300 million people were under lockdown in various countries of Europe, including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom; while around 200 million people were under lockdown in Latin America.[515]
Countries and territories with lockdowns[]
![]() | This list is incomplete; you can help by . (May 2021) |
Argentina[]
On 19 March 2020, President Alberto Fernández announced a mandatory lockdown to curb the spread of coronavirus. It would take effect from 20 March 2020 until 31 March 2020.[519] It was among the strictest measures in the region.[520]
The "preventive and mandatory social isolation" included the following measures:[521]
- Mandatory lockdown for all residents,
- The move of Malvinas Day from 2 April to 31 March 2020,
- Allowance of purchases of foods, medicines and first need products,
- Transit control on the streets by Naval Prefecture, National Gendarmerie and Federal Police,
- Penalties to those that cannot justify their transit on the streets according to the Penal Code,
- Exception of the lockdown to state, health, food production, drugs production and oil industry workers and security forces,
- Creation of a government department that works on the pandemic and economic issues, and
- Guidelines to relieve the situation for non-formal sector.
On 29 March 2020, Fernández announced that the mandatory lockdown would be extended until 12 April 2020.[522]
The announcement of the lockdown was generally well received, although there were concerns with its economic impact in the already delicate state of Argentina's economy, with analysts predicting at least 3% GDP decrease in 2020.[523][524] Image of Fernández increased during the first weeks of the lockdown according to some surveys,[525] but later suffered a slightly decrease in April 2020 due to the prolongation of the lockdown.[526][527][528][529][530] The University of Buenos Aires also made a survey, in which most people agreed to the measures taken by the president.[531]
Fernández announced a one-time emergency payment of 10,000 pesos (US$154) to lower-income individuals whose income was affected by the lockdown, including retirees.[532] Because banks were excluded in the list of businesses that were considered essential in Fernandez's lockdown decree, they remained closed until the Central Bank announced banks would open during a weekend starting on 3 April 2020.[533]Australia[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Qld_Border_Closure_-_Coolangatta_Boundary_St.jpg/220px-Qld_Border_Closure_-_Coolangatta_Boundary_St.jpg)
A number of Australian states, territories, and cities have implemented lockdowns in response to the pandemic. The country entered a general nationwide lockdown on 23 March 2020 during the first wave of the pandemic,[534] which was lifted on 15 May.[535]
The state of Victoria, particularly its capital city of Melbourne, the country's second most populous city with five million residents, entered an extended lockdown on 7 July 2020 in response to a rapidly growing community outbreak. Initial measures included the closure of all non-essential services, including retail entertainment venues and gyms. Restaurant and bar establishments were permitted to open in take-away and delivery capacities only. Schools and childcare facilities were also ordered to close. Face coverings were made mandatory as of 23 July 2020, with a fine of $200 AUD for non-compliance to those above 12 years of age, although formal exemptions could be acquired. Initially scheduled to last six weeks, restrictions were tightened further on 2 August after cases continued to grow, including a ban on travel further than a five kilometre radius from place of residence, a nighttime curfew of 8pm to 5am, a one-hour limit on outdoor exercise, a one-person per day limit on shopping for essentials, and public gatherings limited to a maximum of two people.[536] Restrictions were progressively eased as the case rate declined, and were completely lifted on 28 October. With a total duration of 112 days, the Victorian lockdown was at the time the longest continuous period of COVID-19 lockdown globally as of October 2020.[537] The lockdown resulted in the state recording zero active cases of COVID-19 in November 2020.
Victoria entered its fourth lockdown on 28 May 2021[538][539] in response to an outbreak of the Delta variant.[540] Originally scheduled for seven days, the lockdown was extended to two weeks and lifted on 10 June.[541] Another outbreak of the Delta variant saw Greater Sydney enter lockdown on 26 June 2021, scheduled to last until 16 July,[542] but extended by two weeks on 14 July[543] then until 28 August[544] and the end of September 2021.[545] Combined with snap lockdowns declared in Brisbane, Perth, and Darwin, more than 12 million people were in lockdown across Australia on 29 June 2021.[546]
Brief "snap lockdowns" in response to new clusters, particularly of the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants, have been implemented at various times across the country.[547][548][549]
Metropolitan Melbourne's 6th lockdown is over, but it is the city with the longest amount of time spent in lockdown in the world.[550]
Snap lockdowns over time | |||
---|---|---|---|
Area | Date | Duration (days) |
Ref |
South Australia | 19–22 November 2020 | 3 | [551][552] |
Greater Brisbane (QLD) | 8–11 January 2021 | 3 | [553][554] |
Perth, Peel, and the South West (WA) | 31 January–5 February 2021 | 6 | [555][556] |
Victoria | 13–17 February 2021 | 4 | [557] |
Greater Brisbane (QLD) | 29 March–1 April 2021 | 3 | [558][559] |
Perth and Peel (WA) | 23–26 April 2021 | 3 | [560][561] |
Regional Victoria | 28 May–3 June 2021 | 7 | |
Metropolitan Melbourne (VIC) | 28 May–10 June 2021 | 14 (originally 7) | [539] |
Darwin (NT) | 27 June–2 July 2021 | 5 (originally 2) | [562] |
Perth and Peel (WA) | 28 June–2 July 2021 | 4 | [563] |
Greater Brisbane (QLD) | 29 June–3 July 2021 | 4 | [564] |
Alice Springs (NT) | 30 June–3 July 2021 | 3 | [565] |
Victoria | 16–27 July 2021 | 11 (originally 5) | [566][567] |
Central West (NSW) | 20–27 July 2021 | 7 | [568] |
South Australia | 20–27 July 2021 | 7 | [569][570] |
South East Queensland (QLD) | 31 July–8 August 2021 | 8 (originally 3) | [571][572] |
Hunter (NSW) | 5 August-11 October 2021[a] | 67 (originally 7) | [573][574][575][576][577][578] |
Upper Hunter (NSW) | 5 August 2021 – 16 September 2021[b] | 42 (originally 7) | [573][574][575][576][577][579] |
Regional Victoria | 5–10 August 2021 | 5 (originally 7) | [580][581] |
Metropolitan Melbourne (VIC) | 5 August 2021 – 21 October 2021 | 78[c](originally 7) | [580][582] |
Armidale (NSW) | 7 August–10 September 2021[d] | 34 (originally 7) | [583][584][585][577] |
Cairns and Yarrabah (QLD) | 8–11 August 2021 | 3 | [586][587] |
Tamworth (NSW) | 9 August–10 September 2021 | 32 (originally 7) | [588][575][585][577] |
Byron Bay, Richmond Valley, Ballina, and Lismore (NSW) | 9 August–10 September 2021 | 32 (originally 7) | [589][575][585][577] |
Dubbo (NSW) | 11 August-11 October 2021[e] | 61 (originally 7) | [590][575][585][577][578] |
Western New South Wales[f] | 11 August-11 October 2021[g] | 61 (originally 7) | [591][585][577][578] |
Australian Capital Territory | 12 August–15 October 2021 | 63 (originally 7) | [592][593][594][595] |
Regional New South Wales[h] | 14 August–10 September 2021[i] | 28 (originally 7) | [596][585][577] |
Orange (NSW) | 14 August–24 September 2021[j] | 41 (originally 7) | [596][585][577][597] |
Darwin (NT) | 16–19 August 2021 | 3 | [598] |
Katherine (NT) | 16–20 August 2021 | 4 (originally 3) | [599] |
Regional Victoria | 21 August–9 September 2021 | 19 | [600] |
Yass Valley (NSW) | 14–27 September 2021[k] | 14 | [165] |
Ballarat (VIC) | 15–22 September 2021 | 7 | [601] |
Albury and Lismore (NSW) | 16–23 September 2021 | 7 | [579] |
Glen Innes (NSW) | 17–24 September 2021 | 7 | [602] |
Hilltops (NSW) | 17 September–1 October 2021[l] | 14 (originally 7) | [602][603] |
Greater Geelong and Surf Coast (VIC) | 20–26 September 2021 | 7 | [604] |
Mitchell Shire (VIC) | 20 September 2021 – 13 October 2021 | 23[m] (originally 7) | [604][605][606] |
Cowra (NSW) | 20 September-5 October 2021[n] | 14 (originally 7) | [607][608] |
Byron Bay, Kempsey and Tweed Heads (NSW) | 21–28 September 2021[o] | 7 | [609] |
Muswellbrook (NSW) | 28 September–11 October 2021[p] | 13 (originally 7) | [610][611] |
Port Macquarie (NSW) | 28 September–5 October 2021[q] | 7 | [610] |
Latrobe Valley (VIC) | 29 September–6 October 2021 | 7 | [612][613] |
Oberon (NSW) | 29 September–11 October 2021[r] | 12 (originally 7) | [614][615] |
Snowy Monaro (NSW) | 30 September–11 October 2021[s] | 11 (originally 7) | [616][615] |
Shepparton (VIC) | 1–8 October 2021 | 7 | [617][618] |
Moorabool (VIC) | 2–9 October 2021 | 7 | [619][618] |
Casino (NSW) | 2-11 October 2021[t] | 9 | [620] |
Lismore (NSW) | 3–11 October 2021[u] | 8 | [621] |
Gunnedah (NSW) | 5–11 October 2021[v] | 6 | [622] |
Taree, Forster & Tuncurry (NSW) | 5–11 October 2021[w] | 6 | [611] |
Mildura (VIC) | 9–21 October 2021 | 12 (originally 7) | [618][623] |
Southern Tasmania[x] | 15–18 October 2021 | 3 | [624] |
Katherine (NT) | 5–8 November 2021 | 3 | [625] |
Katherine (NT) | 15–22 November 2021 | 7 (originally 3) | [626][627] |
Tennant Creek (NT) | 17–22 December 2021 | 3 | [628] |
Austria[]
In November 2021, Austria introduced lockdown measures, but only for unvaccinated people, in response to an increase in cases and low vaccination rate.[629] The country introduced a lockdown for all citizens a few days later, making it the first European country to reintroduce such measures in the winter of 2021.[630]
Bangladesh[]
On 22 March 2020, Bangladesh announced a ten-day lockdown, starting from 26 March. The lockdown in the country was extended several times to 30 May.
Cambodia[]
On 15 April 2021, Cambodia's government enacted a strict stay-at-home order across the entirety of Phnom Penh and Ta Khmau in response to the country's largest COVID-19 outbreak of the pandemic. Certain districts were declared as "red zones", banning people from leaving their homes except for medical emergencies.[631][632][633] Sihanoukville also entered a lockdown on 24 April.[634]
Canada[]
![]() | This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2021) |
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(March 2021) |
On 25 January 2020, the first identified presumptive case in Canada was a 56-year-old male who had travelled to Wuhan, China, before returning to Toronto on 22 January.[635] Canada issued a travel advisory against non-essential travel to China due to the outbreak, including a regional travel advisory to avoid all travel to the province of Hubei.
Federal health officials stated that the risk in Canada was low.
On 26 January 2020, Chief Public Health Officer Dr. Theresa Tam tweeted, "There is no clear evidence that this virus is spread easily from person to person. The risk to Canadians remains low."[636]
Three days later, on 29 January, Dr. Tam told Canadians that "It's going to be rare, but we are expecting cases."[637][638]
On 1 February, the position of the prime minister and the administration remained that it would be discriminatory to exclude travellers from China, the source (and, at the time, still the epicentre) of the disease.[639][640]
During March, Canadian provinces implemented lockdowns in response to COVID-19.
Ontario, the country's most populous province, had its first provincewide lockdown starting on 26 December 2020.[641] The lockdown was strengthened with a stay-at-home order effective 14 January 2021,[642] and reopened on a regional basis starting 10 February.[643] As a result of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the province caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants, the government of Ontario once again announced a four-week provincewide shutdown effective 3 April.[644] This shutdown was once again strengthened with another 28-day stay-at-home order starting 8 April, in order to quickly combat the urgent crisis in the province's hospital capacity being caused by the variants.[645]
The city of Toronto, Ontario is considered to have the longest continuous COVID-19 lockdown of any major city in the world.[646]
China[]
China was the first country to enforce the quarantine and lockdown of cities and later whole provinces in late January 2020. Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping said he personally authorized the unprecedented lockdown of Wuhan and other cities beginning on 23 January.[647] Although such measures are a very old tool of epidemic control,[648][3] their use at the scale of a large city such as Wuhan or the even larger scale of provinces was controversial among experts at the time, with questions about their effectiveness[649][650][651] and their ethics.[3][652][653] Some public health experts, while not always condemning the measure, raised the issue of the inevitable psychological toll such measures would have.[654][655][656] An ex-World Health Organization (WHO) official who headed the organization's Western Pacific Region during the SARS outbreak said that "the containment of a city [hadn't] been done in the history of international public health policy".[650] The WHO called the decision to quarantine Wuhan "new to science".[657] By early April, all lockdowns had ended or relaxed to a certain degree as the cases started to dwindle and the outbreak had come under control.[512][658]
Denmark[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Covid-19_cases_and_deaths_in_Denmark.png/400px-Covid-19_cases_and_deaths_in_Denmark.png)
Starting on 13 March 2020, all people working in non-essential functions in the public sector were ordered to stay home for two weeks.[662] These restrictions were announced with an acknowledgement that the circumstances would be difficult, and Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen urged Danes to practice samfundssind (roughly, community-mindedness).[663] The first documented use of this Danish word was in the 1936, and the then-Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning used the term to call for solidarity at the outbreak of World War II in Europe.[663]
In the private sector, employers were urged by the authorities to allow their employees to stay home in the same period and work from there if possible, although this should not affect functions that are essential to the society (such as pharmacy workers and people working with sale of food and maintenance of critical infrastructure).[664]
On that same date, all secondary education (like gymnasiums), universities, libraries, indoor cultural institutions and similar places were closed, initially for two weeks. Starting on 16 March, all primary schools, daycare and similar places were also closed for two weeks.[662] Virtual (online) schooling was used to some degree.[665] The municipalities are establishing limited daycare for children where the parents could not stay home and take care of them. Because of the vulnerability of elderly to COVID-19, it was strongly recommended that grandparents should not take care of their grandchildren.[666]Fiji[]
On 19 March 2020, Fiji confirmed its first case in Lautoka. In response, the Government of Fiji ordered the lockdown of the city on 20 March with closures of all schools and non-essential services all over the country.[667] On 3 April 2020, Fiji's capital, Suva, went into lockdown after confirming two new cases. More than 300,000 residents were confined to their homes and all non-essential services in the city was closed for two weeks.[668]
On 19 April 2021, Nadi and Lautoka went into lockdown after recording its first community transmission in one year.[669] As cases continues to escalate in its second wave, the government has ruled out any possibility of a nationwide lockdown but would focus on targeted lockdowns of communities instead.[670]
France[]
From 17 March 2020,[671] all people in France were required to complete and carry an exemption form to leave their homes and can be fined for non-essential journeys.[671] Essential journeys include shopping for food, travelling to and from work, accessing healthcare, and exercising within 1 km of the home for up to 1 hour. Police around the country had set up road blocks to check people who were out and about had good reason and that their exemption declarations were in order. These measures were lifted on 11 May 2020, with remaining restrictions on travel further than 100 km away from one's residence. The latter restrictions were lifted on 2 June 2020.
On 28 October, president Emmanuel Macron announced a second lockdown until at least 1 December 2020. During this second lockdown, schools remain open and more industries can keep operating (construction, public services...). Like the first lockdown, citizens need to sign their certificates to can go around within 1 km up to hour per day.[672] Fines are 135 euros the 1st time, 200 euros for 2 times within 15 days and 3750 euros and 6 months jail sentence for 3 times within 30 days.[673]
Ghana[]
- Empty streets of the Greater Accra Region following the lockdown
On 15 March, at 10 pm, President Nana Akufo-Addo banned all public gatherings including conferences, workshops, funerals, festivals, political rallies, church activities and other related events to reduce the spread of COVID-19 at a press briefing on the state of COVID-19. Basic schools, senior high schools and universities, both public and private, have also been closed. Only BECE and WASSCE candidates were permitted to remain in school under social distancing protocols.[674]
On 30 March, the partial lock down of Accra and Kumasi took effect.[675] Only Members of the Executive, Legislature and the Judiciary; and some services such as those that were involved in the production, distribution and marketing of food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, medicine, paper and plastic packages, media and telecommunications were exempted from the restrictions.[676][677] In April 2020, At a press briefing, the Director General of the Ghana Health Service, announced the commencement of local production of nose masks as part of efforts to arrest the spread of the pandemic.[678] According to the new Executive Instrument, E.I. 164, signed by the President on 15 June 2020, people who refuse to wear face masks in public could face jail terms of between 4–10 years or a fine of between GHS12,000 (approx US$2,065) and GHS60,000 (approx US$10,320) or both would be made. This came after the mandatory wearing of nose masks [679] On Saturday 21 March 2020, President Akufo-Addo announced certain measures restricting movement under the newly enacted Imposition of Restrictions Act 1012 of 2020, in accordance with article 21 of the Constitution of Ghana.[680]
Traveling to Ghana from countries which had recorded over 200 positive COVID-19 cases was strongly discouraged with non-admittance of such travellers; this restriction did not however apply to Ghanaian citizens and people with resident permits.[681]
All of the country's borders were later closed from midnight of Sunday 22 March 2020. Passport services were also suspended.[682]India[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Zone_wise_lockdown_in_new_Bhopal_2.jpg/220px-Zone_wise_lockdown_in_new_Bhopal_2.jpg)
![]() | This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Second wave of COVID-19 in 2011.(April 2021) |
On the evening of 24 March 2020, the Government of India ordered a nationwide lockdown for 21 days, limiting movement of the entire 1.38 billion (138 crore) population of India as a preventive measure against the COVID-19 pandemic in India.[683] It was ordered after a 14-hour voluntary public curfew on 22 March, followed by enforcement of a series of regulations in the countries' COVID-19 affected regions.[684][685] The lockdown was placed when the number of confirmed positive coronavirus cases in India was approximately 500.[683] Upon its announcement, a mass movement people across the country was described as the largest since the partition of India in 1947.[686] Observers stated that the lockdown had slowed the growth rate of the pandemic by 6 April to a rate of doubling every six days,[687] and by 18 April, to a rate of doubling every eight days.[688] As the end of the first lockdown period approached, state governments and other advisory committees recommended extending the lockdown.[689] The governments of Odisha and Punjab extended the state lockdowns to 1 May.[690] Maharashtra, Karnataka, West Bengal and Telangana followed suit.[691][692] On 14 April, Prime minister Narendra Modi extended the nationwide lockdown until 3 May, on written recommendation of governors and lieutenant governors of all the states, with a conditional relaxations after 20 April for the regions where the spread had been contained or was minimal.[693]
On 1 May, the Government of India extended the nationwide lockdown further by two weeks until 17 May. The Government divided all the districts into three zones based on the spread of the virus—green, red, and orange—with relaxations applied accordingly.[694] On 17 May, the lockdown was further extended till 31 May by the National Disaster Management Authority.[695]
On 30 May, it was announced that lockdown restrictions were to be lifted from then onwards, while the ongoing lockdown would be further extended till 30 June for only the containment zones. Services would be resumed in a phased manner starting from 8 June. It was termed as "Unlock 1.0".[696] Modi later clarified that the lockdown phase in the country was over and that 'unlock' had already begun.[697]
The second phase of unlock, Unlock 2.0, was announced for the period of 1 to 31 July, with more ease in restrictions.[698] Unlock 3.0 was announced for August.[699] Similarly, Unlock 4.0 was announced for September[700] and Unlock 5.0 for the month of October.[701] In the same way, Unlock 6.0 was announced for the month of November,[702] Unlock 7.0 was announced for the month of December.[703]
In 2021, due to the largest wave of infection in the country, several state governments like Uttar Pradesh,[704] Delhi[705] etc. have announced complete lockdowns in April 2021.Indonesia[]
Large-scale social restrictions[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Islamic_Congregational_Prayer_with_Physical_Distancing_during_the_Covid-19_Pandemic.jpg/280px-Islamic_Congregational_Prayer_with_Physical_Distancing_during_the_Covid-19_Pandemic.jpg)
Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PPKM_covid_19_roadblock_indonesia.jpg/220px-PPKM_covid_19_roadblock_indonesia.jpg)
Iran[]
There were night/day curfews put periodically in place in yellow and orange coded regions.[708]
Ireland[]
On 12 March, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland until the end of August.[709][710] On 27 March, Varadkar announced a national stay-at-home order for at least two weeks; the public were ordered to stay at home in all circumstances. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned.[711][712] The Garda Síochána (Irish police) were given power to enforce the measures, which were repeatedly extended until 18 May.[713]
A roadmap to easing restrictions in Ireland that includes five stages was adopted by the government on 1 May 2020 and subsequently published online.[714][715] On 5 June, Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced a series of changes to the government's roadmap of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland, which he summed up as: "Stay Local".[716] The fourth and final phase of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland was initially scheduled to take place on 20 July, but was repeatedly postponed until 31 August at the earliest.[717][718]
On 7 August, Taoiseach Micheál Martin announced a regional lockdown and a series of measures for counties Kildare, Laois and Offaly following significant increases of COVID-19 cases in the three counties, which came into effect from midnight and will remain in place for two weeks.[719][720][721] On 21 August, localised restrictions in Laois and Offaly were lifted, but was extended for another two weeks in Kildare.[722] Restrictions in Kildare were lifted by the government with immediate effect on 31 August.[723]
On 15 September, the Government of Ireland announced a medium-term plan for living with COVID-19 that includes five levels of restrictions, with the entire country at Level 2 and specific restrictions in Dublin.[724][725]
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 21 October following the Government's announcement to move the entire country to Level 5 lockdown restrictions for six weeks until 1 December.[726][727][728] On 27 November, the Government of Ireland agreed to ease restrictions from 1 December.[729][730][731]
A third wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland on 21 December.[732][733][734] The Government of Ireland acted swiftly and on 22 December, Level 5 lockdown restrictions (subject to a number of adjustments) were announced, which came into effect from 24 December (Christmas Eve) until 12 January 2021 at the earliest.[735][736][737]
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 31 December (New Year's Eve) following the Government's announcement to move the entire country to full Level 5 lockdown restrictions from 30 December until 31 January 2021 at the earliest, in an attempt to get a third surge in cases of COVID-19 under control.[738][739][740] On 26 January, the Government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions until 5 March.[741][742][743] On 23 February, the Government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions for another six weeks until 5 April (Easter Monday) at the earliest, while its new revised Living with COVID-19 plan was published.[744][745][746]
On 30 March, the Government announced a phased easing of restrictions from Monday 12 April.[747][748][749] On 29 April, the Government announced a reopening plan for the country throughout May and June from 10 May.[750] On 28 May, the Government announced a further reopening plan for the country throughout June, July and August from 2 June,[751] with a further reopening planned announced on 31 August that would see all remaining COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland eased by 22 October.[752]
After a sudden rise in COVID-19 figures, on 19 October, the Government published a revised plan for the easing of restrictions on 22 October, with nightclubs allowed to reopen, however the continued use of masks, vaccine certificates and social distancing measures would remain in place until at least February 2022.[753] On 3 December, the Government reintroduced a series of measures that would commence from 7 December to 9 January amid concerns of the Omicron variant, with nightclubs to close, indoor cultural and sporting events to operate at 50% capacity and a maximum of four households allowed to meet indoors.[754]
Italy[]
On 9 March 2020, the government of Italy under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte imposed a national quarantine, restricting the movement of the population except for necessity, work, and health circumstances, in response to the growing pandemic of COVID-19 in the country. Additional lockdown restrictions mandated the temporary closure of non-essential shops and businesses. This followed a restriction announced on the previous day which affected sixteen million people in the whole region of Lombardy and in fourteen largely-neighbouring provinces in Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Piedmont and Marche, and prior to that a smaller-scale lockdown of ten municipalities in the province of Lodi and one in the province of Padua that had begun in late February. The restrictions were loosened in May 2020.
The lockdown measures, despite being widely approved by the public opinion,[755] were also described as the largest suppression of constitutional rights in the history of the republic.[756] Nevertheless, Article 16 of the Constitution states that travel restrictions may be established for reasons of health or security.[757]
Malaysia[]
Malaysia introduced the nationwide Movement Control Order (MCO) on 18 March 2020, which was initially announced to last to 14 April but was extended several times. The MCO prohibited mass gatherings, movement within the country, and most industries and all education institutions were ordered to close. Extended Movement Control Orders (EMCO) were implemented in areas where suspected superspreading events or widespread transmission had occurred. Royal Malaysian Police were mobilized to enforce restrictions.[758][759] These restrictions were later eased under the "Conditional MCO" (CMCO), which maintained some restrictions on assembly and movement but allowed some sectors to reopen[760] which was later further relaxed to the "Recovery MCO" (RMCO) nationwide.[761] Localized CMCOs restrictions were introduced in the states of Sabah and Selangor were later introduced in response to outbreaks in those states.[762] The MCO was reinstated nationwide in January 2021.[763]
Myanmar[]
In September 2020, Myanmar introduced a strict stay-at-home order and cordon sanitaire for the entirety of the country's largest city Yangon amid a major local outbreak. All non-essential businesses were ordered to close. The city's 4 million residents were given less than 24 hours notice before the lockdown came into effect.[764][765]
Myanmar's State Administration Council announced a nationwide lockdown in July 2021 in response to an increase in cases and deaths.[766]
Namibia[]
Beginning 27 March, a 21-day lockdown of the regions of Erongo and Khomas was announced.[767] On 14 April the lockdown was extended to 4 May. It now officially applied to all regions, although the stay-at-home order was already enforced countrywide. Only essential businesses remained open. Schools were closed, parliamentary sessions suspended, and generally all gatherings of more than 10 people were prohibited.[768] Formal and informal bars were closed and the sale of alcohol prohibited. This "stage 1" of the lockdown was in force until 4 May 2020. From then on, regulations are to be gradually eased.[769]
Nepal[]
On 19 March, the government declared suspension of all classes[770] and postponement of all academic examinations including the Secondary Education Examination until 12 April, the end of the Month of Chaitra, the last month of Nepali calendar year when all schools hold the final examinations.[771] Tribhuvan University and the Public Service Commission also postponed all their examinations.[772]
All government services and private offices except those providing essential services were closed.[773][774] The House of Representatives meeting was postponed.[775] The National Assembly was suspended indefinitely.[776] A full-bench meeting of the Supreme Court presided over by the Chief Justice decided to halt all non-urgent proceedings in courts across the country.[777][778]
On 23 March, Kailali District declared an indefinite lock-down effective from 2 pm.[779] Arghakhanchi District also declared an indefinite lock-down.[780] The country-wide lockdown came into effect on 24 March.[781]
There were only two confirmed cases from 610 RT-qPCR tests and no fatalities when the government introduced nationwide lockdown but these number increased to 17,994 positive cases and 40 deaths at the end of lockdown.[782] The spatial distribution clearly shows that the cases were rapidly spreading from the southern part of the country where most points of entry and exit from India are located.[783]Netherlands[]
There is a lockdown in the Netherlands from 19 December 2021 to (at least) 14 January 2022.[784]
See also COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands
New Zealand[]
On 23 March 2020, Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern raised New Zealand's COVID-19 alert level[785] to three and announced the closure of all schools beginning on that day, and two days later moved to four at 11:59 p.m. on 25 March 2020 – a nationwide lockdown. While all sporting matches and events as well as non-essential services such as pools, bars, cafes, restaurants, playgrounds closed, essential services such as supermarkets, petrol stations, and health services remained open.[786][787][788]
The alert level was moved back down to Level 3 at 11:59 pm on 27 April, and moved to Level 2 at 11:59 pm on 13 May, lifting the rest of the lockdown restrictions while maintaining physical distancing.[789] On 8 June, Prime Minister Ardern announced that New Zealand would be entering into Alert Level 1 at midnight on 9 June, lifting restrictions on daily life, business activities, mass gatherings and public transportation. However, the country's borders would remain closed to most international travel.[790]
Following a new outbreak consisting of four cases of community transmission in Auckland on 11 August, the Government placed the Auckland Region on a Level 3 lockdown from 12:00 am on 12 August while the rest of the country move to Level 2 at the same time.[791][792][793] On 30 August, Prime Minister Ardern announced that Auckland would enter into "Alert Level 2.5" from 11:59pm on that night while the rest of the country would remain on Level 2. Under Level 2.5, all social gatherings including birthday parties will be limited to ten people; masks will be mandatory for all Aucklanders using public transportation; and aged care facilities will be operating under strict conditions. The only public gatherings allowed in Auckland are funerals and tangihanga, which will be limited to 50 people.[794][795]
A new community case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was reported on 17 August 2021, after many months without one. In response, the Government took the country to a full nationwide Alert Level 4 lockdown beginning the following day. One week later, that lockdown remained in place as community case numbers for this community outbreak of the Delta variant reached 148.
Nigeria[]
Nigeria announced a lockdown in early 2020 that lasted for two weeks, beginning on 30 March and ending on 12 April. The lockdown in Nigeria was a very short one.
Pakistan[]
In March 2020, Pakistan announced a lockdown that lasted until May. The lockdown in the country was also one of the shortest.
Philippines[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/COVID-19_alert_level_system_in_the_Philippines.svg/220px-COVID-19_alert_level_system_in_the_Philippines.svg.png)
COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines are series of stay-at-home orders and cordon sanitaire measures implemented by the government of the Philippines through its Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID).
Previously, the original classification system introduced in 2020 had four main tiers of quarantine that were implemented until November 2021. It has since been replaced with the alert level system (ALS) that was first introduced in Metro Manila in September 2021. Since November 2021, the ALS system has been introduced nationwide in all regions of the country.
In the original classification system, the strictest community quarantines is the "enhanced community quarantine" (ECQ), which effectively is a total lockdown. Under the ALS, there are five tiers of alert level; with alert level 1 being the most lenient and alert level 5 being the strictest.Russia[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_Russia.svg/350px-COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_Russia.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/COVID-19._A_quarantined_Playground.jpg/250px-COVID-19._A_quarantined_Playground.jpg)
On 28 March, Chechen authorities urged the population of the republic to stay at their places of permanent residence, and banned entry to Grozny for anyone except emergency services, food supplies, government officials, police, and journalists.[796] On the next day, Chechnya closed its borders, with a full lockdown coming into effect on 30 March.[797]
On 29 March, Moscow issued a stay-at-home order for all residents starting on 30 March. Muscovites were not allowed to leave their homes except in cases of emergency medical care and other threats to life and health, to travel to work for those who are obliged to, to make purchases in the nearest shop or pharmacy, to walk pets at a distance not exceeding 100 metres from the place of residence, as well as to take out the garbage. People were instructed to keep a distance of 1.5 metres from other people. Those recently unemployed will receive 19,500 rubles a month.[798][799] After that, a similar regime was introduced in Moscow Oblast at 20:00 MSK on 29 March.[800] Senator Andrey Klishas, chair of the Federation Council Committee on constitutional legislation and state construction, criticised this decision, saying that such restrictions are the exclusive competence of the Federal Assembly and the President.[801]
On 30 March, similar orders were announced in Adygea, the Komi Republic, Mari El, Tatarstan, Chuvashia, some districts of Yakutia, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan,[802] Belgorod, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Lipetsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Ryazan, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Ulyanovsk and Vologda oblasts, the cities of Bryansk and Saint Petersburg.[803][804] Leningrad Oblast banned movement of people between districts and introduced a lockdown in the town of Murino.[805]
On 31 March, the "self-isolation regime" was announced in republics of Altai, Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Dagestan,[806] Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Karelia,[807] Khakassia, Mordovia, Udmurtia and Tuva, Altai, Khabarovsk (for those over 65), Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Primorsky, Stavropol and Zabaykalsky krais, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma,[808] Kurgan, Magadan, Novosibirsk, Omsk,[809] Penza, Pskov (for those over 65), Rostov, Sakhalin, Samara, Smolensk,[810] Tambov, Tomsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Voronezh and Yaroslavl[811] oblasts, Khanty-Mansi[812] and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast,[813] the city of Sevastopol.[804][814][815][816] Republics of Yakutia and Karelia limited the sale of alcohol.[817]
On 1 April, the "self-isolation regime" was announced in the disputed territory of Crimea and Sevastopol,[818] the republic of North Ossetia–Alania,[819] Kamchatka[820] and Khabarovsk[821] krais, Ivanovo[822] and Orenburg[823] oblasts. On 2 April, the measures were announced in Amur Oblast (for those over 65), Tyumen Oblast,[824] and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.[825] On 3 April, the measures were announced in Oryol Oblast[826] and Tula Oblast (for those over 65).[827]Singapore[]
The 2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures were a stay-at-home order and cordon sanitaire implemented as a preventive measure by the Government of Singapore in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country on 7 April 2020.
The measures were brought into legal effect by the Minister for Health with the COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) (Control Order) Regulations 2020, published on 7 April 2020.[828]
By May 2021, Singapore was in its third phase of lifting its circuit breaker measures. However, the nation returned to Phase 2 on 8 May 2021 for one week, before going into "Heightened Alert" from 16 May 2021 due to a rise in community cases resulting from the Tan Tock Seng Hospital cluster of COVID cases emerging from its wards, a cluster at Changi Airport, and the emergence of the B.1.617 variant of the coronavirus.[829]
With its relative success in curbing the early spread of the virus in Singapore, the term "circuit breaker" and its measures was subsequently adopted by other countries, particularly in Canada and the United Kingdom.[830][831]South Africa[]
![Greenmarket Square as it normally appears with many market stalls, seven days before the lockdown.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Greenmarket_square_20200320.jpg/160px-Greenmarket_square_20200320.jpg)
![On the first day of the lockdown only people exempt from the lockdown (security personnel and sanitation workers) can be seen.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Greenmarket_Square_20200327.jpg/160px-Greenmarket_Square_20200327.jpg)
On 23 March 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa addressed the nation and announced a 21-day national lockdown effective from midnight 26 March through to 16 April,[832] with the deployment of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to support the government.[832] On 9 April the President announced a two-week lockdown extension, until the end of April.[833] Exempt from the lockdown are people deemed necessary to the effective response to the pandemic such as:
- health workers, pharmacy and laboratory personnel, emergency personnel;[834][835]
- security services (police officers, military personnel, and private security[836]);[834][835]
- people regarded as necessary to the basic functioning of the economy (supermarkets, transportation and logistical services, petrol stations, banks, essential financial and payment services); and[834][835]
- those working in industries that can not be economically shut down (such as mines and steel mills).[836]
During the lockdown, all gatherings except for funerals were prohibited.[837] Restaurants, taverns, bottle stores and all other stores not selling essential goods were to close during the lockdown period.[836] Schools, already closed a week before the lockdown period, will not reopen until after the lockdown. Non-exempt people are only allowed to leave their homes during this period to access health services, collect social grants, attend small funerals (no more than 50 people) and shop for essential goods.[838] See the South African Government Gazette 25 March 2020 for a complete list of exemptions and non-exemptions during the lockdown period. South Africans were ordered not to take their dogs for a walk during the lockdown, though they may walk them around their house or apartment building.[839]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kloof_%26_Long_street_billboard_20200401_140037.jpg/220px-Kloof_%26_Long_street_billboard_20200401_140037.jpg)
People may not be evicted from their place of residence during the lockdown.[840]
Movement between provinces, and between metropolitan and district areas are prohibited except for
- essential workers, to and from work;
- transportation of sanitised and disinfected cargo from ports of entry;
- the transportation of mortal remains; and
- the attendance of funerals (restricted).[837]
All borders of the country are closed during the lockdown, except for designated ports of entry for the transportation of fuel, cargo, and goods.[837]
International and domestic passenger flights are prohibited, except for flights authorised by the Ministry of Transport, for the evacuation of South African nationals in foreign countries, and for certain repatriations.[841]Thailand[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ICONSIAM%2C_remained_open_for_supermarkets_and_takeaway_restaurants_during_the_COCID-19.jpg/220px-ICONSIAM%2C_remained_open_for_supermarkets_and_takeaway_restaurants_during_the_COCID-19.jpg)
On 21 March 2020, Bangkok City Hall authorities declared a wide-ranging shutdown of various businesses. Bangkok Governor Aswin Kwanmuang disclosed after the City Hall meeting that the board had passed a resolution to close establishments under Section 35 of the Communicable Diseases Act B.E. 2558 (2015), effective for a period of 22 days from 22 March to 12 April 2020. This was then extended from 12 April 2020 to 30 April 2020.[842] Only supermarkets, pharmacies, and takeaway restaurants will be allowed to stay open at the malls.[843]
The government issued a curfew to take effect on 3 April 2020 between 10pm-4am in order to limit the spread. The government has additionally issued a travel ban for all foreigners entering Thailand.[844] Some critics of the government have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the coronavirus pandemic.[845][846]
The curfew was cut from 10–4 to 11–4, then 11-3 and officially ended on 15 June 2020.[847]
Early April 2021, Bangkok's entertainment venues were ordered to be closed for 2 weeks.[848] Mid-April 2021, schools were ordered to be closed for 2 weeks,[849] taking the 2000+ daily cases into consideration.[850] Since 26 April, more businesses including gyms closed for 2 weeks.[851]United Kingdom[]
![Empty street outside of a London Underground station.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bond_St_Station_on_Oxford_Street_London_UK_Lockdown_COVID_19.jpg/220px-Bond_St_Station_on_Oxford_Street_London_UK_Lockdown_COVID_19.jpg)
United States[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/COVID-19_outbreak_USA_stay-at-home_order_county_map.svg/220px-COVID-19_outbreak_USA_stay-at-home_order_county_map.svg.png)
Stay-at-home orders in the United States have come from several states and a large number of local jurisdictions, sometimes leading to conflicts between different levels of government and a patchwork of inconsistent dates and rules.[852][853][854]
On 15 March 2020, Puerto Rico governor Wanda Vázquez Garced signed an executive order to order all citizens to stay home starting at 9 p.m. with exceptions in limited circumstances between 5 a.m. and 9 pm. Governmental operations and non-essential businesses were to be closed until 30 March.[855]
The first order within the states was simultaneously imposed by health authorities in heart of the San Francisco Bay Area (Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Mateo, and Santa Clara counties and the cities of San Francisco and Berkeley) effective 17 March 2020, affecting nearly 6.7 million people.[856] Other cities and counties across the state followed suit over the next two days, until Gavin Newsom, the governor of California, issued a state-wide order effective 19 March 2020.[857]
On 20 March 2020, New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced the state-wide stay-at-home order with a mandate that 100% of non-essential workforce to be conducted as working from home effective 22 March.[858] Illinois governor J. B. Pritzker followed that lead on the same day with a state-wide order which would go into effect on 21 March at 5 pm.[859] Ned Lamont, the governor of Connecticut, signed an executive order called "Stay Safe, Stay At Home" to take effect state-wide on 23 March at 8 p.m.
On 20 March 2020, Navajo Nation announced that it had broadened the stay-at-home order to cover the entire reservation, the largest in the country.[860]
![Aerial view of deserted downtown San Francisco.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Curfew_quarantine_1234315-31-20x.jpg/220px-Curfew_quarantine_1234315-31-20x.jpg)
On 21 March 2020, New Jersey governor Phil Murphy announced a state-wide stay-at-home order effective at 9 p.m. on the same day.[861]
On 22 March 2020, Ohio governor Mike DeWine and Ohio Department of Health director Amy Acton issued a state-wide stay-at-home order effective 23 March.[862] In the afternoon, the Louisiana governor John Bel Edwards announced a state-wide stay-at-home order in a press conference.[863] Delaware governor John Carney followed suit with a stay-at-home order for his state.[864]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/2020-04-19_14_42_26_Variable_message_sign_reading_%22Save_Lives_Stay_Home_Essential_Travel_Only%22_along_southbound_Interstate_95_just_south_of_Exit_29_in_Beltsville%2C_Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
On 23 March 2020, several state governors announced their state-wide stay-at-home order:
- Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker ordered non-essential businesses to close in-person operations effective 24 March until 7 April and directed the Massachusetts Department of Public Health to issue a stay-at-home advisory.[865]
- Michigan governor Gretchen Whitmer announced her state-wide executive order to stay-at-home at 11:00 am for all non-essential businesses effective 24 March until 28 May.[866]
- Indiana governor Eric Holcomb announced state-wide stay-at-home order effective 25 March until 7 April.[867]
- West Virginia governor Jim Justice ordered non-essential businesses to be closed immediately, and stay-at-home order effective at 8 pm.[868]
- After growing calls from local officials on Sunday, Oregon governor Kate Brown issued a stay-at-home order on Monday effective immediately with class C misdemeanor charges for violators.[869]
- New Mexico governor Michelle Lujan Grisham announced a state-wide stay-at-home order that requires 100% of non-essential business workforce to work from home effective 24 March until 10 April.[870]
- Washington governor Jay Inslee signed a state-wide stay-at-home proclamation and ordered to close non-essential businesses effective 25 March for two weeks.[871]
- Hawaii governor David Ige issued a state-wide stay-at-home order effective 25 March which was similar to the orders that were previously issued for Maui and Honolulu counties.[872][873]
On 23 March 2020, Yakama Nation announced its "Stay Home, Stay Healthy" order.[874]
On 24 March 2020, Wisconsin governor Tony Evers issued a state-wide stay-at-home order to close all non-essential businesses and ordered no gatherings of any size effective 25 March until 24 April.[875] Vermont governor Phil Scott signed a stay-at-home order and directed closure of in-person operations of non-essential businesses effective 25 March until 15 April.[876]
On 25 March, Idaho governor Brad Little and Minnesota governor Tim Walz issued stay-at-home orders for their respective states.[877][878] Colorado Governor Jared Polis issued a stay at home order effective on Thursday the 26th at 6 a.m. through 11 April 2020.[879]
On 1 April, Florida governor Ron DeSantis issued a stay-at-home order effective Friday, 3 April 2020 until the end of the month. [880]On 2 April, Georgia governor Brian Kemp issued a stay-at-home order effective Friday, 3 April 2020, until Monday, 13 April 2020.[881] It overrules any local stay-at-home restrictions previously in place, and instructs residents to stay at home unless they're conducting "essential services," meaning either traveling to and from jobs or other exceptions, including buying groceries; purchasing medical equipment; going out to exercise; and visiting medical facilities.[882] The same day, Dr. Anthony Fauci publicly questioned why all states were not under stay-at-home orders.[883][884]
In late May 2020, citywide curfews were enacted in San Francisco and several surrounding cities; San Jose; Minneapolis; Atlanta; Chicago; Cleveland; Columbus; Denver; Jacksonville, FL; Los Angeles; Memphis, TN; Omaha, Nebraska; Lincoln, Nebraska; Pittsburgh, Philadelphia; Portland; Salt Lake City; San Antonio; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, NY; Syracuse; New York City; Milwaukee; Seattle; Cincinnati; Indianapolis, Indiana; Fayetteville; Raleigh, North Carolina; Charleston, SC; Sacramento, CA; Columbia, SC; and Asheville, NC due to protests[885] regarding the murder of George Floyd. Countywide curfews were enacted for Los Angeles County, California and Alameda County, California as well. Arizona enacted a state-wide curfew. These curfews are imposed as complemented to stay-at-home order that imposed by state or local authorities.
On 2 November 2020, Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker issued a night-time stay-at-home advisory and business curfew effective 6 November 2020.[886]
Vietnam[]
Nationwide isolation[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/V%E1%BB%8Dng_Ba_L%C3%A2u_2%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg/220px-V%E1%BB%8Dng_Ba_L%C3%A2u_2%2C_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i_001.jpg)
On 31 March 2020, the Vietnamese government ordered a nationwide isolation of 15 days from 1 to 15 April.[887] From 16 April, local airlines could raise the number of domestic flights, which were subsequently further increased on 23 April and again on 29 April.[888][889][890]
On 23 April 2020, Vietnamese government lifted social isolation rules, subsequently allowing re-opening of non-essential services including restaurants. On the same day, schools across the country could be re-opened, with dates varying per each province and city case.[891]
Everyone who enters Vietnam from abroad, however, continued to be quarantined upon arrival for 14 days. From 23 April, plans for repatriation flights to bring Vietnamese citizens abroad back to Vietnam were re-newed, with an initial plan for 13 flights.[889] Among the flights conducted was notably the first-ever direct flight in history operated by Vietnam Airlines from Vietnam to the United States on 7 May.[892]
From 9 May, cinemas were reopened.[893] On 11 May, Vietnamese government started a nationwide tourism campaign, named 'Vietnamese travel Vietnam', to increase domestic demand for travelling and promote domestic tourism.[893]Da Nang[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wearing_protective_suits_at_Da_Nang_CDC.jpg/250px-Wearing_protective_suits_at_Da_Nang_CDC.jpg)
In late-July 2020, Vietnam was placed on high alert after the government confirmed dozens of community infections, the first since April, all in or around Da Nang.[894]
On 27 July, the government made the decision to evacuate 80,000 people from Da Nang. The government said the process would take four days with domestic airlines operating approximately 100 flights daily from Da Nang to 11 cities around the country.[895]
On the same day, the Da Nang Municipal People's Committee announced restrictions applicable for 15 days, starting from 28 July. Six districts in quarantine area include: Hai Chau, Thanh Khe, Son Tra, Ngu Hanh Son, Cam Le, and Lien Chieu District with more than one million people requested to stay at home and only go out in case of extreme necessity such as buying food, medicine,seeking essential goods and services, and medical emergencies. All educational and non-essential services in the city was closed. Face masks were mandated in public and people were ordered to frequently wash their hands with soap or alcoholic sanitisers. Gatherings of more than two people in public are disallowed and maintenance of a minimum distance of 2 meters is required. All types of public transport were halted and personal vehicles were heavily restricted. The Da Nang Department of Health was asked to promptly organize epidemiological investigation, contact-tracing in areas related to the confirmed cases, and massive testing to early detect infection sources and high-risk cases.[896][897]
After the midnight of 28 July 2020, Da Nang International Airport will be temporarily closed. All public vehicles such as tourist buses, taxis, public buses in the area of Da Nang must stop operating, except for government vehicles, emergency vehicles and any vehicles transporting necessities. Any car traveling through Da Nang cannot stop to pick up passengers in the city.
Vietnam Railways has been instructed to suspend the operation of passenger trains to and from Da Nang station. North–South trains are still operating normally on the route but do not stop when entering the city area. Passenger boats and ferry services originating from Da Nang are also prohibited. Aircraft, ships and vehicles transporting cargo are not affected by this regulation.
Da Nang is an example [of the importance] of human resources, medical facility. Despite many efforts but the central government still have to total mobilize to support. If an epidemic occurs in a mountainous province it will be even more difficult. Must be determined that from now on there will be no time of peace, but the readiness for an outbreak.
— Nguyen Thanh Long, the Acting Minister of Health[898]
Ho Chi Minh city and southern provinces[]
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(August 2021) |
From 9 February to 1 March 2021, facing an increase in cases, Ho Chi Minh City closed down spas, wedding halls, cinemas, clubs and other entertainment venues.[899] On 25 May, entertainment venues and public spaces were again closed.[900] On 31 May, strict social distancing measures were again imposed in all of Ho Chi Minh City, closing down all non-essential services. Private sector workers were advised to work from home and no sit-in allowed in restaurants. [901] On 9 July 2021, all of Ho Chi Minh City was placed into hard lockdown. In and out movements outside the city, excepts goods, were stopped. Fines were imposed for venturing outside without a valid reason such as buying foods. [902] On 19 July, stricter restrictions were imposed forcing all restaurants, markets and businesses to be closed down.[903] On 26 July, a night curfew was ordered, forbidding all movements after 6pm. [904] This was later extended to 1 August.[905] Hanoi was also placed under lockdown on 23 July.[906]
In Ho Chi Minh City and Bình Dương Province, officials instructed factories to follow the "three on site" model, which required workers to eat, sleep, and work on the factory grounds. Factory owners hurried to supply tents and bathrooms for their employees, who were crowded into warehouses and parking lots. As a result, hundreds of factory workers became infected while other many firms made the decision to stop producing because they couldn't afford to house their employees. Thousands of workers found themselves suddenly without a form of income. The issue has shaken an industry that has evolved to become the world's second-largest garment and footwear supplier behind China.
Ho Chi Minh City and Binh Duong Province, known as the country's "locomotive," are home to two of Vietnam's major industrial parks. According to government figures, roughly 1.3 million workers returned to their hometowns between July and September, then hundreds of thousands more followed once restrictions were eased in October. To restore production, managers have made calls promising higher wages to get the workers to return. The government of Ho Chi Minh City said on 22 October that workers willing to return would receive free transportation and lodging for the first month. Some of the measures have worked. Pouyuen Vietnam's workforce has returned to Ho Chi Minh City in large numbers, according to the company.[907]Countries and territories without lockdowns[]
![]() | This section needs to be updated.(February 2021) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coronavirus_Check_by_Drive-Through.jpg/220px-Coronavirus_Check_by_Drive-Through.jpg)
Most countries and territories affected with COVID-19 introduced and enforced some form of lockdown. However, only a few exceptions included Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, which rapidly and consistently implemented highly organized mass testing, contact tracing, public messaging and selective quarantining to identify and isolate outbreaks.[908][909] South Korea's K-Quarantine system was praised in international media for its effectiveness.[910][911][912] Authorities in Tokyo, the capital of Japan, advised businesses to close and the population to stay at home, but did not have legal authority to enforce a lockdown or penalise non-compliance. Compliance with advice was nevertheless high.[913][914]
In the European Union, the only nation not following this strategy is Sweden.[915] Led by its state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell measures in Sweden included the closing of universities and high schools and asking older and at-risk residents to avoid social contact, while keeping restaurants, primary schools and kindergartens open and not mandating face masks.[916][917] However, in early 2021, new laws permitting lockdown were enacted and Prime Minister Stefan Löfven warned that a lockdown was being considered.[57][58] As of November 2021, a national lockdown has not been announced. However certain regions of Sweden have declared their own lockdowns to help slow the rate of infection. The region of Uppsala reported 908 cases per 100,000 people over a two-week period compared to a national average of 772 in early April 2021. This caused the Health Chief of the region, Mikael Köhler, to ask individuals within the region to "act as if they were in a personal lockdown."[918]
Some of the few countries that did not enact lockdowns during 2020 were forced to later in the pandemic. In Malawi, a proposed lockdown by the government was delayed by the High Court throughout 2020,[919] until a state of emergency was declared and the country entered a lockdown in January 2021 in response to a worsening outbreak.[920] Although Cambodia restricted movement within the country during a period in 2020,[921] it introduced its first major restrictions, including a curfew and later a stay-at-home order in the capital Phnom Penh, during its largest outbreak to date in early 2021.[922][923][924][633] East Timor also enacted its first lockdown of its capital Dili in March 2021[925] and Turkey entered its first nationwide lockdown in April 2021.[926][927]
Two states in Brazil and several others in the United States did not introduce any lockdown-type measures (commonly known as "stay-at-home orders").[928][929]
Countries and territories without lockdowns | ||
---|---|---|
Countries and territories | Ref | |
![]() |
[930] | |
![]() |
Roraima | [931][932] |
Rondônia | ||
![]() |
[933] | |
![]() |
[citation needed] | |
![]() |
[912] | |
![]() |
[934] | |
![]() |
[909] | |
![]() |
||
![]() |
[908] | |
![]() |
[935] | |
![]() |
Arkansas | [928][929] |
Iowa | ||
Nebraska | ||
North Dakota | ||
South Dakota | ||
Wyoming | ||
![]() |
[936] |
See also[]
![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 curfews and lockdowns. |
- Cordon sanitaire (medicine)
- Stay-at-home order
- COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines
- COVID-19 lockdown in China
- COVID-19 lockdown in India
- COVID-19 lockdown in Italy
- Malaysian movement control order
- National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
- Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic
- New normal
- Normalization of deviance – one reason for disobedience of prevention measures
- Preventive action
Notes[]
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ End-date of lockdown was subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions were eased, when 70% of the 16yo+ population had been vaccinated
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Includes shires of Walgett and Bourke. Included Coonamble & Warren Shires until 11 September, Bogan Shire until 16 September, Gilgandra & Brewarrina Shires until 22 September, and Narromine Shire until 25 September.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Applies for all others Regional NSW outside Hunter Region, Dubbo, Central West, South Coast, Goulburn, Queanbeyan-Palerang, Snowy Monaro and Western New South Wales
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ End-date of lockdown is subject to the vaccine rollout. Restrictions are set to be eased when 70% of the eligible population has been vaccinated
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Lockdown continues until 15 December 2021 for non vaccinated adults.
- ^ Includes LGAs of Brighton, Central Highlands, Clarence, Derwent Valley, Glamorgan–Spring Bay, Glenorchy, Hobart, Huon Valley, Sorell, Southern Midlands, Tasman & Kingborough.
References[]
- ^ "Coronavirus: 7 dead, 229 infected in Italy as Europe braces for COVID-19". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- ^ Sandford, Alasdair (2 April 2020). "Coronavirus: Half of humanity on lockdown in 90 countries". euronews. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Levenson, Michael (2 January 2020). "Scale of China's Wuhan Shutdown Is Believed to Be Without Precedent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f Perra, Nicola (13 February 2021). "Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review". Physics Reports. 913: 1–52. arXiv:2012.15230. Bibcode:2021PhR...913....1P. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2021.02.001. ISSN 0370-1573. PMC 7881715. PMID 33612922.
- ^ Doyle, Michael (11 October 2020). "WHO doctor says lockdowns should not be main coronavirus defence". ABC. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19 Educational Disruption and Response". UNESCO. 4 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Aristovnik A, Keržič D, Ravšelj D, Tomaževič N, Umek L (October 2020). "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective". Sustainability. 12 (20): 8438. doi:10.3390/su12208438.
- ^ Pan, Shan L.; Cui, Miao; Qian, Jinfang (October 2020). "Information resource orchestration during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study of community lockdowns in China". International Journal of Information Management. 54: 102143. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102143. ISSN 0268-4012. PMC 7211621. PMID 32394997.
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