Canadian Indian residential school gravesites

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Canadian Indian residential school gravesites
Kamloops Residential School in 1920
Marieval Residential School in 1923
  • Kamloops Residential School in 1920
  • Marieval Residential School in 1923
  • Brandon Residential School in 1920
DateMay 28, 2021 (2021-05-28) – present
Location
CauseCanadian Indian residential school system
Deaths1,800+ (graves found or estimated)
Indigenous peoples
in Canada
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Since the early 1990s, unmarked gravesites containing the remains of hundreds of people, believed to be mainly Indigenous children, were identified near the former sites of six Canadian Indian residential schools in the provinces of Manitoba, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, as well as in the Northwest Territories. Additional sites continued to be investigated, in these provinces as well as in others. The Canadian Indian Residential Schools were a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. Funded by the Department of Indian Affairs branch of the Government of Canada, and administered by Christian churches, the residential school system was created to remove and isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own native culture and religion in order to forcefully assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. Bodies continue to be discovered across Canada, mainly using ground-penetrating radar. The sites that were initially found are estimated to hold the remains of more than 1,800 previously unaccounted individuals, mostly children. However, across the entire residential school system, the number of identifiable children who are documented as having died while in their custody is over 4,100 individuals; with the fourth volume of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada estimating the number of unmarked graves to be 3,200. The issue gained renewed attention following the discovery of approximately 200 unmarked graves at the Kamloops Indian Residential School in May 2021, which was followed by several other similar discoveries over the following months.

Background[]

Main article: Canadian Indian residential school system

The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. They were funded by the Department of Indian Affairs branch of the Canadian government, and administered by Christian churches across the country. The school system was created to remove and isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own native culture and religion in order to forcefully assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture.[1][2][3][4] The residential school system ran for over 120 years, with the last school closing in 1997. A significant number of Indigenous children died while attending residential schools, with some schools experiencing rates as high as 1 death per 20 students.[5] An exact number of school-related deaths remains unknown due to incomplete records from negligence.[6] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report estimates the number of unmarked graves to be 3,200. However, other sources state this is a conservative estimate, and the actual number could be much higher.[7][8]

The fourth volume of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's (TRC) final report, dedicated to missing children and unmarked burials, was developed after the original TRC members realized, in 2007, that the issue required its own working group. In 2009, the TRC requested $1.5 million in extra funding from the federal government to complete this work, but was denied.[6] The researchers concluded, after searching land near schools using satellite imagery and maps, that, "for the most part, the cemeteries that the Commission documented are abandoned, disused, and vulnerable to accidental disturbance".[9]: 1  Thus far, they have been able to identify names and other information of at least 4,100 children who died in residential schools.[10]

Whistleblowers[]

Kevin Annett, a defrocked United Church of Canada minister, first publicized evidence of the deaths of indigenous children in 1995.[11] and took his claims to the Canadian police in 1996[12] Annett produced an award-winning[citation needed] film on the subject in 2006 and has published multiple books[13][14] focusing on archive-sourced documentary evidence and victim testimonies. Annett's grassroots common law prosecution activities gained international support from the likes of Baltasar Garzón. Annett also co-founded a grassroots Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada in 2001[15] which published a report predating TRC's by a few years.

Summary of locations[]

Below is a summary table with the current counts of estimated or discovered gravesites at residential schools where estimates or discoveries have been announced.

Summary of Residential School Grave Locations
Location School Graves (current estimates/discoveries) Date Ref.
Battleford, SK Battleford Industrial School 72 1975
Fort Providence, NWT Sacred Heart Mission School 298 (161 children) 1992-1994 [16]
Muskowekwan First Nation, SK Muscowequan Indian Residential School 35 2018-2019 [17]
Kamloops, BC Kamloops Indian Residential School 200 May 28, 2021 [18]
Brandon, MB Brandon Indian Residential School 104 June 4, 2021 [19]
Marieval, SK Marieval Indian Residential School 751 June 25, 2021 [20]
Cranbrook/Ktunaxa First Nation, BC Kootenay Island Residential School 182 June 30, 2021 [21]
Kuper Island/Penelakut Island, BC Kuper Island Indian Industrial School 160 July 12, 2021 [22]
Total (as of September 16, 2021) 1802

Locations[]

Sites of unmarked graves discovered at Indian residential schools

Sacred Heart (Fort Providence)[]

From 1992 to 1994, Albert Lafferty, a Métis resident of Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, led research into the old community cemetery, located near the site of the former Sacred Heart Mission School (operated by the Catholic Church from 1867 to 1960) and the mission's associated hospital. Lafferty was prompted by a desire to follow up on stories he had heard in the community about unmarked graves. He found that the missionaries established the first on that site cemetery in 1868, but relocated the remains of eight missionaries that had been buried there to the present location of the Catholic cemetery in 1929. In relocating, they had left behind the remains of hundreds of Indigenous people buried there, and the cemetery was ploughed over in 1948, after which it became a potato field. Over the course of his research, which was facilitated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie–Fort Smith in Yellowknife and involved the use of ground-penetrating radar, Lafferty identified 298 people buried at the site in unmarked graves. This number includes adults, as well as a 161 children from across the Dehcho who attended the Sacred Heart Mission School.[16] Some members of the community believe the actual number of interred students is much higher.[23] In 2013,[24] a memorial was erected on the site, which lists the names or identities (in the case of individuals whose names are unknown) of the people buried at the site. Since around 2009, former NWT premier Stephen Kakfwi made annual pilgrimages to the site to honour the dead in ceremony, and has encouraged community members, as well as representatives of religious institutions and governments to do the same.[25][26] In July 2021, Deh Gáh Got’ı̨ę First Nation confirmed that they would try to complete a further search of the former school grounds before the first snowfall, though community healing and acquiring funding were priorities.[16][27]

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Map of all Indian Residential Schools in Canada. This map can be expanded and interacted with.
  Confirmed discoveries   Investigations underway as of July 30, 2021
  Investigations that concluded with no discoveries   Other Indian Residential Schools

Kamloops[]

Main article: Kamloops Indian Residential School

On May 28, 2021, evidence of approximately 200 probable unmarked burials was found near the site of the Kamloops Indian Residential School in Kamloops, on the lands of the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation.[28][29][30][18] The remains were located with the assistance of a ground-penetrating radar specialist. Initial reports in May referred to an estimate of 215 graves, but that estimated number was revised in July to 200. Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc Chief wrote that the deaths were believed to have been undocumented and that work was underway to determine if related records were held at the Royal British Columbia Museum.[28] In a statement released by the First Nations Health Authority, CEO Richard Jock said: "That this situation exists is sadly not a surprise and illustrates the damaging and lasting impacts that the residential school system continues to have on First Nations people, their families and communities."[29]

Brandon[]

Main article: Brandon Indian Residential School

Beginning in 2012, a team from the Sioux Valley Dakota Nation and Simon Fraser University investigated two cemetery sites at Brandon Indian Residential School in Brandon. The project, which received funding to continue its work in April 2019, was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[19][31] In addition to two previously known cemeteries, the project found a possible third burial site.[32] On June 4, 2021, it was announced that 104 potential graves had been located, of which 78 are accountable through historical records.[19][33]

Marieval[]

Main article: Marieval Indian Residential School

On June 25, 2021, findings from a preliminary survey indicating as many as 751 unmarked graves near the former site of Marieval Indian Residential School in Marieval, on the lands of Cowessess First Nation, were announced by Chief Cadmus Delorme.[20][34][35] A communal graveyard next to the school was first used in 1885, prior to the establishment of the school.[34] In May 2021, the Cowessess First Nation announced it would search the site using ground-penetrating radar, in collaboration with a group from Saskatchewan Polytechnic.[34] At the time, an estimated third of the graves were marked. The search was planned two years earlier, but delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It started on June 1, and was expanded four times after anecdotes from elders that bodies had been buried past the school grounds.[36]

The preliminary number announced in late June 2021 was the largest number of potential or discovered unmarked graves associated with a given residential school to date, according to the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN), which represents Saskatchewan's First Nations.[37] The total number of graves was announced as 751 in a press conference on June 24, over three times as many as the 215 discovered in Kamloops the previous month.[34][38] At least 600 graves were considered confirmed, since the radar technology had an error rate of 10–15%.[37] During a June 17 virtual press conference, Chief Cadmus Delorme said that this is not a mass grave site, instead calling the discoveries unmarked graves;[35] he then alleged that the Catholic Church removed the headstones from the cemetery in the 1960s and that "... today, we have over 600 unmarked graves."[38][39]

Kootenay[]

Main article: Kootenay Indian Residential School

On June 30, 2021, it was announced that 182 unmarked grave sites were discovered by the St. Mary's First Nation (a member of the Ktunaxa Nation) at the site near the former St. Eugene's Mission Residential School.[21] The former residential school is located near the city of Cranbrook and the school building has operated as the St. Eugene Golf Resort and Casino since 2000.[40] According to a former First Nations chief and survivor of the school, the graveyard dates to before the construction of the school and has been continuously used for burials by the local community. The graves were marked with wooden crosses which eventually burned or rotted away.[41]

Kuper Island[]

Main article: Kuper Island Indian Residential School

In 2018, Penelakut Chief and Council and Elders' Committee met with researchers from the University of British Columbia to discuss possible identification of unmarked graves using GPR. This work would build on previous GPR surveys conducted in known cemeteries in the community.[42] On July 12, 2021, Chief Joan Brown of the Penelakut First Nation announced that at least 160 unmarked graves were located on the grounds of the former Kuper Island Indian Industrial school, off Vancouver Island.[22] The school, referred to as "Canada's Alcatraz", was operated on the remote Penelakut Island (formerly Kuper Island) from 1889 to 1969 by the Catholic Church, and from 1969 to 1975 by the federal government.[43]

Investigations underway[]

A number of First Nations have announced new searches for unmarked graves at various former residential school sites since May 28, 2021. Some of these searches were already underway prior to the Kamloops discovery. Below are a list of school sites announced thus far:

Reactions[]

215 pairs of children's shoes laid out in rows at the Vancouver Art Gallery on June 6, 2021

Community memorials have been set up at the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Ontario Legislative Building, as well as various government buildings and church buildings that had been in charge of running the residential school system.[63][64]

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked that flags on all federal buildings be flown at half-mast.[65] On June 2, 2021, the federal government pledged C$27 million in immediate funding to the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to identify the unmarked graves.[66] The provincial governments of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario also pledged C$12 million, C$8 million, C$2 million, C$2.5 million and C$10 million, respectively, to fund searches.[67][68][69][70][71] MPs Mumilaaq Qaqqaq and Charlie Angus have called on Justice Minister David Lametti to launch an independent investigation on crimes against humanity in Canada.[72] Canada Day festivities were cancelled in some communities in British Columbia, Alberta, Northern Saskatchewan and New Brunswick.[73][74][75]

The Canadian School Boards Association has asked for the development of a Canada-wide curriculum on Indigenous history, to be taught from kindergarten to Grade 12.[76] In New Brunswick, Education Minister Dominic Cardy said the education curriculum would be amended to teach about the province's Indigenous day schools.[77]

The United Nations Human Rights Office and independent UN human rights experts have called on Canada and the Holy See to investigate the discoveries.[78][79] Similar sentiments were echoed by the governments of China, Russia, Belarus, Iran, North Korea, Syria and Venezuela.[80]

statue
Statue of Egerton Ryerson, toppled on June 6, 2021

The discovery at Kamloops has been followed by calls for name changes and removals of monuments commemorating figures controversial for their colonial views or policies towards Indigenous peoples.[81][82] These include monuments to Egerton Ryerson,[83][84][85][86] John A. Macdonald,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94] Hector-Louis Langevin,[95] Oscar Blackburn,[96] and Vital-Justin Grandin.[97][98] The doors of St. Paul's Cathedral in Saskatoon were covered in paint on June 24.[99] A school named after Prince Charles has been renamed,[100] and statues of Queen Victoria, Queen Elizabeth II, and James Cook toppled.[101]

By July 4, 2021 nearly two dozen churches, including eight on First Nations territories, had been burned. Some indigenous leaders, the prime minister, and provincial officials have condemned the suspected arsons.[102]

Harsha Walia, the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, tweeted "burn it all down", and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs expressed "strong solidarity with (Harsha Walia) in condemning the brutally gruesome genocide of residential ‘school’ system by Canada and Church while crown stole FN land".[103]

As of August 2021, at least 57 Christian churches have been burned or vandalized since the discovery of the gravesites.[104]

Investigations that found no gravesites[]

Shubenacadie[]

From April 2020 to July 2021, an investigation of the site of the former Shubenacadie Indian Residential School in Shubenacadie was led by a member of the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation who is a curator with the Nova Scotia Museum, along with an associate professor from Saint Mary's University. The Residential school had operated from 1929 to 1967, and the building burned to the ground in 1986, the land now occupied by a plastics factory and used as farmland. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation lists 16 children who died while attending the school, and the community feared more had been buried at the site.[105] Evidence had been identified that indicated unmarked graves on the site, but they predated the school's founding by a century. The investigation made use of ground-penetrating radar and aerial laser scanning. On August 4, 2021, the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation issued a press release stating the investigation had concluded, confirming that it was unable to find any unmarked graves of children who had died while at the school. Chief Mike Sack said that the investigation would resume if further evidence came to light.[106]

See also[]

References[]

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