Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

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The Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, which was established through the merger of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party and the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 2018, is the ruling organ of the Ba'ath Party organization in Syria and the Syrian-led Ba'athist movement. Its former, Regional Command (Arabic: Al-Qiyada Al-Qutriyya), stems from Ba'athist ideology, where region literally means an Arab state.[1] According to the Syrian Constitution, the Central Command has the power to nominate a candidate for president.[2] While the constitution does not state that the Secretary-General of the Central Command is the President of Syria, the charter of the National Progressive Front (NPF), of which the Ba'ath Party is a member, states that the President and the Secretary-General is the NPF President, but this is not stated in any legal document.[3] The 1st Extraordinary Regional Congress held in 1964 decided that the Secretary-General of the Central Command would also be head of state.[4] Amin al-Hafiz, the incumbent secretary, became head of state and retained his post as Prime Minister.[4]

At the 2nd Regional Congress in 1965, the Military Committee weakened the powers of the National Command by passing a resolution that the Regional Secretary of the Regional Command was ex officio head of state.[5] The secretart was given the powers to appoint the Prime Minister, the cabinet, the commander-in-chief and the leading military commanders.(Arabic: lajna quamiyya).[5] Before the 1970 Corrective Revolution that brought Hafez al-Assad to power, the local party leadership was elected by fellow Ba'ath Party members; when al-Assad came to power the Central Command began to appoint all party officials.[6] Under Bashar al-Assad this policy was reversed, and party members were again able to elect the local party leadership, but candidates had to be approved by the party leadership.[7]

The Central Command is officially responsible to the Regional Congress.[8] The Central Command is supposed to be subordinate to the National Command, and official media portray it as such to stress the government's commitment to Ba'athist ideology.[8] Since Hafez al-Assad's rise to power, the National Command has been subordinate to the Central Command.[8] Before the schism between the Military Committee led by Salah Jadid and the Aflaqites, and the ensuing 1966 Syrian coup d'état, the National Command was the leading party organ.[9] The Central Command is today the post powerful institution in Syria.[10]

The Secretary-General chairs all the meetings of the Central Command.[11] If the Secretary-General is absent, the Assistant Secretary-General substitutes him.[11] The Assistant Secretary-General sets the agenda for the meeting with consultation with the Secretary-General.[11] Under Bashar al-Assad a degree of openness is permitted in Central Command meetings.[11] Members are allowed to discuss each sides of complex issues, and members can criticize certain policies and how they are implemented.[11] However, if Bashar al-Assad supports a side, that side will prevail in the argument.[11] In contrast to his father, Hafez, who consulted with the Central Command and took their views into account before he made a decision, the Central Command under Bashar al-Assad is increasingly becoming a rubber stamp body.[11]

Heads and bureaus[]

Members[]

Only members who were elected to the Regional Command at the 1st Regional Congress (held in September 1963) and after are included in this list. The Syrian Regional Branch was dissolved in 1958 (and is therefore considered as a distinct entity by the Syrian Regional Branch itself) so that Syria, with Egypt, could establish the United Arab Republic.[13] The Syrian Regional Branch was officially reestablished in September 1963.[13]

Members of the 1st–10th Regional Commands
Name Took office Left office Term(s) Duration
Hammud al-Shufi 5 September 1963 1 February 1964 1 149 days
5 September 1963 1 February 1964 1 149 days
Nureddin al-Atassi 5 September 1963 19 December 1965 4 2 years, 105 days
27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
5 September 1963 1 February 1964 1 149 days
5 September 1963 1 February 1964 1 149 days
5 September 1963 19 December 1965 4 167 days
Hafez al-Assad 5 September 1963 4 April 1965 4 1 year, 211 days
27 March 1966 10 June 2000 8 34 years, 75 days
5 September 1963 19 December 1965 4 2 years, 105 days
27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
Amin al-Hafiz 1 February 1964 19 December 1965 3 2 years, 321 days
Salah Jadid 1 February 1964 19 December 1965 4 1 year, 321 days
27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
Shibli Aysami 1 February 1964 17 March 1965 1 1 year, 44 days
Muhammad Umran 1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
Abd al-Karim al-Jundi 1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
27 March 1966 31 March 1969 3 3 years, 4 days
1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
1 February 1964 19 December 1965 3 1 year, 321 days
27 March 1966 September 1966 1 158 days
Sami al-Jundi 1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
1 February 1964 19 December 1965 3 1 year, 321 days
27 March 1966 September 1966 1 158 days
Yusuf Zuaiyin 1 February 1964 19 December 1965 3 1 year, 312 days
27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 62 days
4 April 1965 1 August 1965 1 119 days
27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
1 February 1964 4 April 1965 1 1 year, 303 days
27 March 1966 28 September 1968 3 2 years, 185 days
31 March 1969 13 November 1970 1 1 year, 227 days
4 April 1965 1 August 1965 1 119 days
Mustafa Tlass 1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
28 September 1968 9 June 2005 9 36 years, 251 days
Salim Hatum 1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
27 March 1966 31 March 1969 4 3 years, 4 days
Marwan Habash 1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
27 March 1966 28 September 1968 3 2 years, 185 days
1 August 1965 19 December 1965 1 140 days
27 March 1966 February 1968 2 2 years, 185 days
27 March 1966 September 1966 1 158 days
Brahim Makhous 27 March 1966 13 November 1970 4 4 years, 231 days
September 1966 13 November 1970 3 4 years, 73 days
September 1966 13 November 1970 3 4 years, 46 days
September 1966 13 November 1970 3 4 years, 73 days
28 September 1968 31 March 1969 1 184 days
28 September 1968 13 November 1970 2 2 years, 46 days
31 March 1969 13 November 1970 1 1 year, 227 days
31 March 1969 13 November 1970 1 1 year, 227 days
13 November 1970 7 January 1980 3 9 years, 18 days
13 November 1970 March 1978 2 7 years, 108 days
Abdul Rahman Khleifawi 13 November 1970 7 January 1980 3 9 years, 18 days
Abdul Halim Khaddam 13 November 1970 9 June 2005 6 34 years, 208 days
Abdullah al-Ahmar 13 November 1970 9 June 2005 6 34 years, 208 days
Muhammad Ali al-Halabi 13 November 1970 7 January 1980 3 9 years, 18 days
Mahmoud al-Ayyubi 13 November 1970 15 April 1975 2 4 years, 153 days
7 January 1980 20 January 1985 1 5 years, 50 days
13 November 1970 August 1975 2 4 years, 261 days
Ahmad al-Khatib 13 November 1970 15 April 1975 2 4 years, 153 days
13 November 1970 14 May 1971 1 182 days
13 November 1970 14 May 1971 1 182 days
13 November 1970 7 January 1980 3 9 years, 18 days
13 November 1970 15 April 1975 2 4 years, 153 days
14 May 1971 7 January 1980 2 8 years, 201 days
14 May 1971 15 April 1975 1 3 years, 336 days
14 May 1971 7 January 1980 2 8 years, 201 days
14 May 1971 7 January 1980 2 8 years, 201 days
14 May 1971 7 January 1980 2 8 years, 201 days
14 May 1971 15 April 1975 1 3 years, 336 days
14 May 1971 15 April 1975 1 3 years, 336 days
14 May 1971 7 January 1980 2 8 years, 201 days
Zuhair Mushariqa 15 April 1975 9 June 2005 3 30 years, 55 days
Rifaat al-Assad 15 April 1975 8 February 1998 3 22 years, 299 days
Ahmad Diyab 15 April 1975 20 January 1985 2 9 years, 280 days
15 April 1975 7 January 1980 1 4 years, 230 days
15 April 1975 7 January 1980 1 4 years, 230 days
15 April 1975 7 January 1980 1 4 years, 230 days
15 April 1975 7 January 1980 1 4 years, 230 days
7 January 1980 29 December 1983 1 4 years, 28 days
Hikmat al-Shihabi 7 January 1980 July 1998 2 18 years, 212 days
7 January 1980 20 January 1985 1 5 years, 50 days
Abd al-Qadir Qaddura 7 January 1980 9 June 2005 3 25 years, 190 days
7 January 1980 9 June 2005 3 25 years, 190 days
7 January 1980 21 June 2000 2 20 years, 203 days
7 January 1980 21 June 2000 2 20 years, 203 days
Mahmoud Zuabi 7 January 1980 21 June 2000 2 20 years, 203 days
7 January 1980 21 June 2000 2 20 years, 203 days
7 January 1980 21 June 2000 2 20 years, 203 days
Abdul Rauf al-Kasm 7 January 1980 21 June 2000 2 20 years, 203 days
7 January 1980 20 January 1985 1 5 years, 50 days
7 January 1980 9 June 2005 2 25 years, 190 days
7 January 1980 21 June 2000 1 20 years, 203 days
20 January 1985 21 June 2000 1 15 years, 153 days
20 January 1985 9 June 2005 2 20 years, 140 days
20 January 1985 9 June 2005 2 20 years, 140 days
20 January 1985 21 June 2000 1 15 years, 153 days
Bashar al-Assad 21 June 2000 Incumbent 2 21 years, 211 days
Muhammad Mustafa Mero 21 June 2000 9 June 2005 1 5 years, 0 days
Muhammad Naji al-Otari 21 June 2000 8 July 2013 2 13 years, 17 days
Farouk al-Sharaa 21 June 2000 8 July 2013 2 13 years, 17 days
Salim Said Yasin 21 June 2000 8 December 2001 1 1 year, 170 days
21 June 2000 9 June 2005 1 5 years, 0 days
21 June 2000 9 June 2005 1 5 years, 0 days
21 June 2000 9 June 2005 1 5 years, 0 days
21 June 2000 9 June 2005 1 5 years, 0 days
Mohammad al-Hussein 21 June 2000 8 July 2013 2 13 years, 17 days
21 June 2000 9 June 2005 1 5 years, 0 days
Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan 21 June 2000 8 July 2013 2 13 years, 17 days
Hassan Turkmani 9 June 2005 18 July 2012 1 8 years, 29 days
Hisham Ikhtiyar 9 June 2005 20 July 2012 1 8 years, 29 days
9 June 2005 8 July 2013 1 8 years, 29 days
9 June 2005 8 July 2013 1 8 years, 29 days
9 June 2005 8 July 2013 1 8 years, 29 days
9 June 2005 8 July 2013 1 8 years, 29 days
9 June 2005 8 July 2013 1 8 years, 29 days
9 June 2005 8 July 2013 1 8 years, 29 days
Wael Nader al-Halqi 8 July 2013 3 July 2016 1 2 years, 361 days
Mohammad Jihad al-Laham 8 July 2013 6 June 2016 1 2 years, 334 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 8 years, 194 days
Imad Khamis 8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 8 years, 194 days
8 July 2013 Incumbent 1 8 years, 194 days
Hilal Hilal 8 July 2013 Incumbent 1 8 years, 194 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 2 years, 177 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
8 July 2013 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
Hussein Arnous 8 July 2013 Incumbent 1 8 years, 194 days
8 July 2013 22 April 2017 1 3 years, 288 days
Hadiya Khalaf Abbas 22 April 2017 13 November 2021 1 4 years, 205 days
Fahd Jassem al-Freij 22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days
Muhsen Bilal 22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days
Mahdi Dakhlallah 22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days
22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days
22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days
22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days
Hammouda Sabbagh 22 April 2017 Incumbent 1 4 years, 271 days

References[]

  1. ^ FRD 2004, p. 215.
  2. ^ Perthes 1997, p. 140].
  3. ^ Perthes 1997, p. 140.
  4. ^ a b Rabinovich 1972, p. 148.
  5. ^ a b Seale 1990, p. 99.
  6. ^ George 2003, p. 73.
  7. ^ George 2003, p. 77.
  8. ^ a b c George 2003, p. 73.
  9. ^ George 2003, p. 69.
  10. ^ Zîser 2007, p. 70.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Jouejati 2006, p. 16.
  12. ^ Bar 2006, p. 434.
  13. ^ a b FRD 2004, pp. 211–212.

Bibliography[]

Journals and papers
  • Bar, Shmuel (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). 48 (4). : 353–445. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Jouejati, Murhaf (2006). "The Strategic Culture of Irredentist Small Powers: The Case of Syria" (PDF). . Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Books
  • Federal Research Division (2004). Syria: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7.
  • George, Alan (2003). Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-213-3.
  • Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-192-X.
  • Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06976-5.
  • Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). Syria under the Baʻth, 1963–66: the Army Party symbiosis. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7065-1266-9.
  • Zîser, Eyāl (2007). Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-153-3.
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