Declaration of Independence of Ukraine
Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine | |
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![]() Typewritten version of the act | |
Original title | Ukrainian: Акт проголошення незалежності України |
Created | 24 August 1991 |
Ratified | 24 August 1991 |
Location | Central State Archive of the higher governing bodies of Ukraine, Kyiv |
Author(s) | Levko Lukyanenko |
Signatories | Leonid Kravchuk |
Purpose | Declaration of independence |
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The Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Акт проголошення незалежності України, romanized: Akt proholoshennya nezalezhnosti Ukrayiny) was adopted by the Ukrainian parliament on 24 August 1991.[1] The Act reestablished Ukraine's state independence.[2][1]
Adoption[]
The Act was adopted in the aftermath of the coup attempt in the Soviet Union on 19 August, when hardline Communist leaders attempted to restore central Communist party control over the USSR.[1] In response (during a tense 11-hour extraordinary session),[3] the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of the Ukrainian SSR, in a special Saturday session, overwhelmingly approved the Act of Declaration.[1] The Act passed with 321 votes in favor, 2 votes against, and 6 abstentions (out of 360 attendants).[3] The text was largely composed during the night of 23 August–24 August mainly by Levko Lukyanenko, Serhiy Holovatyi, Mykhailo Horyn, and Vyacheslav Chornovil.[4]
The Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), being persuaded behind the scenes by its fellow Party member and Supreme Soviet Chairman Leonid Kravchuk,[4] felt compelled to support the Act in order to distance itself from the coup.[3] CPU First Secretary Stanislav Hurenko argued that "it will be a disaster" if the CPU were to fail to support independence.[3] CPU members had been unnerved by the news of former party leader Vladimir Ivashko's arrest in Moscow, the re-subordination of the Soviet Army under the leaders of the Russian SFSR and the sealing of the Communist Party Central Committee's premises.[4]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/75/People_celebrate_the_declaration_of_Ukraine%27s_national_independence_near_the_Verkhovna_Rada_in_Kyiv_on_Aug._24%2C_1991.jpg/260px-People_celebrate_the_declaration_of_Ukraine%27s_national_independence_near_the_Verkhovna_Rada_in_Kyiv_on_Aug._24%2C_1991.jpg)
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The same day (24 August), the parliament called for a referendum on support for the Declaration of Independence.[1][3] The proposal for calling the national referendum came jointly from opposition leaders Ihor Yukhnovsky and Dmytro Pavlychko.[3] The Parliament also voted for the creation of a national guard of Ukraine and turned jurisdiction over all the armed forces located on Ukrainian territory over to itself.[3]
Other than a noisy crowd that had gathered at the Parliament building, the streets of Kyiv were quiet that day, with few signs of open celebration.[3]
In the days that followed, a number of resolutions and decrees were passed: nationalizing all CPU property and handing it over to the Supreme Soviet and local councils; issuing an amnesty for all political prisoners; suspending all CPU activities and freezing CPU assets and bank accounts pending official investigations into possible collaboration with the Moscow coup plotters; setting up a committee of inquiry into official behavior during the coup; and establishing a committee on military matters related to the creation of a Ministry of Defense of Ukraine.[3]
On 26 August 1991, the Permanent Representative of the Ukrainian SSR to the United Nations (the Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations),[5] Hennadiy Udovenko, informed the office of the Secretary General of the United Nations that his permanent mission to this international assembly would officially be designated as representing Ukraine.[5][6] That same day, the executive committee of Kyiv also voted to remove all the monuments of Communist heroes from public places, including the Lenin monument in the central October Revolution Square.[3] The committee decided that the large square would be renamed Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) as would the central Metro station below it.[3]
Two days later, more than 200,000 Lviv and Lviv oblast residents declared their readiness to serve in the national guard.[7]
In the independence referendum on 1 December 1991, the people of Ukraine expressed deep and widespread support for the Act of Declaration of Independence, with more than 90% voting in favor, and 82% of the electorate participating.[1] The referendum took place on the same day as Ukraine's first direct presidential election; all six presidential candidates supported independence and campaigned for a "yes" vote. The referendum's passage ended any realistic chance of the Soviet Union remaining together even on a limited scale; Ukraine had long been second only to Russia in economic and political power.
A week after the election, newly elected president Leonid Kravchuk joined his Russian and Belarusian counterparts (Boris Yeltsin and Stanislav Shushkevich, respectively) in signing the Belavezha Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.[8] The Soviet Union officially dissolved on 26 December.[9]
Since 1992, the 24th of August is celebrated in Ukraine as Independence Day.[10]
International recognition[]
Poland and Canada were the first countries to recognize Ukraine's independence, both on 2 December 1991.[11] On the same day (2 December) it was reported during the late-evening airing of the television news program Vesti that the President of the Russian SFSR, Boris Yeltsin, had recognized Ukraine's independence.[12]
The United States did so on 25 December 1991.[13] That month the independence of Ukraine was recognized by 68 states, and in 1992 it was recognized by another 64 states.[14]
In January 1992, U.S. President George H. W. Bush approved a program of American humanitarian support for the USSR and Ukraine, supervised by the Secretary of Defense.[15]
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Date | Country |
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December 2, 1991 | Poland |
Canada | |
Russian SFSR[note 1] | |
December 3, 1991 | Hungary |
December 4, 1991 | Latvia |
Lithuania | |
December 5, 1991 | Argentina |
Croatia[note 2] | |
Cuba | |
Czechoslovakia | |
December 9, 1991 | Estonia |
December 11, 1991 | Slovenia[note 2] |
December 12, 1991 | Georgia[note 3] |
December 16, 1991 | Bulgaria |
Turkey | |
December 18, 1991 | Armenia[note 3] |
December 20, 1991 | Kyrgyzstan[note 3] |
Turkmenistan[note 3] | |
December 23, 1991 | Kazakhstan[note 3] |
Switzerland | |
December 24, 1991 | Afghanistan |
Norway | |
December 25, 1991 | Iran |
Israel | |
Mexico | |
Tajikistan[note 3] | |
United States | |
Yugoslavia | |
December 26, 1991 | Australia |
Brazil | |
Germany | |
India | |
New Zealand | |
Peru | |
Soviet Union | |
Syria | |
Thailand | |
Uruguay | |
December 27, 1991 | Algeria |
Belarus | |
Cambodia | |
China | |
Cyprus | |
France | |
Republic of Moldova | |
Vietnam | |
December 28, 1991 | Indonesia |
Italy | |
Japan | |
Jordan | |
December 29, 1991 | Bangladesh |
December 30, 1991 | Finland |
South Korea | |
Lebanon | |
Morocco | |
December 31, 1991 | Belgium |
Denmark | |
Greece | |
Luxembourg | |
Kingdom of the Netherlands | |
Pakistan | |
Spain | |
United Kingdom | |
January 1, 1992 | Iraq |
January 2, 1992 | Ethiopia |
Laos | |
United Arab Emirates | |
January 3, 1992 | Egypt |
Libya | |
Panama | |
January 4, 1992 | Uzbekistan |
January 5, 1992 | Bahrain |
January 7, 1992 | Portugal |
January 8, 1992 | Romania |
January 10, 1992 | Guinea |
January 17, 1992 | Mongolia |
January 19, 1992 | Iceland |
January 22, 1992 | Philippines |
January 24, 1992 | Kingdom of Nepal |
February 6, 1992 | Azerbaijan |
February 11, 1992 | Botswana |
February 14, 1992 | South Africa |
March 3, 1992 | Malaysia |
March 4, 1992 | Madagascar |
May 7, 1992 | Rwanda |
June 2, 1992 | Senegal |
June 8, 1992 | Tanzania |
July 23, 1993 | Macedonia |
- ^ Recognition of Ukraine's independence by the RSFSR was announced on 2 December 1991 by Boris Yeltsin during that day's edition of the late-evening news program Vesti[12]
- ^ a b De jure constituent republic of SFR Yugoslavia to 15 January 1992. De facto independent state
- ^ a b c d e f De jure constituent republic of the Soviet Union to 26 December 1991. De facto independent state
(Text of) Act of Independence[]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine
- In view of the mortal danger surrounding Ukraine in connection with the state coup in the USSR on August 19, 1991,
- Continuing the thousand-year tradition of state development in Ukraine,
- Proceeding from the right of a nation to self-determination in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and other international legal documents, and
- Implementing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine,
the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic solemnly declares
the Independence of Ukraine and the creation of an independent Ukrainian state – UKRAINE.The territory of Ukraine is indivisible and inviolable.
From this day forward, only the Constitution and laws of Ukraine are valid on the territory of Ukraine.
This act becomes effective at the moment of its approval.
— Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, August 24, 1991
References[]
- ^ a b c d e f A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples by Paul Robert Magocsi, University of Toronto Press, 2010, ISBN 1442610212 (page 722/723)
- ^ Volodymyr Vasylenko. Non-nuclear status of Ukraine: past, present, and future (Без’ядерний статус України: минуле, сучасне, майбутнє). The Ukrainian Week. 31 May 2018
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Historic vote for independence, The Ukrainian Weekly (1 September 1991)
- ^ a b c A reform that ruined the Soviet Union, The Ukrainian Week (10 November 2018)
- ^ a b "Activities of the Member States - Ukraine". United Nations. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
- ^ U.N. Mission stresses statehood of Ukraine, The Ukrainian Weekly (1 September 1991)
- ^ NEWSBRIEFS FROM UKRAINE, The Ukrainian Weekly (1 September 1991)
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation by & , Scarecrow Press, 2010, ISBN 0810854759 (page 75)
- ^ Turning Points – Actual and Alternate Histories: The Reagan Era from the Iran Crisis to Kosovo by and , ABC-CLIO, 2007, ISBN 1851098852 (page 111)
- ^ Ukraine Intelligence & Security Activities and Operations Handbook, , 2009, ISBN 0739716611 (page 268)
- ^ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by , Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union by Roman Szporluk, Hoover Institution Press, 2000, ISBN 0817995420 (page 355 - ^ a b "Ex-Communist Wins in Ukraine; Yeltsin Recognizes Independence". The New York Times. 3 December 1991. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
- ^ A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ukraine, Office of the Historian
The Limited Partnership: Building a Russian-US Security Community by James E. Goodby and , Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0198291612 (page 48) - ^ Ukrainian Independence,
- ^ "Remarks at the International Conference on Humanitarian Assistance to the Former U.S.S.R". January 22, 1992. Archived from the original on July 22, 2021.
External links[]
- (in Ukrainian) Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine – Official Verkhovna Rada website
- (in English) Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine – Official Verkhovna Rada website
- (in English) Act of Declaration of the Independence of Ukraine – The Ukrainian Weekly, translation by The Ukrainian Weekly
- (in English) Declaration of Independence of Ukraine – The Windsor Viter, Volume 12, Number 1, July, 2001 Part 2, translation by Andrew Gregorovich
- (in Ukrainian) "Great Saturday" – an interview with writer and parliament deputy Stepan Pushyk on the events of August 24, 1991.
- Political history of Ukraine
- Government of Ukraine
- 1991 in law
- 1991 documents
- 1991 in international relations
- Dissolution of the Soviet Union
- Ukrainian independence movement
- Ukrainian declarations of independence
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- History of Ukraine since 1991
- August 1991 events in Europe
- Declarations of independence