Foreign relations of Italy

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The foreign relations of the Italian Republic are the Italian government's external relations with the outside world. Located in Europe, Italy has been considered a major Western power since its unification in 1861.[1] Its main allies are the NATO countries and the EU states, two entities of which Italy is a founding member. Italy is an important actor in the Mediterranean region and has close relations with the Romance-speaking countries in Europe and Latin America. Although it is a secular state,[2] Italy has a particular role within the Christian world derived from the fact that its capital Rome hosts the Pope and is the center of the Catholic Church. Italy is currently commanding various multinational forces and has significant troops deployed all over the world for peacekeeping missions, and for combating organized crime, illegal drug trade, human trafficking, piracy and terrorism.[3]

History[]

See also: Risorgimento, Kingdom of Italy, Italian Empire, and Italian Civil War
The stages of Italian unification during 1829–71

The Risorgimento was the era 1830–1870 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. Italians achieved independence from Austria and from the House of Bourbon, securing national unification in 1861.[4][5] The papacy called France to resist unification, fearing that giving up control of the Papal States would weaken the Church and allow the liberals to dominate conservative Catholics.[6] Italy captured Rome in 1870 and later formed the Triple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria.

Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912.[7] By 1914, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and administrative authority in formerly Turkish Libya. Outside of Africa, Italy possessed a small concession in Tientsin in China (following the Boxer Rebellion) and the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey.

Austria took the offensive against the terms of the alliance and Italy decided to take part in World War I as a principal allied power with France and Great Britain. Two leaders, Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino made the decisions; their primary motivation was seizure of territory from Austria, as secretly promised by Britain and France in the Treaty of London of 1915. Also, Italy occupied southern Albania and established a protectorate over Albania, which remained in place until 1920.[8] The Allies defeated the Austrian Empire in 1918 and Italy became one of the main winners of the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando focused almost exclusively on territorial gains, but he got far less than he wanted, and Italians were bitterly resentful when they were denied control of the city of Fiume. The conference, under the control of Britain, France and the United States refused to assign Dalmazia and Albania to Italy as had been promised in the Treaty of London. Britain, France and Japan divided the German overseas colonies into mandates of their own, excluding Italy. Italy also gained no territory from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire. Civil unrest erupted in Italy between nationalists who supported the war effort and opposed what they called the "mutilated victory" (as nationalists referred to it) and leftists who were opposed to the war.[9]

The Fascist government that came to power with Benito Mussolini in 1922 sought to increase the size of the Italian empire and to satisfy the claims of Italian irredentists. In 1935–36, in its second invasion of Ethiopia Italy was successful and merged its new conquest with its older east African colonies. In 1939, Italy invaded Albania and incorporated it into the Fascist state. During the Second World War (1939–45), Italy formed the axis alliance with Japan and Germany and occupied several territories (such as parts of France, Greece, Egypt and Tunisia) but was forced in the final peace to abandon all its colonies and protectorates. Following the civil war and the economic depression caused by World War II, Italy enjoyed an economic miracle, promoted European unity, joined NATO and became an active member of the European Union.[10] Italy was granted a United Nations trust to administer Somaliland in 1950. When Somalia became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experience with colonialism ended.

Relations by region and country[]

Africa[]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria See Algeria–Italy relations
  • Relations date from the period of the Roman Empire.
  • Algeria has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Algiers.
  • There are over 100,675 Algerians in Italy.
 Burkina Faso
  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Rome and honorary consulates in Florence, Milan, Napoli, and Palermo.[11]
  • Italy has an honorary consulate in Ouagadougou.[12]
 Comoros
  • Comoros is represented in Italy by its embassy in Paris, France[13] and an honorary consulate in Roma.[11]
  • Italy is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania[14] and an honorary consulate in Anjouan.[15]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • In March 2021, Italian Ambassador, Luca Attanasio, was killed while traveling to a World Food Programme-run school feeding program.[16]
 Egypt See Egypt–Italy relations

Relations between both countries were established during the period of the Roman Empire. However, in World War II, relations were strained as Italy invaded Egypt. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close. Egypt has representations in Rome and Milan, while Italy has representations in Cairo and Alexandria, also the two nations are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.

Relations deteriorated after the abduction and killing of Italian student Giulio Regeni. Egypt has been accused by Italian authorities and public opinion of lacking of transparence.

 Eritrea
  • Eritrea was an Italian colony from 1882 until 1947.
  • Eritrea has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Asmara.
 Ethiopia See Ethiopia–Italy relations
  • Ethiopia was an Italian colony from 1936 to 1947.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Kenya 1963 See Italy–Kenya relations
  • Relations were formally established after Kenya gained its independence from British rule.
  • Italy has an embassy in Nairobi and 2 counsulates in Malindi and Mombasa.
  • Kenya has an embassy in Rome.
 Libya 1947, 2011 See Italy–Libya relations
  • Between 1911 and 1947, Libya was an Italian colony.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tripoli.
  • Libya has an embassy in Rome and 2 general consulates (in Milan and Palermo).
  • See also History of Libya as Italian Colony, Italy–Libya relations
  • On 4 April 2011, Foreign Minister Franco Frattini stated that Italy has decided to recognize the National Transitional Council in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi as its "only legitimate interlocutor" in Libya.
 Mauritania
  • Italy is represented in Mauritania by its embassy in Rabat, Morocco.[17]
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Roma.[18]
 Somalia See Italy–Somalia relations
  • Relations date from the period of the Roman Empire, centuries before the establishment of Italian Somaliland.
  • Italy recognizes and supports the Federal Government of Somalia.
  • Somalia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy is scheduled to re-open its embassy in Mogadishu.
 South Africa 1929 See Italy–South Africa relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Pretoria, a consulate in Johannesburg, 2 consulates (in Cape Town and Durban) and 2 honorary consulates (in East London and Port Elizabeth).[19][20]
  • South Africa has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan and 7 honorary consulates (in Bari, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Trieste and Venice).[21]
  • There are around 35,000 people of Italian descent living in South Africa.
  • South African Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy
 Tunisia 1957 See Italy–Tunisia relations
 Uganda 1962

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962.[23]

Americas[]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1837 See Argentina–Italy relations
  • Argentina has an embassy in Rome[24] and a consulate-general in Milan.[25]
  • Italy has an embassy in Buenos Aires and consulates-general in Bahía Blanca, Córdoba, La Plata and Rosario and consulates in Mar del Plata and Mendoza.[26]
  • See also: Italian Argentine
 Belize 1 October 1982
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1982.[27]
  • Belize has 2 honorary consulates in Palermo and Milano.[28]
  • Italy is represented in Belize through its embassy in Mexico City and an honorary consulate.[29]
 Bolivia May 25, 1864
 Brazil 1861 See Brazil–Italy relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Rome[30] and a consulate-general in Milan.[31]
  • Italy has an embassy in Brasília and consulates-general in Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and consulates in Belo Horizonte and Recife.[32]
  • See also: Italian Brazilian
 Canada 1947 See Canada–Italy relations
 Chile 1864 See Chile–Italy relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.[37]
  • Italy has an embassy in Santiago.[38]
  • See also: Italian Chilean
 Colombia 1847 See Colombia–Italy relations
  • Colombia has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.[39]
  • Italy has an embassy, with a military attaché, in Bogotá and three honorary consulates in Barranquilla, Cali, and Cartagena.[40][41]
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
  • Cuba has an embassy in Rome.[42]
  • Italy has an embassy in Havana.[43]
 Dominica
  • Italy is accredited to Dominica from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[44]
 Dominican Republic See Dominican Republic-Italy relations
  • Dominican Republic has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Santo Domingo.
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in San Salvador.
 Grenada
  • Italy is accredited to Grenada from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.[44]
  • Grenada has an honorary consulate in Florence.[11]
 Guyana 1967

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 April 1967.[45]

 Mexico 1874 See Italy–Mexico relations
  • Relations were established in 1874 after the unification of Italy. Diplomatic relations were severed during World War II when Mexico declared war on the axis powers. Relations were re-established in 1946.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Rome[46] and a consulate-general in Milan.[47]
  • Italy has an embassy in Mexico City.[48]
  • Both countries are members of the G-20 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • See also: Italian immigration to Mexico
 Paraguay 1867
  • Italy has an embassy in Asuncion.[49]
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Rome.[50]
 Peru 1874-12-23
 United States 1861–04-11 See Italy–United States relations

The United States enjoys a peculiar relation with Italy, as the latter, defeated in WWII, has been a secret battlefield of the Cold War. Italy and the US are NATO allies and cooperate in the United Nations, in various regional organizations, and bilaterally. Italy has worked closely with the United States and with other nations on such issues as NATO and UN operations as well as with assistance to Russia and the New Independent States; the Middle East peace process; multilateral talks.

Under longstanding bilateral agreements flowing from NATO membership, Italy hosts important U.S. military forces at Vicenza and Livorno (army); Aviano (air force); and Sigonella, Gaeta, and Naples- home port for the U.S. Navy Sixth Fleet. The United States still has about 16,000 military personnel stationed in Italy. The NATO War College is situated at Cecchignola, a neighborhood of Rome.

Also, investigations continue about the killing of Italian Military Intelligence service officer Nicola Calipari by United States troops during the liberation of Giuliana Sgrena and about the abduction and torture of terrorism suspect Abu Omar by CIA agents.[citation needed]

 Uruguay 1861 See Italy–Uruguay relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Montevideo and 4 honorary consulates (in Colonia, Maldonado, Melo and Paysandú).[53]
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan and 4 honorary consulates (in Bologna, Genoa, Livorno and Padua).
  • There are around 1,500,000 people of Italian descent living in Uruguay.
 Venezuela 1861 See Italy–Venezuela relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Caracas and a consulate in Maracaibo.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Milan and Naples.

See Italo-Venezuelans

Asia[]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan ~1919 See Afghanistan–Italy relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Rome,[54] which was established as a legation in 1921, and was upgraded to embassy in 1960.[55] Italy has an embassy in Kabul.[56]
  • Italy was among the first nations to recognise Afghanistan's sovereignty, following the 1919 recognition by the Soviet Union.[57]
  • Following Germany's 1935 closening with Afghanistan, Italy also established close relations. Afghanistan resisted calls from Moscow and London to expel the Italian and German diplomatic corps for most of World War II.[58]
  • Italy has served as a place of exile for two former Afghan kings, Amanullah Khan (deposed 1929) and Mohammed Zahir Shah (deposed 1973).
 Armenia See Armenia–Italy relations
  • Armenia has an embassy in Rome.[59]
  • Italy has an embassy in Yerevan and an honorary consulate in Gyumri.[60]
  • Italy has recognized the Armenian genocide in 2000.
  • There are around 2,500 people of Armenian descent living in Italy.
 Azerbaijan See Azerbaijan–Italy relations
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Rome.[61]
  • Italy has an embassy in Baku.[62]
 Bangladesh ~1972

Relations between two countries have been wonderful. Bangladesh is a huge import market for Italy. Italy has an embassy in Dhaka. Bangladesh has an embassy in Rome.

 China 1970 See People's Republic of China – Italy relations

In 2005, Italy and the People's Republic of China have celebrated the 35th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two nations. However, China's massive exports of textile and footwear into Italy are said to be a rising concern to Italy's economy and productivity.[63]

 Georgia See Georgia–Italy relations
 India 1950 See India–Italy relations
  • India has an embassy in Rome.[66] and a consulate-general in Milan
  • Italy has an embassy in New Delhi.[67] and a consulate-general in Mumbai[68] and Kolkata

In 2012, relations deteriorated following the Enrica Lexie Case

 Indonesia 1952 See Indonesia–Italy relations
  • Both nations have shown strong desire to improve their relations, especially in intercultural understanding and trade.[69]
  • Indonesia recognizes Italy's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region, while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia, and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia.[70]
  • The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities; European Union and ASEAN, but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog.[71]
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Rome, that also accredited to Malta, Cyprus, San Marino, while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran See Iran–Italy relations

Iran-Italy trade stood at $US 2.7 Billion in 2001[72] and 3.852 Billion Euros in 2003.[73] In 2005, Italy was the third largest trading partner of Iran with 7.5% of all exports to Iran.[74] Italy was the top trading partner of Iran in the European Union in early 2006.[75] Commercial exchanges hit 6 billion euros in 2008.[76] Although Italy harbors a large population of members of the MKO as do many European Union states, Italy officially considers the group a terrorist organization.[77]

 Iraq See Iraq–Italy relations

Iraq has an embassy in Rome and Italy has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate-general in Basra.

 Israel 1948 See Israel–Italy relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Tel Aviv, two general consulates in West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem[78] and 4 honorary consulates (in Beersheba, Eilat, Haifa and Nazareth).[79]
  • Israel has an embassy in Rome.[80]
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • See also Italian Jews
 Japan 1867-03-31 See Italy–Japan relations
  • Both countries allied with Germany during World War II (though the Kingdom of Italy left the alliance in 1943, the German-controlled Italian Social Republic joined it the same year), and also allied during the Cold War with the United States.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tokyo, a general consulate in Osaka and 3 honorary consulates (in Hiroshima, Nagoya and Okinawa).[81][82]
  • Japan has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan.[83][84]
  • Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy
 Kazakhstan 1992 See Italy-Kazakhstan relations
  • In 2017, the trade between Kazakhstan and Italy amounted to $9.6 billion, which is an increase of 13.5% compared to 2016.[85]
  • Italy has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Rome.
 Lebanon See Italy–Lebanon relations
  • Both countries are members of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • Lebanon opened a legation in 1946, which was transformed into an embassy in 1955.[86]
  • Both countries signed a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Navigation in 1949.[citation needed]
  • Italy supported the reconstruction of Lebanon after the Taef Agreement.[citation needed]
  • See also Italian Lebanese
 Maldives 1966
  • Italy has an embassy in Colombo which also functed as non-resident ambassador to Maldives.
  • Maldives is represented in Italy through its permanent mission to UN in Geneva since 2012.
 Malaysia See Italy–Malaysia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[87]
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Rome.[88]
 North Korea 2000-01-04[89] See Italy–North Korea relations
 Pakistan
  • Pakistan and Italy enjoy close relationship in all fields. Both countries formally have friendly foreign relations.[90] There are over 100,000 Pakistanis living in Italy, mainly living in Milan and Brescia.[91]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan for representation
  • Italy maintains an embassy in Islamabad, a consulate-general in Karachi and an honorary consulate in Lahore.
 Philippines 1947 See Italy–Philippines relations
  • Italy and the Philippines bilateral and diplomatic relations is established in 1947. A Treaty of Friendship which was signed in Rome and ratified in December 1948. Italy has an embassy in Manila and the Philippines has an embassy in Rome.
 Qatar See Italy–Qatar relations
  • Qatar has an embassy in Rome.[92]
  • Italy has an embassy in Doha.[92]
 Saudi Arabia See Italy–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Riyadh and general consulate in Jeddah.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Rome.
 South Korea 26 June 1884[93] See Italy – South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the kingdom of Italy and the kingdom of Korea began on 26 June 1884 and the Re establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Italian republic the Republic of Korea was on November 24, 1956.[94]

  • Italy has a Working Holiday Program Agreement with South Korea.
  • During the Korean War Italy sent medical staff to help the South Korea[citation needed].
  • Bilateral Trade in 2014
    • Exports 3,473,000,000 US dollars
    • Imports 6,260,000,000 US dollars
  • Bilateral Investments in 2014
    • South Korea's Investment in Italy 654,000,000 US
    • Italy's Investment in South Korea US$539,000,000
  • The number of the South Koreans living in Italy in 2012 was about 4,054.
  • The Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti visited Seoul in March 2012. (To attend the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit)
  • The President of the Republic of Korea Park Geun-hye visited Rome in October 2014.
  • From 20 to 24 November 2011, 54 participating Italian companies, 8 trade associations and chambers of commerce and 7 banks, held over 300 meetings with 139 Korean companies. The events were promoted by Confindustria (the Italian employers' federation), the Italian Banking Association (ABI), the Ministry for Economic Development (MiSE) and the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA). It took the form of seminars, workshops, B2B meetings and institutional events, as well as visits to representations of Korean industry. This was the first structured initiative, with a broad-ranging business representation in Korea, by the Italian economic system since the EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement (FTA) entered into force.[99]
 Thailand 1870
  • Italy has an embassy in Bangkok and two honorary consulates (in Chiang Mai and Phuket).[100]
  • Thailand has an embassy in Rome.[101]
 Turkey 1856 See Italy–Turkey relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Ankara, a general consulate in Istanbul, a consulate İzmir and 3 honorary consulates in Bursa, Antalya and İskenderun.[102]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan.[103]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • In 2006, Turkey and Italy celebrated the 150th anniversary of the initiation of diplomatic relations.
  • Turkey is a prime destination for Italian tourists
  • Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy
 United Arab Emirates
  • Italy has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and general consulate in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Rome.
 Vietnam 1973-03-23 See Italy–Vietnam relations

Europe[]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 1912 See Albania–Italy relations

The Kingdom of Italy supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.
Arbëreshë people
Italian protectorate over Albania
Italian invasion of Albania
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
Italian colonists in Albania

  • Albania has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Bari and Milan.
  • Italy has an embassy in Tirana and consulates in Gjirokastër, Shkodra, Vlora.
  • Italy and Albania share similar historical, political and cultural backgrounds.[105]
  • Albania is home to 20,000 Italian migrants and has a 5,000 Italian indigenous community.[106]
  • Italy is home to indigenous Arbereshe community, including up to 900,000 Albanian immigrants.[107]
  • Italian is the third most spoken language of Albania, after Albanian and Greek.[108]
  • Italy is considered one of Albania's strongest allies especially within the European Union.
  • Albanian is a prominent language in Italy with Albanian immigrants speaking Albanian in large numbers on top of the over 800,000 Italians who speak the Arbereshe dialect of Albanian.[108]
 Andorra

Italy is represented in Andorra through its embassy in Madrid (Spain) and an honorary consulate in Andorra La Vella.

 Austria See Austria–Italy relations
  • Both nations were part of the Austrian Empire.
  • Austria has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan and 10 honorary consulates (in Bari, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Palermo, Trieste, Turin, Venice and Verona).
  • Italy has an embassy in Vienna, a consulate in Innsbruck, and 5 honorary consulates (in Graz, Klagenfurt, Linz, Rankweil and Salzburg).
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
 Belarus
  • Belarus has an embassy in Rome and 2 honorary consulates (in Naples and Turin).[109]
  • Italy has an embassy in Minsk.[110]
 Belgium
  • Belgium has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan.[111]
  • Italy has an embassy in Brussels, 2 general consulates (in Charleroi and Liège) and 2 consulates (in Genk and Mons).[112][113][114][115][116]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO.
  • There are around 172,000 people of Italian descent living in Belgium.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Italy has an embassy in Sarajevo and an honorary consulate in Banja Luka.
 Bulgaria 1879 See Bulgaria–Italy relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan and 6 honorary consulates (in Ancona, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Turin and Treviso).[117]
  • Italy has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Plovdiv and Stara Zagora.[118][119]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Croatia 1992-01-17 See Croatia–Italy relations
  • Croatia has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates (in Milan and Trieste), and 5 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Montemitro, Naples, and Padua).[19]
  • Italy has an embassy in Zagreb, a general consulate in Rijeka, a consulate in Split and 2 honorary consulates (in Buje and Pula).[20]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO, Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are around 19,500 people of Italian descent living in Croatia.
  • There are 21,360 Croats living in Italy.
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Rome and 5 honorary consulates (in Genoa, Milano, Napoli, Perugia and Augusta).
  • Italy has an embassy in Nicosia and 2 honorary consulates (in Limassol and Larnaca).[120]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, the Council of Europe and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
  • There are long cultural and historical ties between the two countries, as Cyprus has been part of the Roman Empire and has been a Venetian Kingdom, while there are Greek-speaking minorities in Italy.
  • Cyprus recognises Latins, the descendants of the Roman Catholic Venetian families that were settled in the island, as a protected minority, and grants the representation in the Parliament.
  • Cyprus Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Italy
 Czech Republic
  • The Czech Republic has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan, and 5 honorary consulate (in Florence, Naples, Palermo, Udine, and Venice).[121][122]
  • Italy has an embassy in Prague [123] and an honorary consulate in Brno.[124]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
 Denmark See Denmark-Italy relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Rome and 16 consulates (in Ancona, Bari, Cagliari, Florence, Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Messina, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Sanremo, Taormina, Turin, Trieste and Venice).
  • Italy has an embassy in Copenhagen, and two honorary vice-consulates in Aalborg and Thorshavn.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
  • There are 2,084 Danes living in Italy.
  • There are 6,600 Italians living in Denmark.
 Estonia
  • Italy recognised Estonia on 26 January 1921. Italy re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Rome and six honorary consulates (in Cagliari, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples and Turin).[125]
  • Italy has an embassy in Tallinn.[126]
  • There are over 200 Estonians living in Italy.
  • There are 1,407 Italians living in Estonia.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
  • Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Italy
 Finland See Finland–Italy relations
  • Italy recognised Finland's independence on June 27, 1919.
  • Italy is represented in Finland through its embassy in Helsinki and its honorary consulates in Hanko, Jyväskylä, Kotka, Kuopio, Oulu, Pori, Rovaniemi, Tampere, Turku and Vaasa.[127]
  • Finland has an embassy in Rome, two honorary consulate generals in Milan and Turin and other honorary consulates in Genoa, Bari, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, Livorno, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Rimini, Trieste and Venice.[128]
  • There are 4,000 Finns living in Italy.
  • There are around 3,000 Italians living in Finland.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
  • Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Italy
 France See France–Italy relations
  • Italy has embassy in Paris and consulates in Bordeaux, Lyon, Lourdes, Marseille, Metz, Nice, Toulon, Toulouse, Saint-Denis, Réunion, Fort-de-France (Martinique), Kourou (French Guiana), Pointe-à-Pitre (Guadeloupe), Nouméa (New Caledonia).
  • France has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Ancona, Aosta, Bari, Bologna, Brindisi, Cagliari, Catania, Cosenza, Florence, Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Parma, Perugia, Pescara, Reggio Calabria, Sassari, Trento, Trieste, Turin, Venice, and Ventimiglia.
  • There are 31,000 French people living in Italy.
  • There are 4,422,087 Italians living in France.
 Germany See Germany–Italy relations
  • Ties between these two nations can be traced back to the time when they were part of the Holy Roman Empire and German Confederation.
  • Relations were established after the Unification of Italy.
  • Both countries enjoy friendly relations and were members of the Axis during World War II, formed an alliance during the Cold War (West Germany), and are full members of the European Union.
  • Italy has an embassy in Berlin and consulates in Frankfurt, Freiburg, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich, Nuremberg, Saarbrücken, and Stuttgart.
  • Germany has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Milan and Naples.
  • There are 280,000 Germans living in Italy.
  • There are 1,565,127 Italians living in Germany.
 Greece 1861 See Greece–Italy relations

In modern times, both countries established diplomatic relations in 1861, immediately upon Italy's unification.

  • Relations are excellent, due to the shared heritage and common interests of both countries. More than two millennia of shared heritage and Greco-Italian relations strengthened the bonds between the two countries.
  • Italy has an embassy in Athens, and 15 honorary consulates in Alexandroupoli, Kefalonia, Chania, Chios, Corfu, Corinth, Ioannina, Heraklion, Kavala, Larissa, Patras, Rhodes, Thessaloniki, Santorini, and Volos.
  • Greece has an embassy in Rome, 2 general consulates in Milan and Naples, a consulate in Venice, and 11 honorary consulates in Trieste (General), Turin (General), Ancona, Catania, Livorno, Bari, Bologna, Brindisi, Florence, Palermo, Perugia, and a Port Consulate in Genoa.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and of the European Union and NATO.
  • There are around 180,000 Greek Orthodox or people of Greek descent living in Italy, of which the majority lives in southern Italy and Sicily.
  • An approximation of 200,000 Roman Catholic Italians or people of Italian descent are living in Greece with the majority of them in the Ionian Islands, western Greece and the capital Athens.
  Holy See See Holy See – Italy relations

Due to the size of the Vatican City State, embassies accredited to the Holy See are based on Italian territory. Treaties signed between Italy and the Vatican City State permit such embassages. The Embassy of Italy to the Holy See is unique amongst foreign embassages in that it is the only embassy based on its home territory.

The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 176 sovereign states, the European Union, and the Order of Malta; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome, though those countries than have two embassies in the same city, since, by agreement between the Holy See and Italy, the same person cannot be accredited simultaneously to both. This is shown clearly by the fact that Italy recognizes the People's Republic of China, and as such, the Chinese Embassy is in Rome. However, the Vatican City State recognizes the Taiwan, and as such, Taiwan's embassy to the Holy See is also in Rome. As Italy was the first country to recognize the Holy See as a sovereign nation, their embassy was the first one established.

 Hungary
  • Hungary has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan, and 11 honorary consulates (in Bari, Bologna, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Palermo, Perugia, Trieste, Turin, Venice and Verona).[129][130]
  • Italy has an embassy in Budapest and 3 honorary consulates (in Nyíregyháza, Pécs and Szeged).[131]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
  • There are 9,000 Hungarians living in Italy.
  • There are 7,000 Italians living in Hungary.
 Iceland
  • Iceland is represented in Italy through its embassy in Paris.[132]
  • Italy is represented in Iceland through its embassy in Oslo (Norway) and an honorary consulate in Reykjavík.[133]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of NATO and of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • There are 3,000 Icelanders living in Italy.
  • There are 208 Italians living in Iceland.
 Ireland
  • Ireland has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Milan.[134]
  • Italy has an embassy in Dublin.[135] and an honorary consulate in Galway.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Council of Europe.
  • There are 15,000 Irish people living in Italy.
  • There are 7,656 Italians living in Ireland.
 Kosovo See Italy–Kosovo relations

Italy recognized Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[136][137] Italy has an embassy in Pristina since 15 May 2008.[138] Kosovo will open an embassy in Rome.

  • There are 700,000 Kosovans living in Italy.
  • There are 5,000 Italians living in Kosovo.
 Latvia 1991-08-30
  • Italy never officially recognised the annexation of the Baltic states by the USSR.
  • Both countries renewed their diplomatic relations on August 30, 1991.
  • Since 1992, Italy has an embassy in Riga.[139]
  • Latvia has an embassy in Rome and 7 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Milan, Modena, Naples, Palermo and Trieste). Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.[140]
  • Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Italy
 Liechtenstein
  • Italy is represented in Liechtenstein through its embassy in Bern (Switzerland)
 Lithuania
 Luxembourg 1902
  • Italy has an embassy in Luxembourg City.[143]
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Rome and 9 honorary consulates (in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Perugia, Riccione, Turin, and Venice).[144]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO.
  • There are around 19,000 people of Italian descent living in Luxembourg.
 Malta See Italy–Malta relations
  • Both countries established official diplomatic relations soon after Malta's independence.
  • Italy has an embassy in Valletta.
  • Malta has an embassy in Rome and 18 honorary consulates (in Bari, Bologna, Brescia, Cagliari, Catania, Genoa, L'Aquila, Livorno, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Perugia, Reggio Calabria, Savona, Syracuse, Turin, Trieste, and Venice).
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Union for the Mediterranean.
 Moldova See Italy-Moldova relations
 Monaco See Italy-Monaco relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Rome and an honorary consulate in Venice.
 Montenegro 2006-06-14
  • Italy recognized Montenegro's independence on June 14, 2006.
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean, of NATO and of the Council of Europe.
  • Italian embassy in Podgorica
 Netherlands See Italy–Netherlands relations
  • The Netherlands has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan, and 14 honorary consulates (in Ancona, Bari, Bologna, Cagliari, Catania, Florence, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Palermo, Trieste, Turin, Venice and Verona).[145][146][147]
  • Italy has an embassy in The Hague, a general consulate in Amsterdam and an honorary consulate in Willemstad (island of Curaçao).[148][149]
  • Both countries are full members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of the European Union and of NATO.
  • Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Italy (in Dutch only)
 North Macedonia 1991
  • Italy has an embassy in Skopje
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of NATO.
 Norway
  • Italy has an embassy in Oslo and consulates in Ålesund, Bergen, Stavanger, Tromsø and Trondheim.
  • Norway has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and of NATO.
 Poland 1919 See Italy–Poland relations
  • In 1918, Italy was the first country in Europe to recognise Poland's sovereignty.
  • Italy has an embassy in Warsaw and 2 honorary consulates (in Gdynia and Kraków).[150]
  • Poland has an embassy in Rome and 2 general consulates (in Catania and Milan).[151]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, of NATO and of the European Union.
  • There are around 50,000 Poles living in Italy.
  • Both of the countries' largest religion is Roman Catholicism.
 Portugal 1860 See Italy–Portugal relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Lisbon and honorary consulates in Faro, Funchal and Porto.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Rome and honorary consulates in Milan, Turin, Venice, Trieste, Genoa, Florence, Livorno, Naples, Bari and Palermo.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Romania 1873-04-23 See Italy–Romania relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Bucharest, a general consulate in Timișoara, and 4 honorary consulates (in Cluj-Napoca, Constanţa, Craiova and Piatra Neamţ).[152]
  • Romania has an embassy in Rome, a general consulate in Milan and 3 honorary consulate (in Florence, Genoa and Treviso).[153][154]
  • Both countries are full members of the NATO and of the European Union.
  • There are around 750,000 to 1,000,000 people of Romanian descent living in Italy.
  • See also Italians of Romanian descent
 Russia See Italy–Russia relations

Russia has an embassy in Rome and consulates in Genoa, Milan and Palermo, and Italy has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate in Saint Petersburg, two consulte generals (in Ekaterinburg and Kaliningrad), and two embassy branches in (Samara and Volgograd). Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Russia enjoys close relations with Italy. In 2006, Russia and Italy have signed a protocol of cooperation for fighting crime and defending civil liberties. There are close commercial ties between the two countries. Italy is Russia's second important commercial partner in the EU, after Germany. and its state-owned energy company, ENI, has recently signed a very important long-term contract with Gazprom, to import Russian gas into Italy.

The relationship between Russia and Italy goes back a long way. Already in the 1960s, Italy's FIAT built a car-assembling plant in the Soviet city of Tolyatti (a city named after the Italian Communist Party's secretary Palmiro Togliatti). Russians have always visited Italy in great numbers. Many Russian students come to Italy each year to study arts and music.[citation needed] Unlike many other Western European countries, Italy has traditionally always maintained good relationships with Russia, even during the Soviet era.[citation needed] In particular, the Silvio Berlusconi Government (2001–2006) strengthened Italy's ties with Russia, due to his personal friendship with President Vladimir Putin. Cooperation extends also to the aviation sector, between Italy's Alenia and Russia's Sukhoi, who are jointly developing a new aircraft. Finally, for a long time Italy had the largest communist party in the Western world, with over 2 million members. .[155]

 San Marino See Italy–San Marino relations
  • Italy has an embassy in San Marino.
  • San Marino has an embassy in Rome.
 Serbia 1879 See Italy–Serbia relations
 Slovakia
  • Italy has an embassy in Bratislava.
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Slovenia See Italy–Slovenia relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Ljubljana and an consulate in Koper.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Rome and an general consulate in Trieste.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Spain See Italy–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations after the unification of Italy. Relations between Italy Spain have remained strong and affable for centuries owing to various political, cultural, and historical connections between the two nations.

 Sweden See Italy–Sweden relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Stockholm and consulates in Gothenburg, Karlstad, Luleå, Malmö, Sundsvall and Umeå.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Rome.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
  Switzerland See Italy–Switzerland relations
  • Italy has an embassy in Bern and consulates-general in Geneva, Lugano and Zürich and a consulate in Basel.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Rome and a consulate-general in Milan.
 Ukraine 1992
  • Italy has an embassy in Kyiv (see Embassy of Italy, Kyiv).[157]
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Rome (see Embassy of Ukraine, Rome), a general consulate in Milan and 4 honorary consulates (in Bari, Florence, Genoa, Naples, Padua and Reggio Calabria).[158]
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe. There are around 120,000 people of Ukrainian descent living in Italy.
 United Kingdom See Italy–United Kingdom relations

Although enemies during World War II, the United Kingdom and Italy have generally enjoyed a warm and friendly relationship throughout history. Both states embrace membership of the NATO, OSCE and the G7[159]

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.[160] There are about 19,000 British nationals living in Italy, and 700,000 Italians living in the UK, half of them registered at AIRE (anagraphic of Italian citizens living abroad).[161]

Oceania[]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Italy relations
 New Zealand
 Samoa 25 May 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 25, 1987.[168]

 Vanuatu

Italy has an honorary consulate in Port Vila.[169]

International institutions[]

Italy is part of the UN, EU, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE the DAC, the WTO, the G6, G7, G8, G10, G20, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Council of Europe, the Central European Initiative, the ASEM, the MEF, the ISA. Italy leads the Uniting for Consensus and participates in prominent decision-making groups such as the EU big four, the Quint and the Contact Group.

See also[]

References[]

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Further reading[]

  • Azzi, Stephen Corrado. "The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy," Historical Journal (1993) 36#1 pp. 187–203 in JSTOR
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy and the wider world 1860-1960 (2013) excerpt
  • Bosworth, Richard. Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War (1979)
  • Bosworth, Richard. Mussolini (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Burgwyn, H. James. The legend of the mutilated victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915-1919 (1993).
  • Burgwyn, H. James. Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918-1940 (1997) excerpt and text search
  • Cassels, Alan. Italian Foreign Policy, 1918-1945: A Guide to Research and Research Materials (1997)
  • Chabod, Federico. Italian Foreign Policy (1996) excerpt and text search
  • Cladi, Lorenzo, and Mark Webber. "Italian foreign policy in the post-cold war period: a neoclassical realist approach." European security 20.2 (2011): 205–219.
  • Coticchia, Fabrizio, and Jason W. Davidson. Italian Foreign Policy During Matteo Renzi's Government: A Domestically Focused Outsider and the World (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
  • Croci, Osvaldo. "The ‘Americanization’of Italian foreign policy?." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10.1 (2005): 10–26.
  • Diodato, Emidio, and Federico Niglia. Berlusconi ‘The Diplomat’: Populism and Foreign Policy in Italy (Springer, 2018).
  • Faherty, Douglas M. Italian Foreign Policy: Trends for the Twenty-First Century (2012) excerpt
  • Gooch, John. Mussolini and his Generals: The Armed Forces and Fascist Foreign Policy, 1922-1940 (2007) excerpt and text search
  • Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari. Italian Foreign Policy, 1870-1940 (2001)
  • Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.
  • Sette, Alessandro. "L'Albania nella strategia diplomatica italiana (1871-1915)", Nuova Rivista Storica, Vol. CII, n. 1 (2018), 321–378.
  • Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: A Political History (1997)
  • Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954), covers all European diplomacy
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