Demographics of Italy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Demographics of Italy
Italy Population Pyramid.svg
Population pyramid 2021
PopulationDecrease 59,126,079 (31 May 2021)[1]
Growth rateDecrease -0.57% (2020)
Birth rate6.8 births/1,000 population (2020)
Death rate12.5 deaths/1,000 population (2020)
Life expectancy82 years (2020)
 • male79.7 years
 • female84.4 years
Fertility rate1.24 children born/woman (2020)
Infant mortality rate3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015)[2]
Net migration rate1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Italian(s) adjective: Italian
Major ethnicItalians
Language
SpokenItalian, others
Animated population pyramid 1982-2021. Those born during the World wars are marked in dark.

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Italy, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

At the beginning of 2021, Italy had an estimated population of 59.3 million. Its population density, at 197 inhabitants per square kilometre (510/sq mi), is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven; the most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (that accounts for almost half of the national population) in northern Italy and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples in central and southern Italy, while other vast areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Basilicata, the Alps and Apennines highlands, and the island of Sardinia.

The population of the country almost doubled during the twentieth century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the Italian economic miracle of the 1950–1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, from the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. According to the Italian government, there were an estimated 5,234,000 foreign nationals resident in Italy on 1 January 2019.[3]

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.[4] However, as a result of the massive immigration of the last two decades, Italy has, in recent years, experienced a significant growth in birth rates.[5] The total fertility rate has also climbed from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 in 2008.[6]

Since the revised 1984 Lateran Treaty agreement, Italy has no official religion. However, it recognizes the role the Catholic Church plays in Italian society. In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.[7]

Historical overview[]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1861 21,777,334—    
1871 26,801,154+23.1%
1881 28,459,628+6.2%
1901 32,475,253+14.1%
1911 34,671,377+6.8%
1921 37,973,977+9.5%
1931 41,176,671+8.4%
1936 42,993,602+4.4%
1951 47,515,537+10.5%
1961 50,623,569+6.5%
1971 54,136,547+6.9%
1981 56,556,911+4.5%
1991 56,778,031+0.4%
2001 56,995,744+0.4%
2011 59,433,744+4.3%
2021 (est.) 59,257,566−0.3%
Source: ISTAT[8][9][10]


1861 to early 20th century[]

From its unification in 1861 to the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, Italy has been a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of Italian diaspora, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.[11] As a consequence, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (25 million),[12] Argentina (20 million),[13] US (17.8 million),[14] France (5 million),[15] Venezuela (2 million),[16][17] Uruguay (1.5 million),[18] Canada (1.4 million),[19] and Australia (800,000).[20] In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),[21] Somalia and Libya (150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total Libyan population).[22] All of Libya's Italians were expelled after Muammar Gaddafi's takeover in 1970.[23] Furthermore, after Tito's annexation of Istria in 1945, up to 350,000 ethnic Italians left communist Yugoslavia.[24]

After World War II[]

As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought by rapid postwar economic growth, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, by the 1970s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.[25] The nation's immigrant population reached 5 million by 2015, making up some 8% of the total population.[26] However, the long-lasting effects of the Eurozone crisis double-dip recession strongly slowed down immigration rates in Italy in the 2010s.[27]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic[]

As a direct effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Italy registered at least 100,000 excess deaths for 2020 only, a loss of about 1.4 years in the average life expectancy, a noticeable decrease in births rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates, the overall effect being a record natural population decline of 342,042 units in that year, the largest ever recorded since 1918 (at the time of World War I).[10]

Immigration[]

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, Italy received growing flows of migrants from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine and Poland).[28] The second most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighboring North Africa (especially Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria).[29] Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, China[30] and the Philippines) and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru) have been recorded.

In 2020, Istat estimated that 5,039,637 foreign-born immigrants lived in Italy, representing about 8.4% of the total population.[10] These figures do not include naturalized foreign-born residents (about 100,000 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship in 2020 ) as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[31] Romanians made up the largest community in the country, followed by Albanians (441,027) and Moroccans (422,980).[32][33] The fourth largest, but the fastest growing, community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese.[34] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.[35] Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.[36]

Estimated foreign-born population by country of birth, 2006 figures.
Total foreign resident population on 1 January[note 1]
Year Population
2002 1,341,209[37]
2003 1,464,663[37]
2004 1,854,748[37]
2005 2,210,478[37]
2006 2,419,483[37]
2007 2,592,950[37]
2008 3,023,317[37]
2009 3,402,435[37]
2010 3,648,128[37]
2011 3,879,224[37]
2012 4,052,081[38]
2013 4,387,721[39]
2014 4,922,085[40]
2015 5,014,437[41]
2016 5,026,153 [42]
2017 5,047,028 (8.34%)[43]
2018 5,144,440 (8.52%)[44]
2019 5,255,503 (8.7%)[45]
2020 5,013,215 (8.5%)[46]

Foreign-born residents by country of origin as of 2019:[47]

Country Population
 Romania 1,145,718
 Albania 440,854
 Morocco 432,458
 China 305,089
 Ukraine 240,428
 Philippines 169,137
 India 161,101
 Bangladesh 147,872
 Egypt 136,113
 Pakistan 127,101
 Moldova 124,545
 Nigeria 117,809
 Sri Lanka 114,910
 Senegal 111,380
 Tunisia 98,321
 Peru 97,738
 Poland 91,681
 Ecuador 77,408
 Bulgaria 59,806
 North Macedonia 58,057
 Brazil 54,556
 Ghana 51,619
 Kosovo 40,414
 Russia 39,484
 Germany 36,980
 Serbia 35,064
 France 31,400
 United Kingdom 31,183
 Ivory Coast 31,155
 Dominican Republic 30,743

Cities[]

70.4% of Italian population is classified as urban,[48] a relatively low figure among developed countries. During the last two decades, Italy underwent a devolution process, that eventually led to the creation of administrative metropolitan areas, in order to give major cities and their metropolitan areas a provincial status (somehow similar to PRC's direct-controlled municipality).

According to OECD,[49] the largest conurbations are:

  • Milan – 7.4 million
  • Rome – 3.7 million
  • Naples – 3.1 million
  • Turin – 2.2 million

Historical data[]

Life expectancy at birth from 1871 to 2020[]

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations. 1871–1950

Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 29.8 29.7 31.6 31.8 31.3 33.6 34.9 34.3 34.0 32.8
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 34.2 34.3 35.2 36.6 36.9 35.1 36.0 37.0 39.1 38.5
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 38.5 38.9 39.8 40.0 39.6 40.7 43.3 42.3 43.7 41.7
Years 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 43.5 43.0 43.1 44.4 43.9 45.1 45.4 43.1 44.6 46.7
Years 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 44.7 48.9 48.4 49.9 42.5 39.6 38.1 25.8 42.3 45.5
Years 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 49.2 50.0 51.4 51.5 51.3 50.9 52.5 52.6 52.3 55.2
Years 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 54.8 54.7 56.3 56.8 56.2 56.7 55.5 56.1 57.6 57.0
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950[50]
Life expectancy in Italy 54.7 52.5 49.4 52.4 54.9 59.0 61.2 63.4 64.1 65.8

1950–2020

Period Life expectancy in
Years
Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 66.5 1985–1990 76.4
1955–1960 68.4 1990–1995 77.5
1960–1965 69.7 1995–2000 78.8
1965–1970 70.9 2000–2005 80.3
1970–1975 72.2 2005–2010 81.5
1975–1980 73.6 2010–2015 82.4
1980–1985 74.9 2015–2020 83.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects[51]

Total Fertility Rate from 1850 to 1899[]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.[52]

Years 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860[52]
Total Fertility Rate in Italy 5.47 5.42 5.38 5.33 5.29 5.24 5.19 5.15 5.1 5.06 5.01
Years 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870[52]
Total Fertility Rate in Italy 4.96 4.93 4.9 4.9 4.91 4.91 4.92 4.92 4.91 4.9
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[52]
Total Fertility Rate in Italy 4.9 4.89 4.88 4.89 4.9 4.9 4.91 4.92 4.95 4.98
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[52]
Total Fertility Rate in Italy 5 5.03 5.06 5.05 5.04 5.04 5.03 5.02 4.98 4.95
The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871-1960) with his large nuclear family in 1925
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899[52]
Total Fertility Rate in Italy 4.91 4.88 4.84 4.79 4.74 4.69 4.64 4.59 4.56

Vital statistics since 1900[]

[53][54][55]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Total Fertility Rates[fn 1][52][56]
1900 32,377,000 1,067,376 768,917 298,459 33.0 23.7 9.2 4.53
1901 32,550,000 1,057,763 715,036 342,727 32.5 22.0 10.5 4.49
1902 32,787,000 1,093,074 727,181 365,893 33.3 22.2 11.2 4.46
1903 33,004,000 1,042,090 736,311 305,779 31.6 22.3 9.3 4.43
1904 33,237,000 1,085,431 698,604 386,827 32.7 21.0 11.6 4.44
1905 33,489,000 1,084,518 730,340 354,178 32.4 21.8 10.6 4.45
1906 33,718,000 1,070,978 696,875 374,103 31.8 20.7 11.1 4.45
1907 33,952,000 1,062,333 700,333 362,000 31.3 20.6 10.7 4.46
1908 34,198,000 1,138,813 770,054 368,759 33.3 22.5 10.8 4.47
1909 34,455,000 1,115,831 738,460 377,371 32.4 21.4 11.0 4.43
1910 34,751,000 1,144,410 682,459 461,951 32.9 19.6 13.3 4.39
1911 35,033,000 1,093,545 742,811 350,734 31.2 21.2 10.0 4.36
1912 35,246,000 1,133,985 635,788 498,197 32.2 18.0 14.1 4.32
1913 35,351,000 1,122,482 663,966 458,516 31.8 18.8 13.0 4.28
1914 35,701,000 1,114,091 643,355 470,736 31.2 18.0 13.2 4.04
1915 36,271,000 1,109,183 809,703 299,480 30.6 22.3 8.3 3.80
1916 36,481,000 881,626 854,703 26,923 24.2 23.4 0.7 3.56
1917 36,343,000 691,207 948,710 -257,503 19.6 26.1 -6.5 3.32
1918 35,922,000 640,263 1,268,290 -628,027 18.2 35.3 -17.1 3.08
1919 35,717,000 770,620 676,329 94,291 21.6 18.9 2.6 3.24
1920 35,960,000 1,158,041 681,749 476,292 32.2 19.0 13.2 3.41
1921 37,869,000 1,118,344 670,234 448,110 30.7 17.7 13.0 3.57
1922 38,196,000 1,127,444 690,054 437,390 30.8 18.1 12.7 3.74
1923 38,571,000 1,107,505 654,827 452,678 29.9 17.0 13.0 3.90
1924 38,927,000 1,124,470 663,077 461,393 28.9 17.0 11.9 3.81
1925 39,265,000 1,109,761 669,695 440,066 28.2 17.1 11.2 3.72
1926 39,590,000 1,094,587 680,274 414,313 27.7 17.2 10.5 3.64
1927 39,926,000 1,093,772 639,843 453,929 27.4 16.0 11.4 3.55
1928 40,281,000 1,072,316 645,654 426,662 26.6 16.0 10.6 3.46
1929 40,607,000 1,037,700 667,223 370,477 25.6 16.4 9.1 3.42
1930 40,956,000 1,092,678 576,751 515,927 26.7 14.1 12.6 3.38
1931 41,339,000 1,026,197 609,405 416,792 24.8 14.7 10.1 3.21
1932 41,584,000 990,995 610,646 380,349 23.8 14.7 9.1 3.06
1933 41,928,000 995,979 574,113 421,866 23.8 13.7 10.1 3.04
1934 42,277,000 992,966 563,339 429,627 23.5 13.3 10.2 3.00
1935 42,631,000 996,708 594,722 401,986 23.4 14.0 9.4 2.98
1936 42,965,000 962,686 593,380 369,306 22.4 13.8 8.6 2.87
1937 43,269,000 991,867 618,290 373,577 22.9 14.3 8.6 2.93
1938 43,596,000 1,037,180 614,988 422,192 23.8 14.1 9.7 3.05
1939 44,018,000 1,040,213 591,483 448,730 23.6 13.4 10.2 3.07
1940 44,467,000 1,046,479 606,907 439,572 23.5 13.6 9.9 3.07
1941 44,830,000 937,546 621,735 315,811 20.9 13.9 7.0 2.74
1942 45,098,000 926,063 643,607 282,456 20.5 14.3 6.3 2.69
1943 44,641,000 882,105 679,708 202,397 19.8 15.2 4.6 2.61
1944 44,794,000 814,746 685,171 129,575 18.3 15.3 3.0 2.39
1945 44,946,000 815,678 615,092 200,586 18.2 13.7 4.5 2.37
1946 45,253,000 1,036,098 547,952 488,146 23.0 12.1 10.9 3.01
1947 45,641,000 1,011,490 524,019 487,471 22.2 11.5 10.8 2.89
1948 46,381,000 1,005,851 490,450 515,401 21.8 10.6 11.2 2.83
1949 46,733,000 937,146 485,277 451,869 20.1 10.4 9.7 2.62
1950 47,104,000 908,622 455,169 453,453 19.4 9.7 9.7 2,50
1951 47,417,000 860,998 485,208 375,790 18.2 10.2 8.0 2,35
1952 47,666,000 844,447 477,894 366,553 17.8 10.0 7.8 2.34
1953 47,957,000 839,478 476,015 363,463 17.6 9.9 7.6 2.31
1954 48,299,000 870,689 441,897 428,792 18.0 9.1 8.9 2.35
1955 48,633,000 869,333 446,689 422,644 17.9 9.2 8.7 2.33
1956 48,920,000 873,608 497,550 376,058 17.9 10.2 7.7 2.34
1957 49,181,000 878,906 484,190 394,716 17.9 9.8 8.0 2.33
1958 49,475,000 870,468 457,690 412,778 17.6 9.3 8.3 2.31
1959 49,831,000 901,017 454,740 446,277 18.1 9.1 9.0 2.38
1960 50,198,000 910,192 480,932 429,260 18.1 9.6 8.6 2.41
1961 50,523,000 929,657 468,455 461,202 18.4 9.3 9.1 2.41
1962 50,843,000 937,257 509,174 428,083 18.4 10.0 8.4 2.46
1963 51,198,000 960,336 516,377 443,959 18.8 10.1 8.7 2.56
1964 51,600,000 1,016,120 490,050 526,070 19.7 9.5 10.2 2.70
1965 51,987,000 990,458 518,008 472,450 19.1 10.0 9.1 2.66
1966 52,332,000 979,940 496,281 483,659 18.7 9.5 9.2 2.63
1967 52,667,000 948,772 510,122 438,650 18.0 9.7 8.3 2.54
1968 52,987,000 930,172 532,571 397,601 17.6 10.1 7.5 2.49
1969 53,317,000 932,466 539,129 393,337 17.5 10.1 7.4 2.51
1970 53,661,000 901,472 521,096 380,376 16.8 9.7 7.1 2.43
1971 54,074,000 906,182 522,654 383,528 16.8 9.7 7.1 2.41
1972 54,381,000 888,203 523,828 364,375 16.3 9.6 6.7 2.36
1973 54,751,000 874,546 547,487 327,059 16.0 10.0 6.0 2.34
1974 55,111,000 868,882 532,052 336,830 15.8 9.7 6.1 2.33
1975 55,441,000 827,852 554,346 273,506 14.9 10.0 4.9 2.21
1976 55,718,000 781,638 550,565 231,073 14.0 9.9 4.1 2.11
1977 55,955,000 741,103 546,694 194,409 13.2 9.8 3.5 1.97
1978 56,155,000 709,043 540,671 168,372 12.6 9.6 3.0 1.87
1979 56,318,000 670,221 538,352 131,869 11.9 9.6 2.3 1.76
1980 56,434,000 640,401 554,510 85,891 11.3 9.8 1.5 1.68
1981 56,502,000 623,103 545,291 77,812 11.0 9.7 1.4 1.60
1982 56,544,000 619,097 522,332 96,765 10.9 9.2 1.7 1.60
1983 56,564,000 601,928 553,568 48,360 10.6 9.8 0.8 1.54
1984 56,577,000 587,871 534,676 53,195 10.4 9.5 0.9 1.48
1985 56,593,000 577,345 547,436 29,909 10.2 9.7 0.5 1.45
1986 56,596,000 555,445 537,453 17,992 9.8 9.5 0.3 1.37
1987 56,602,000 551,539 524,999 26,540 9.8 9.3 0.5 1.35
1988 56,629,000 569,698 539,426 30,272 10.1 9.5 0.5 1.38
1989 56,672,000 560,688 525,960 34,728 9.8 9.3 0.5 1.35
1990 56,719,000 569,255 543,708 25,547 10.0 9.5 0.5 1.36
1991 56,751,000 562,787 553,833 8,954 9.9 9.8 0.2 1.33
1992 56,797,000 567,841 545,038 22,803 10.1 9.6 0.5 1.31
1993 56,832,000 549,484 555,043 -5,559 9.7 9.8 -0.0 1.26
1994 56,843,000 533,050 557,513 -24,463 9.4 9.8 -0.4 1.22
1995 56,844,000 525,609 555,203 -29,594 9.3 9.8 -0.5 1.19
1996 56,860,000 528,103 557,756 -29,653 9.4 9.8 -0.4 1.22
1997 56,890,000 534,462 564,679 -30,217 9.5 9.9 -0.4 1.23
1998 56,907,000 531,548 576,911 -45,363 9.4 10.1 -0.8 1.21
1999 56,917,000 514,437 571,356 -56,919 9.4 10.0 -0.6 1.23
2000 56,942,000 532,528 560,241 -27,713 9.5 9.8 -0.3 1.26
2001 56,960,000 529,156 548,227 -19,071 9.4 9.6 -0.2 1.25
2002 56,993,270 530,443 557,393 -26,950 9.4 9.8 -0.3 1.27
2003 57,186,378 531,274 586,468 -55,194 9.5 10.2 -0.7 1.29
2004 57,611,990 553,770 546,658 7,112 9.8 9.5 0.3 1.34
2005 58,044,368 544,030 567,304 -23,274 9.6 9.8 -0.2 1.34
2006 58,288,996 552,019 557,892 - 5,873 9.6 9.6 - 0.0 1.37
2007 58,510,725 555,589 570,801 -15,212 9.7 9.8 -0.1 1.40
2008 59,001,769 570,179 585,126 -14,947 9.8 9.9 -0.1 1.45
2009 59,420,592 560,259 591 663 -31,404 9.6 10.0 -0.4 1.45
2010 59,690,316 549,794 587,488 -37,694 9.5 9.9 -0.4 1.46
2011 59,948,497 530,770 593,402 -62,632 9.2 10.0 -0.8 1.44
2012 60,105,185 521,855 612,883 -91,028 9.0 10.3 -1.3 1.42
2013 60,277,309 498,172 600,744 -102,572 8.5 10.0 -1.5 1.39
2014 60,345,917 494,550 598,364 -103,814 8.3 9.8 -1.6 1.37
2015 60,295,497 480,292 647,571 -167,279 8.0 10.7 -2.7 1.35
2016 60,163,712 468,345 615,261 -146,916 7.8 10.1 -2.3 1.34
2017 60,066,734 453,628 649,061 -195,433 7.6 10.7 -3.2 1.32
2018 59,937,769 440,780 633,133 -192,353 7.3 10.5 -3.2 1.29
2019 59,816,673 417,614 634,432 -216,818 7.0 10.5 -3.5 1.27
2020 59,641,488 404,104 746,146 -342,042 6.8 12.5 -5.7 1.24
2021 59,257,566

Current natural increase[]

[57]

  • Number of births in January-May 2020 = Decrease 161,886
  • Number of births in January-May 2021 = Decrease 154,750
  • Number of deaths in January-May 2020 = Negative increase 329,839
  • Number of deaths in January-May 2021 = Positive decrease 312,239
  • Natural growth in January-May 2020 = Decrease -167,953
  • Natural growth in January-May 2021 = Increase -157,489

In the year 2019 92,360 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 22% of all newborns in that year (21,853 or 5.2% were born to foreign mothers, 7,589 or 1.8% to foreign fathers and 62,918 or 15% to two foreign parents. [58]

Demographic statistics[]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[59]

  • One birth every 1 minute
  • One death every 50 seconds
  • Net loss of one person every 7 minutes
  • One net migrant every 7 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Statistica[60] and Cia World Factbook.[56]

Population
62,246,674 (July 2018 est.)
62,137,802 (July 2017 est.)
60,674,003 (Jan 2016 est.)
Age structure
Population pyramid of Italy in 2021
0-14 years: 0-14 years: 13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)
15-24 years: 9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)
25-54 years: 40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)
55-64 years: 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)
65 years and over: 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)
0-14 years: 13.65% (male 4,334,457/female 4,146,726)
15-24 years: 9.66% (male 3,008,228/female 2,996,854)
25-54 years: 42.16% (male 12,933,634/female 13,265,541)
55-64 years: 12.99% (male 3,914,061/female 4,159,859)
65 years and over: 21.53% (male 5,758,197/female 7,620,245) (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 13.5% (men 4,056,156/women 3,814,070)
15-64 years: 66.3% (men 19,530,696/women 18,981,084)
65 years and over: 20.2% (men 4,903,762/women 6,840,444) (2010 est.)
Median age
total: 46.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 5th
male: 45.4 years
female: 47.5 years (2020 est.)
total: 45.5 years (2017 est.)
men: 44.4 years
women: 46.5 years
total: 44.2 years (2015 est.)
Birth rate
8.37 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 217th
8.94 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)[61]
Death rate
10.7 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 25th
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.39 children born/woman (Italian citizens)
1.91 children born/woman (Foreign citizens)
1.39 children born/woman (total citizens) (2014)[62]
1.47 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 217th
Net migration rate
3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th
3.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
4.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)
Population growth rate
0.09% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 189th
0.19% (2017 est.)
0.03% (2016 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 82.67 years. Country comparison to the world: 18th
male: 80.01 years
female: 85.49 years (2021 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
31.1 years (2017 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total: 3.14 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 219th
men: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births
women: 2.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 71% of total population (2020)
rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Sex ratio
under 15 years: 1.05 men(s)/women
15-64 years: 0.97 men(s)/women
65 years and over: 0.76 men(s)/women
total population: 0.93 men(s)/women (2020 est.)
Health expenditures
8.8% of total GDP (2017)
Physicians density
3.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density
3.2 beds/1,000 population (2017)
HIV/AIDS
Adult prevalence rate: 0.3% (2019 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 130,000 (2019 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 1,000 (2019 est.)
Obesity – adult prevalence rate
19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108
Religions

Christian 83,3% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated 12.4%, other 0.6% (2010 est.)

Education expenditure
4.0% of total GDP (2017). Country comparison to the world: 98
Languages and regional varieties in Italy
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.2%
male: 99.4%
female: 99% (2018 est.)
total population: 98.6% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2018)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

total: 32.2%. Country comparison to the world: 26th
male: 30.4%
female: 34.8% (2018 est.)
Nationality
noun: Italian(s)
adjective: Italian
Historical language minorities of Italy

Languages[]

Italy's official language is Italian; Ethnologue has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7 million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the Italian diaspora worldwide.[63] Italian, adopted by the central state after the unification of Italy, is a language based on the Florentine variety of Tuscan and is somewhat intermediate between the Italo-Dalmatian languages and the Gallo-Romance languages. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,[64] even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.[65]

Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,[66] as there are not only varieties of Italian specific to each cultural region, but also distinct regional and minority languages. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster (RAI) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.

As a way to distance itself from the Italianization policies promoted because of nationalism, Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "historical linguistic minorities",[67] which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the Aosta Valley as the province's prestige variety, under which the more commonly spoken Franco-Provencal dialects have been historically roofed.[68] German has the same status in the province of South Tyrol as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino, does Ladin.[69] Slovene[70] and Friulian are officially recognised in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine in Venezia Giulia. In Sardinia, the Sardinian language has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;[71] in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,[72] the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the House of Savoy in the 18th century.

In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d’Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of Aosta itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.

UNESCO and other authories recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: Piedmontese, Venetian, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian-Romagnolo, Neapolitan and Sicilian.

Religion[]

Religion in Italy in 2018[7]

  Catholicism (78%)
  No religion (15%)
  Other religions (5.0%)
  Other Christian (2%)

Roman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Roman Catholic,[73] although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of Italian citizens self-identified as Roman Catholic.[74] This increased again to 78% in 2018.[citation needed]

Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a Eurobarometer Poll in 2005:[75] 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.

Christianity[]

The Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence, which has the biggest brick dome in the world,[76][77] and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.

The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of Italian Bishops. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, San Marino and Vatican City. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with Latin, Italian is the most spoken and second language of the Roman Curia.[78]

Italy has a rich Catholic culture, especially as numerous Catholic saints, martyrs and popes were Italian themselves. Roman Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Caravaggio, Fra Angelico, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Sandro Botticelli, Tintoretto, Titian and Giotto. Roman Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as St Peter's Basilica, Florence Cathedral and St Mark's Basilica. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of cardinals in the world,[79] and is the country with the greatest number of Roman Catholic churches per capita.[80]

Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are some minorities of Protestant, Waldensian, Eastern Orthodox and other Christian churches.

In the 20th century, Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostalism, non-denominational Evangelicalism, and Mormonism were the fastest-growing Protestant churches. Immigration from Western, Central, and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of Baptist, Anglican, Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.

In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 Greek Orthodox,[81] 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the Assemblies of God, about 250,000 are Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%),[82] 30,000 Waldensians,[83] 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).[84]

Other religions[]

The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in Ancient Rome before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister Luigi Luzzatti, who took office in 1910, Ernesto Nathan served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and Shabbethai Donnolo (died 982). During the Holocaust, Italy took in many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet Italian Social Republic, about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.

Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0 million Muslims in Italy[85] forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8 million[86] to 1.5 million.[87] Only 50,000 Italian Muslims hold Italian citizenship.

There are more than 200,000 followers of faith originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 Sikhs with 22 gurdwaras across the country,[88] 70,000 Hindus, and 50,000 Buddhists.[89] There are an estimated some 4,900 Bahá'ís in Italy in 2005.[90]

Genetics and ethnic groups[]

Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.[91]

Within the Italian population, there is enough cultural, linguistic, genetic and historical diversity for them to constitute several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.[92] In this regard, peoples like the Friulians, the Ladins, the Sardinians and the South Tyroleans, who also happen to constitute recognized linguistic minorities, or even the Sicilians who are not, are cases in point, attesting to such internal diversity.

See also[]

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
  1. ^ The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.

References[]

  1. ^ "ISTAT - Demography, Statistics, Demographic Balance, Resident Population". demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  2. ^ "La mortalità in Italia sotto i 5 anni: aggiornamento dei dati per causa, territorio e cittadinanza". Istat.it. Istat. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  3. ^ [1].
  4. ^ EUROSTAT. "Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies - Issue number 72/2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  5. ^ ISTAT. "Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005-2008" (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  6. ^ ISTAT. "Average number of children born per woman 2005-2008" (PDF) (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b "Being Christian in Western Europe" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  8. ^ "L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861-2010" (PDF). Istat. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  9. ^ "15° Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni" (PDF). Istat. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Indicatori demografici, anno 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Causes of the Italian mass emigration". ThinkQuest Library. 15 August 1999. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  12. ^ Consulta Nazionale Emigrazione. Progetto ITENETs – “Gli italiani in Brasile”; pp. 11, 19 Archived 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  13. ^ Lee, Adam (3 April 2006). "Unos 20 millones de personas que viven en la Argentina tienen algún grado de descendencia italiana" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  14. ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "U.S Census Bureau – Selected Population Profile in the United States". American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  15. ^ "The Cambridge survey of world migration". Robin Cohen (1995). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-521-44405-5
  16. ^ ""Hay condiciones para celebrar comicios transparentes el 7-O": Embajador de Italia en Caracas asegura que el sistema electoral venezolano es confiable". Correo del Orinoco (in Spanish). 17 July 2012. ...el diplomático calcula que 5% o 6% de la población venezolana actual tiene origen italiano.
  17. ^ Santander Laya-Garrido, Alfonso. Los Italianos forjadores de la nacionalidad y del desarrollo economico en Venezuela. Editorial Vadell. Valencia, 1978
  18. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Uruguay, provinces and territories – 20% sample data".
  19. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data".
  20. ^ "20680-Ancestry by Country of Birth of Parents – Time Series Statistics (2001, 2006 Census Years) – Australia". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  21. ^ "Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)" (PDF). Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  22. ^ Libya – Italian colonization. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
  23. ^ Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.. BBC News. 27 October 2005.
  24. ^ Election Opens Old Wounds In Trieste. The New York Times. 6 June 1987.
  25. ^ Bonifazi, Corrado; Heins, Frank; Strozza, Salvatore; Vitiello, Mattia. "Italy: The Italian transition from an emigration to immigration country". ResearchGate.net. Idea Working Papers. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  26. ^ "La popolazione straniera residente in Italia nel 2014" (in Italian). National Institute of Statistics (Italy). 12 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  27. ^ Caponio, Tiziana; Cappiali, Teresa. "Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered" (PDF). European University Institute. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  28. ^ "Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  29. ^ "Migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe" (PDF). Amsterdam University Press. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  30. ^ "Chinese immigration into the Eu: new trends, dynamics and implications" (PDF). The Europe China Research and Advice Network (ECRAN). Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  31. ^ Elisabeth Rosenthal, "Italy cracks down on illegal immigration". The Boston Globe. 16 May 2008.
  32. ^ "Cittadini stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico". istat.it (in Italian). istat. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  33. ^ Lanni, Alessandro (27 December 2015). "From Morocco to Romania: how immigration to Italy has changed over 10 years". Open Migration. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  34. ^ "Società Stranieri in Italia, 5,2 milioni i residenti regolari. Romania e Cina le provenienze con i maggiori incrementi negli ultimi 8 anni". Il Fatto Quotidiano. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  35. ^ Chang, Angela (24 February 2012). "20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration". ResearchGate. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  36. ^ "I numeri degli stranieri residenti in Italia". Youtrend.it. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Ricostruzione della popolazione residente per età, sesso e cittadinanza nei comuni". ISTAT. 26 September 2013. p. 9.
  38. ^ Statistics for 2011 at istat.it Accessed 30 October 2017
  39. ^ Statistics for 2013 at istat.it Accessed 30 October 2017
  40. ^ Statistics for 2013 at istat.it Accessed 30 October 2017
  41. ^ "Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico al 31 dicembre 2014". ISTAT. 15 June 2015.
  42. ^ Statistics for 2015 at istat.it Accessed 30 October 2017
  43. ^ Statistics for 2017 at istat.it Accessed 4 April 2018
  44. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  45. ^ "5.255.503 cittadini stranieri in Italia". aise.it (in Italian). 24 October 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  46. ^ http://demo.istat.it/str2020/index_e.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  47. ^ http://demo.istat.it/str2019/index.html
  48. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
  49. ^ OECD. "Competitive Cities in the Global Economy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Life expectancy". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  51. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  52. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 7 August 2018, retrieved 7 August 2018
  53. ^ B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750-1975.
  54. ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
  55. ^ Roberto, Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro. "Demo-Geodemo. - Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT". demo.istat.it.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b "The World FactBook - Italy", The World Factbook, 3 February 2021
  57. ^ "Demographic Balance".
  58. ^ http://demo.istat.it/altridati/IscrittiNascita/index_e.php
  59. ^ "Italy Population 2019", World Population Review
  60. ^ "Statistic Yearbook 2011" (PDF). Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  61. ^ Index Mundi. "Italy Birth Rate". indexmundi.com.
  62. ^ "Demographic indicators". www.istat.it. 30 November 2014.
  63. ^ Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy) - Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version
  64. ^ "Italian".
  65. ^ "L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia". Istat. 9 March 2018.
  66. ^ «Italy holds especial treasures for linguists. There is probably no other area of Europe in which such a profusion of linguistic variation is concentrated into so small a geographical area». Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 1
  67. ^ Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche, Italian parliament, retrieved 17 October 2015
  68. ^ L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta
  69. ^ L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 5, Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige
  70. ^ L.cost. 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1, Statuto speciale della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia
  71. ^ Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 2
  72. ^ "Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna".
  73. ^ "Italy: 88% of Italy's population declare themselves Catholic" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 18 January 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  74. ^ "Rapporto Italia 2016. La sindrome del Palio" (in Italian). Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  75. ^ ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF Archived 24 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ "The Duomo of Florence | Tripleman". tripleman.com. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  77. ^ "brunelleschi's dome - Brunelleschi's Dome". Brunelleschisdome.com. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  78. ^ "Country profile: Vatican". BBC News. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  79. ^ Miranda, Salvador. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Living cardinals arranged by country". www.fiu.edu.
  80. ^ "Italy - Italian Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette". Kwintessential.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  81. ^ The Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  82. ^ 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 182.
  83. ^ (in Italian) Waldensian Evangelical Church Archived 11 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  84. ^ World Council of Churches Archived 25 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ^ "Italy: Country's muslims raise funds to help quake victims - Adnkronos Religion". www.adnkronos.com.
  86. ^ "Muslims in Europe: Country guide". BBC News. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  87. ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth (25 July 2005). "Pressure is growingon Muslims in Italy". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
  88. ^ "NRI Sikhs in Italy". www.nriinternet.com.
  89. ^ Unione Buddhista Italiana - UBI: L'Ente Archived 4 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  91. ^ Parolo, Silvia; Lisa, Antonella; Gentilini, Davide; Di Blasio, Anna Maria; Barlera, Simona; Nicolis, Enrico B.; Boncoraglio, Giorgio B.; Parati, Eugenio A.; Bione, Silvia (2015). "Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population". BMC Genetics. 16: 132. doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x. PMC 4640365. PMID 26553317. S2CID 17969623.
  92. ^ «It should be noted, then, that the Italians, though often described as a homogeneous people, are divided into several culturally, socially, and politically diverse groups throughout the peninsula.» Jeffrey Cole (edited by), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara (California), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.204

External links[]

Retrieved from ""