Demography of England

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Map of population density in England as at the 2011 census
The non-metropolitan counties and unitary authorities of England, colour-coded to show population. (Due to the small size of the City of London density is displayed as part of the overall Greater London area)

The demography of England has since 1801 been measured by the decennial national census, and is marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably.

Population[]

See also: Population of the countries of the United Kingdom

The population of England in 2019 was estimated to be 56,286,961.[1] The population at the time of the 2011 census was 53,012,456

  • Male: 26,069,148
  • Female: 26,943,308
  • Total: 53,012,456[2]
  • Total Fertility Rate: 1.97[3]

Historical population[]

See also: Black Death, Domesday Book, Protestation Returns of 1642, and Compton Census
Population 5000–100BC
YearPop.±%
50000BCbelow 6000—    
30000BC100,000—    
18000BC300,000+200.0%
01000BC1,500,000+400.0%
Source: [4]
Population 1100–1700
YearPop.±%
10861,710,000—    
11903,100,000+81.3%
12203,970,000+28.1%
12504,230,000+6.5%
12794,430,000+4.7%
12904,750,000+7.2%
13154,690,000−1.3%
13254,120,000−12.2%
13484,810,000+16.7%
13512,600,000−45.9%
13772,500,000−3.8%
14002,080,000−16.8%
14302,020,000−2.9%
14501,900,000−5.9%
14902,140,000+12.6%
15222,350,000+9.8%
15412,830,000+20.4%
15603,200,000+13.1%
16004,110,000+28.4%
16505,310,000+29.2%
17005,200,000−2.1%
Source: [5] [6]
Population 1801–2019
YearPop.±%
18018,287,907—    
18119,405,342+13.5%
182111,178,050+18.8%
183112,976,329+16.1%
184114,847,888+14.4%
185116,738,495+12.7%
186118,753,390+12.0%
187121,361,235+13.9%
188124,397,385+14.2%
189127,231,229+11.6%
190130,072,180+10.4%
191133,561,235+11.6%
192135,230,225+5.0%
193137,359,045+6.0%
193938,084,321+1.9%
195141,164,356+8.1%
196143,460,525+5.6%
200149,138,831+13.1%
201153,012,456+7.9%
201956,286,961+6.2%
Source: Year(s) 1801–2011[6][7][8][9]

Vital statistics[]

[10] This is UK wide information.

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1940 567,710 545,952 21,758 14.1 13.6 0.5
1941 539,205 499,343 39,862 13.9 12.9 1.0
1942 608,373 448,777 159,596 15.6 11.5 4.1
1943 641,064 469,916 171,148 16.2 11.9 4.3
1944 704,748 461,189 243,559 17.7 11.6 6.1
1945 638,422 456,216 182,206 15.9 11.4 4.5
1946 773,153 460,543 312,610 19.2 11.4 7.8
1947 829,863 484,324 345,539 20.5 12.0 8.5
1948 728,131 439,803 288,328 17.9 10.8 7.1
1949 686,181 478,627 207,554 16.8 11.7 5.1
1950 654,321 477,006 177,315 15.5 11.3 4.2
1951 636,259 513,375 122,884 15.5 12.5 3.0
1952 632,347 466,479 165,858 15.3 11.3 4.0
1953 642,844 472,137 170,707 15.5 11.3 4.2
1954 633,395 469,074 164,321 15.2 11.3 3.9
1955 628,935 484,926 144,009 15.0 11.7 3.3
1956 659,420 488,893 170,527 15.7 11.7 4.0
1957 681,736 482,174 199,562 16.1 11.5 4.6
1958 698,255 494,201 204,054 16.4 11.7 4.7
1959 706,239 495,517 210,722 16.5 11.6 4.9
1960 740,858 493,553 247,305 17.1 11.5 5.6
1961 766,358 518,047 248,311 17.6 11.9 5.7
1962 793,354 523,855 269,499 18.0 12.0 6.0
1963 807,017 538,105 268,912 18.2 12.2 6.0
1964 828,470 501,991 326,479 18.5 11.3 7.2
1965 816,433 516,317 300,116 18.1 11.5 6.6
1966 804,957 528,981 275,976 17.7 11.8 5.9
1967 788,458 509,356 279,102 17.2 11.2 6.0
1968 775,065 541,862 233,203 16.9 11.9 5.0
1969 754,456 543,425 211,031 16.4 11.9 4.5
1970 741,999 540,196 201,803 16.0 11.6 4.4
1971 46,411,000 740,099 532,445 207,654 15.9 11.5 4.4
1972 46,572,000 685,485 554,251 131,234 14.7 11.9 2.8
1973 46,686,000 638,356 549,876 88,480 13.7 11.8 1.9
1974 46,682,000 603,153 547,980 55,173 12.9 11.7 1.2
1975 46,674,000 568,900 545,444 23,456 12.2 11.7 0.5
1976 46,659,000 550,383 560,317 -9,934 11.8 12.0 -0.2
1977 46,639,000 536,953 538,652 -1,699 11.5 11.5 -0.0
1978 46,638,000 562,589 547,685 14,904 12.1 11.7 0.4
1979 46,698,000 601,316 554,840 46,476 12.9 11.9 1.0
1980 46,787,000 618,371 544,349 74,022 13.2 11.6 1.6
1981 46,820,000 598,163 541,018 57,145 12.8 11.6 1.2
1982 46,777,000 589,711 544,984 44,727 12.6 11.7 0.9 1.76
1983 46,813,000 593,255 542,509 50,746 12.7 11.6 1.1 1.75
1984 46,912,000 600,573 531,314 69,259 12.8 11.3 1.5 1.75
1985 47,057,000 619,301 553,153 66,148 13.2 11.8 1.4 1.78
1986 47,187,000 623,609 544,545 79,064 13.2 11.5 1.7 1.76
1987 47,300,000 643,330 531,150 112,180 13.6 11.2 2.4 1.80
1988 47,412,000 654,353 535,553 118,800 13.8 11.3 2.5 1.82
1989 47,552,000 649,357 539,804 109,553 13.7 11.4 2.3 1.79
1990 47,699,000 666,920 528,920 138,000 14.0 11.1 3.9 1.83
1991 47,875,000 660,806 533,980 126,826 13.8 11.2 2.6 1.81
1992 47,998,000 651,784 522,660 129,124 13.6 10.9 2.7 1.79
1993 48,102,000 636,473 540,904 95,569 13.2 11.2 2.0 1.76
1994 48,228,000 628,956 516,297 112,659 13.0 10.7 2.3 1.75
1995 48,383,000 613,257 529,038 84,219 12.7 10.9 1.8 1.71
1996 48,519,000 614,184 526,650 87,534 12.7 10.9 1.8 1.73
1997 48,664,000 608,202 521,598 86,604 12.5 10.7 1.8 1.73
1998 48,820,000 602,111 518,089 84,022 12.3 10.6 1.7 1.72
1999 49,032,000 589,468 517,119 72,349 12.0 10.5 1.5 1.69
2000 49,233,000 572,826 503,026 69,800 11.6 10.2 1.4 1.65
2001 49,449,000 563,744 497,878 65,866 11.4 10.1 1.3 1.63
2002 49,679,000 565,709 500,792 64,917 11.4 10.1 1.3 1.64
2003 49,925,000 589,851 504,127 85,724 11.8 10.1 1.7 1.72
2004 50,194,000 607,184 480,717 126,467 12.1 9.6 2.5 1.77
2005 50,606,000 613,028 479,678 133,350 12.1 9.5 2.6 1.77
2006 50,965,000 635,748 470,326 165,422 12.5 9.2 3.3 1.83
2007 51,381,000 655,357 470,721 184,636 12.8 9.2 3.6 1.88
2008 51,815,000 672,809 475,763 197,046 13.0 9.2 3.8 1.92
2009 52,196,000 671,058 459,241 211,817 12.9 8.8 4.1 1.91
2010 52,642,000 687,007 461,017 225,990 13.1 8.8 4.3 1.94
2011 53,107,000 688,120 452,862 235,258 13.0 8.5 4.5 1.93
2012 53,493,000 694,241 466,779 227,462 13.0 8.7 4.3 1.94
2013 53,865,000 664,517 473,552 190,965 12.3 8.8 3.5 1.85
2014 54,316,000 661,496 468,875 192,621 12.2 8.6 3.6 1.83
2015 54,786,000 664,399 495,309 169,090 12.1 9.0 3.1 1.82
2016 55,268,000 663,157 490,454 172,703 12.0 8.9 3.1 1.81
2017 55,619,000 646,794 498,882 147,912 11.6 9.0 2.6 1.76
2018 55,977,000 625,651 505,859 119,792 11.2 9.0 2.2 1.70
2019 56,287,000 610,505 488,952 121,553 10.8 8.7 2.1 1.66
2020 56,550,000 585,195 569,700 15,495 10.3 10.1 0.3 1.59
2021 549,207

In 2019 70.5% of all babies were born to UK-born mothers while 29.5% were born to foreign-born mothers of which 10.8% came from the EU and 18.7% from non-EU countries.[11]

Current vital statistics[]

[12][13]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - March 2020 145,021 140,356 +4,665
January - March 2021 139,680 169,852 -30,172
Difference Decrease -5,341 (-3.68%) Negative increase +29,496 (+21.02%) Decrease -34,837
  • Deaths from January 2021 = Negative increase 68,796
  • Deaths from January 2022 = Positive decrease 49,807 [14]

Historical percent distribution of the total population by age[]

[15]

Ages 1901 1931 1951 1961
0-14 years 32 24 22 23
15-64 years 63 69 67 65
65 years and over 5 7 11 12
Total (%) 100 100 100 100

Place of birth[]

Places of birth given by respondents to the 2001 and 2011 censuses were as follows:

Map showing the percentage of the population born outside England according to the 2011 census.
Country of birth 2001[16] 2011[17]
Number % Number %
 England 42,968,596 87.44% 44,246,592 83.46%
 Scotland 794,577 1.62% 708,872 1.34%
 Wales 609,711 1.24% 506,619 0.96%
 Northern Ireland 215,124 0.44% 206,735 0.39%
 United Kingdom (not otherwise specified) 6,499 0.01%
 Ireland 459,662 0.94% 395,182 0.75%
Total Born in all EU Member Countries 695,045 1.41% 1,980,259 3.73%
EU Member Countries (joined pre 2001) 894,908 1.69%
Other EU Member Countries

(joined post-2001)

1,085,351 2.04%
Other Countries 3,396,116 6.91% 4,961,698 9.36%
Total 49,138,831 100.00% 53,012,456 100.00%

Below are the estimates of the largest foreign-born groups in England according to ONS estimates.

Country of birth 2013 2014[18] 2015 2018 [19]
 India 698,000 748,000 751,000 832,000
 Poland 561,000 677,000 713,000 832,000
 Pakistan 479,000 499,000 478,000 535,000
 Republic of Ireland 315,000 317,000 318,000 369,000
 Germany 263,000 267,000 253,000 309,000

Age[]

The data below is based on the 2011 census.[20] In 2001, the mean age of England's population was 38.60, and the median age was 37.00.

Population pyramid for England as at the 2011 census.
Ages attained
(years) 		Population % of total
population 		% per year
of age band
0–4 3,318,449 6.26 1.25
5–9 2,972,632 5.61 1.12
10–14 3,080,929 5.81 1.16
15–19 3,340,265 6.30 1.26
20–24 3,595,321 6.78 1.36
25–29 3,650,881 6.89 1.38
30–34 3,509,221 6.62 1.32
35–39 3,549,116 6.69 1.34
40–44 3,885,934 7.33 1.47
45–49 3,879,815 7.32 1.46
50–54 3,400,095 6.41 1.28
55–59 2,996,992 5.65 1.13
60–64 3,172,277 5.98 1.20
65–69 2,508,154 4.73 0.95
70–74 2,044,129 3.86 0.77
75–79 1,669,345 3.15 0.63
80–84 1,258,773 2.37 0.47
85–89 776,311 1.46 0.29
90+ 403,817 0.76 –

Life expectancy at birth[21]

  • January 2001 – December 2003
    • Males: 76.24 years
    • Females: 80.72 years
  • January 2002 – December 2004
    • Males: 76.55 years
    • Females: 80.91 years
  • January 2003 – December 2005
    • Males: 76.92 years
    • Females: 81.14 years

Ethnicity[]

Demography of England Flag of England.svg
Ethnic group Year
1991[22][23] 2001[24] 2011[25]
Population % Population % Population %
White: Total 44,144,339 93.8% 44,679,361 91% 45,281,142

85.4%

Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg White: British – – 42,747,136 87.0% 42,279,236 79.8%
Flag of Ireland.svg White: Irish – – 624,115 1.3% 517,001 1.0%
White: Irish Traveller/White Gypsy[note 1] – – – – 54,895 0.1%
White: Other – – 1,308,110 2.7% 2,430,010 4.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total 1,762,262 3.7% 2,468,970 5% 4,143,403

7.8%

Flag of India.svg Asian or Asian British: Indian 823,821 1.8% 1,028,546 2.1% 1,395,702 2.6%
Flag of Pakistan.svg Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 449,646 1.0% 706,539 1.4% 1,112,282 2.1%
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 157,881 0.3% 275,394 0.6% 436,514 0.8%
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Asian or Asian British: Chinese[note 2] 141,661 0.3% 220,681 0.5% 379,502 0.7%
Asian or Asian British: Asian Other 189,253 0.4% 237,810 0.5% 819,403 1.6%
Black or Black British: Total 874,882 1.9% 1,132,508 2.3% 1,846,614

3.5%

Black or Black British: Caribbean 495,682 1.1% 561,246 1.1% 591,016 1.1%
Black or Black British: African 206,918 0.4% 475,938 1.0% 977,741 1.8%
Black or Black British: Other 172,282 0.4% 95,324 0.2% 277,857 0.5%
British Mixed: Total – – 643,373 1.3% 1,192,879

2.3%

Mixed: White and Caribbean – – 231,424 0.5% 415,616 0.8%
Mixed: White and African – – 76,498 0.2% 161,550 0.3%
Mixed: White and Asian Other – – 184,014 0.4% 332,708 0.6%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – 151,437 0.3% 283,005 0.3%
Other: Total 273,721 0.6% 214,619 0.4% 548,418

1.0%

Other: Arab[note 1] – – – – 220,985 0.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group 273,721 0.6% 214,619 0.4% 327,433 0.6%
Total 47,055,204 100% 49,138,831 100% 53,012,456

100%

Notes for table above

  1. ^ a b New category created for the 2011 census
  2. ^ In 2001, listed under the 'Chinese or other ethnic group' heading.

Languages[]

The most common main languages spoken in England according to the 2011 census are shown below.[26]

Rank Language Usual residents aged 3+ Proportion
1 English 46,936,780 92.02%
2 Polish 529,173 1.04%
3 Punjabi 271,580 0.53%
4 Hindi/Urdu 266,330 0.52%
5 Bengali (with Sylheti and Chatgaya) 216,196 0.42%
6 Gujarati 212,217 0.42%
7 Arabic 152,490 0.30%
8 French 145,026 0.28%
9 Portuguese 131,002 0.26%
10 Spanish 118,554 0.23%
11 Tamil 99,773 0.20%
12 Turkish 98,083 0.19%
13 Italian 90,547 0.18%
14 Somali 84,387 0.17%
15 Lithuanian 84,327 0.17%
16 German 75,190 0.15%
17 Persian/Farsi 75,179 0.15%
18 Tagalog/Filipino 67,593 0.13%
19 Romanian 66,496 0.13%
20 Russian 66,271 0.13%
– Welsh 8,248 0.02%
– Cornish 554 0.00%
– Other 1,209,614 2.37%
Population 51,005,610 100.00%

Religion[]

Main article: Religion in England

Religion in England (2011 census)

  Christianity (59.4%)
  Not religious (24.7%)
  Not stated (7.2%)
  Islam (5.0%)
  Other religions (2.2%)
  Hinduism (1.5%)

Respondents to the 2001 and 2011 censuses gave their religions as follows:

Religion 2001[27] 2011[28]
Number % Number %
Christian 35,251,244 71.74% 31,479,876 59.38%
Muslim 1,524,887 3.10% 2,660,116 5.02%
Hindu 546,982 1.11% 806,199 1.52%
Sikh 327,343 0.67% 420,196 0.79%
Jewish 257,671 0.52% 261,282 0.49%
Buddhist 139,046 0.28% 238,626 0.45%
Other religion 143,811 0.29% 227,825 0.43%
No religion 7,171,332 14.59% 13,114,232 24.74%
Religion not stated 3,776,515 7.69% 3,804,104 7.18%
Total population 49,138,831 100.00% 53,012,456 100.00%

See also[]

Notes[]


References[]

  1. ^ "Population estimates - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
  2. ^ "2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 27 March 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  3. ^ "National Statistics Online – Live births". Statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  4. ^ Pryor, Francis (2004). Briatin BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0007126934.
  5. ^ S. Broadberry et al (2010), "English Medieval Population: Reconciling Time Series and Cross Sectional Evidence", Table 7 (Preprint, p.22); S. Broadberry et al (2010), "British Economic Growth 1270–1870", Table 18 (Preprint, p. 54); see also S. Broadberry et al (2015), British Economic Growth 1270–1870, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 1107070783, Chapter 1, and Table 5.06, pg 205
    See also B. Campbell (1990), "People and Land in the Middle Ages, 1066–1500", in Robert A. Dodgshon and Robin A. Butlin (eds), Historical Geography of England and Wales, 2nd edition. Elsevier. ISBN 1483288412, pp. 69–122 for discussion of drivers and trends underlying the numbers.
  6. ^ a b Wrigley and Schofield, "The Population History of England, 1541–1871. A reconstruction.", Harvard University Press, 1981, Table 7.8, pgs. 208-9, [1]
  7. ^ At the time of the first census. Census officials estimated that there had been an increase of 77% in the preceding 100 years. In each county women were in the majority. Notes for 1801 taken from Kent 1800–1899 – A Chronicle of the Nineteenth Century Bob Ogley (Froglets Publications 2003) ISBN 1-872337-51-1. Wrigley and Schofield estimate 8,664,000 based on birth and death records.]
  8. ^ Vision of Britain a population through time England, Retrieved 9 August 2013
  9. ^ 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011 (PDF), ONS, 12 December 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2016, retrieved 9 August 2013
  10. ^ "Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  11. ^ "Parents' country of birth - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk.
  12. ^ "Provisional births in England and Wales".
  13. ^ "Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales".
  14. ^ "Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  15. ^ A. H. Halsey (1972). Trends in British Society since 1900. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 978-1-349-00780-6.
  16. ^ Census 2001 Key Statistics – Local Authorities KS05 Country of birth, Accessed 6 September 2014
  17. ^ 2011 Census: KS202EW National identity, local authorities in England and Wales, Accessed 22 December 2012
  18. ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2014 to December 2014". Office for National Statistics. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2016. Figures given are the central estimates. See the source for 95 per cent confidence intervals.
  19. ^ https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2fpopulationandmigration%2finternationalmigration%2fdatasets%2fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality%2fjanuarytodecember2018/populationbycountryofbirthandnationalityjan18todec18.xls
  20. ^ UK Statistics (27 March 2011). "2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, United Kingdom and constituent countries". UK Statistics. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  21. ^ Neighbourhood Statistics. "Life Expectancy at Birth for City of London, London, England". Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  22. ^ As UK Census data past 2001 is unavailable through the ONS website, it has been recommended to use archival census collection websites to obtain data. Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England (Table 6)
  23. ^ Office of Population Censuses and Surveys ; General Register Office for Scotland ; Registrar General for Northern Ireland (1997): 1991 Census aggregate data. UK Data Service (Edition: 1997). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-1991-1 This information is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence
  24. ^ "Key Statistics for local authorities; Ethnic Statistics for England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  25. ^ "Key Statistics for England and Wales: Ethnic statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  26. ^ "View:England". NOMIS. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  27. ^ "Religion (2001 Census)". data.gov.uk. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  28. ^ "2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2012.

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