Demographics of Turkey

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Demographics of the Republic of Turkey
Turkey single age population pyramid 2020.png
Turkey population pyramid in 2020
PopulationIncrease 83,614,362
(31 December 2020)
Growth rateIncrease 0.55% (2020)
Birth rateDecrease 13.3 births/1,000
population (2020)
Life expectancyIncrease 78.6 years (2019)
 • maleIncrease 75.9 years (2019)
 • femaleIncrease 81.3 years (2019)
Fertility rateDecrease 1.76 children born/woman (2020)
Infant mortality ratePositive decrease 8.6 deaths/1000 infants (2019)
Age structure
0–14 yearsDecrease 22.8% (2020)
15–64 yearsIncrease 67.7% (2020)
65 and overNegative increase 9.5% (2020)
Sex ratio
Total1.02 male(s)/female
At birth1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Under 151.04 male(s)/female
65 and over0.84 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish
Major ethnicTurks
Minor ethnicKurds, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Azerbaijanis, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Chechens, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Lazi, Megleno-Romanians, Roma
Language
OfficialTurkish
SpokenAlbanian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Circassian, Crimean Tatar, Georgian, Laz, Greek, Kurdish, Megleno-Romanian, Zazaki, Ladino, Neo-Aramaic

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Turkey, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

In 2020, the population of Turkey was 84.3 million with a growth rate of 0.55% per annum.[1] Turkish people are the largest ethnic group, followed by Kurds.

The population is relatively young, with 22.8% falling in the 0–14 age bracket.[2] According to OECD/World Bank population statistics, from 1990 to 2008 the population growth in Turkey was 16 million or 29%.[3]

Population[]

Turkey total fertility rate by province (2020)[4]
  3-4
  2-3
  1.5-2
  1-1.5
Historical population[5] [6]
YearPop.±% p.a.
192713,648,270—    
193516,158,018+2.13%
194017,820,950+1.98%
194518,790,174+1.06%
195020,947,188+2.20%
195524,064,763+2.81%
196027,754,820+2.89%
196531,391,421+2.49%
197035,605,176+2.55%
197540,347,719+2.53%
198044,736,957+2.09%
YearPop.±% p.a.
198550,664,458+2.52%
199056,473,035+2.19%
200067,803,927+1.85%
201073,722,988+0.84%
201578,741,053+1.33%
201679,814,871+1.36%
201780,810,525+1.25%
201882,003,882+1.48%
201983,154,997+1.40%
202083,614,362+0.55%

Life expectancy[]

Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 41.01 1985–1990 63.04
1955–1960 43.69 1990–1995 65.49
1960–1965 47.22 1995–2000 68.49
1965–1970 50.78 2000–2005 71.37
1970–1975 53.75 2005–2010 73.37
1975–1980 57.05 2010–2015 74.83
1980–1985 60.22 2015-2020 77.31

Source: UN[7]

Vital statistics[]

UN estimates[]

The figures from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs:[8]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 1,127,000 551,000 677,000 48.4 18.8 29.6 6.69 167.4
1955–1960 1,216,000 564,000 752,000 46.9 18.4 28.5 6.5 163.9
1960–1965 1,277,000 547,000 799,000 44.3 17.6 26.7 6.2 160.5
1965–1970 1,343,000 527,000 792,000 40.3 16.7 23.6 5.80 156.9
1970–1975 1,451,000 523,000 887,000 38.7 15.0 23.7 5.39 141.3
1975–1980 1,497,000 505,000 977,000 36.4 13.0 23.4 4.69 119.4
1980–1985 1,527,000 481,000 1,074,000 33.8 10.8 23.0 4.11 96.7
1985–1990 1,431,000 454,000 976,000 27.7 8.8 18.9 3.39 78.0
1990–1995 1,375,000 438,000 987,000 25.1 7.7 17.4 2.90 63.0
1995–2000 1,389,000 418,000 983,000 22.8 6.9 15.9 2.65 45.5
2000–2005 1,345,000 404,000 923,000 20.5 6.2 14.3 2.37 31.4
2005–2010 1,309,000 415,000 932,000 18.7 5.9 12.8 2.20 24.0
2010–2015 1,302,000 439,000 914,000 17.3 5.8 11.5 2.12 13.0
2015–2020 1,281,000 473,000 808,000 15.8 5.8 10.0 2.02
2020–2025 1,242,000 509,000 733,000 14.6 6.0 8.6 1.94
2025–2030 1,191,000 543,000 648,000 13.6 6.2 7.4 1.88
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths[]

Birth statistics of Turkey from 2001 onward are from the Central Population Administrative System (MERNIS) database which is available on-line.[9] Birth statistics are updated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure.[10]

In 2010 Turkey had a crude birth rate of 17.2 per 1000, in 2011 16.7, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2010 was 2.05 children per woman, in 2011 2.02. The crude birth rate in 2010 ranged from 11.5 per 1,000 in West Marmara (TFR 1.52) (11,5;1.55 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Bulgaria, to 27.9 per 1,000 in Southeast Anatolia (TFR 3.53) (27.1;3,42 in 2011), similar to neighbouring Syria. Similarly, in 2012, the TFR ranged from 1.43 in Kırklareli, to 4.39 in Şanlıurfa.[11] Death statistics from MERNIS are available as of 2009. Mortality data prior to 2009 are incomplete.

Population (31.12.) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death (per 1000) Natural increase (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR)
1990 1,392,000 388,000 1,004,000
1991 1,390,000 391,000 999,000
1992 1,388,000 394,000 994,000
1993 1,385,000 396,000 989,000
1994 1,372,000 399,000 973,000
1995 1,368,000 402,000 966,000
1996 1,386,000 419,000 967,000
1997 1,317,000 424,000 893,000
1998 1,318,000 426,000 892,000
1999 1,313,000 427,000 886,000
2000 1,307,000 422,000 885,000
2001 1,323,341 175,137 1,148,204 20.3 2.37
2002 1,229,555 175,434 1,054,121 18.6 2.17
2003 1,198,927 184,330 1,014,597 17.9 2.09
2004 1,222,484 187,086 1,035,398 18.1 2.11
2005 1,244,041 197,520 1,046,521 18.2 2.12
2006 1,255,432 210,146 1,045,286 18.1 2.12
2007 70,586,256 1,289,992 212,731 1,077,261 18.4 2.16
2008 71,517,100 1,295,511 215,562 1,079,949 18.2 2.15
2009 72,561,312 1,266,751 369,703 897,048 17.6 5.1 12.5 2.10
2010 73,722,988 1,261,169 366,471 894,698 17.2 5.0 12.2 2.08
2011 74,724,269 1,252,812 376,162 876,650 16.9 5.1 11.8 2.05
2012 75,627,384 1,294,605 376,520 918,085 17.2 5.0 12.2 2.11
2013 76,667,864 1,297,505 373,041 924,464 17.0 4.9 12.1 2.11
2014 77,695,904 1,351,088 391,091 959,997 17.5 5.1 12.4 2.19
2015 78,741,053 1,336,442 405,528 930,914 17.1 5.2 11.9 2.16
2016 79,814,871 1,314,764 422,964 891,800 16.6 5.3 11.3 2.11
2017 80,810,525 1,297,638 426,662 870,976 16.2 5.3 10.9 2.08
2018 82,003,882 1,252,745 426,449 826,296 15.4 5.2 10.2 2.00
2019 83,154,997 1,183,652 435,941 747,711 14.3 5.3 9.0 1.88
2020 83,614,362 1,112,859 13.3 1.76

Birth and death rate by region and year[]

Birth and Death Rate by Region and Year

Total births and deaths by region and year[]

Absolute Births and Deaths by Region and Year

Natural increase by region and year[]

Natural Increase by Region and Year

Historical fertility rate[]

Total Fertility Rate

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year[]

Total fertility rate (TFR) by province and year

Structure of the population[]

Structure of the population

Immigration[]

Main article: Immigration to Turkey

Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and following Turkish War of Independence, an exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, the Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.

Internal migration[]

Place of origin (rows) versus place of residence (columns) for Turkish citizens in 2014[19]
Regions İstanbul West Marmara Aegean East Marmara West Anatolia Mediterranean Central Anatolia West Black Sea East Black Sea Northeast Anatolia Central East Anatolia Southeast Anatolia Total Population
İstanbul 2,162,588 79,009 72,123 84,689 38,802 38,673 4,858 11,976 9,147 3,533 3,667 4,754 2,513,819
West Marmara 523,725 2,378,938 187,256 135,364 44,409 27,376 5,140 10,238 4,513 5,273 7,110 8,861 3,338,203
Aegean 297,143 76,518 7,047,801 210,522 134,073 166,785 16,606 22,252 10,354 14,936 20,388 28,224 8,045,602
East Marmara 520,698 67,299 131,586 4,317,877 187,043 61,782 10,715 33.371 10,701 8,074 9,775 12,286 5,371,207
West Anatolia 272,835 35,919 259,387 127,794 3,721,634 192,934 49,942 29,545 8,468 10,360 13,727 20,850 4,743,395
Mediterranean 470,673 53,295 250,529 111,393 228,398 7,329,964 100,729 32,461 16,963 21,667 46,013 181,874 8,843,959
Central Anatolia 1,346,007 92,421 297,114 235,407 1,223,857 305,343 3,466,971 70,729 16,604 20,204 32,153 36,818 7,143,628
West Black Sea 2,637,016 186,103 252,628 458,730 956,151 133,053 54,578 3,982,185 42,935 18,878 21,757 27,735 8,771,749
East Black Sea 1,918,805 96,494 152,843 529,110 241,801 70,823 19,104 198,869 2,382,704 33,854 11,852 13,140 5,669,399
Northeast Anatolia 1,580,876 120,086 504,588 593,882 344,929 101,600 63,029 34,656 32,761 2,009,253 39,921 20,576 5,446,157
Central East Anatolia 1,293,157 86,315 359,161 299,390 167,451 393,102 31,612 22,064 11,070 31,709 3,438,577 133,862 6,267,470
Southeast Anatolia 1,197,959 65,538 445,279 174,765 156,489 1,002,771 33,876 23,666 11,689 22,036 150,028 7,738,941 11,023,037
Total Population 14,221,482 3,337,935 9,960,295 7,278,923 7,445,037 9,824,206 3,857,160 4,472,012 2,557,909 2,199,777 3,794,968 8,227,921 77,177,625

Ethnic groups and languages[]

See also: Minorities in Turkey, Turkic peoples, Iranian peoples, and Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey
Main articles: Languages of Turkey and Ethnic groups in Turkey

No exact data is available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others. All ethnic groups are discussed below.

Population of Turkey according to language
Language Census 1935[20] Census 1945[21] Census 1965[21]
Number % Number % Number %
Turkish 13,828,000 87.5 16,598,037 88.3 28,175,579 90.2
Kurdish 1,473,000 9.3 1,476,562 7.9 2,108,721 6.9
Zazaki 147,707 0.5
Arabic 145,000 0.9 247,204 1.3 368.971 1.2
Greek 109,000 0.7 88,680 0.5 49.143 0.2
Circassian 92,000 0.6 66,691 0.4 57,337 0.2
Ladino 79,000 0.5 51,019 0.3 9,124 0.0
Armenian 77,000 0.5 56,179 0.3 32,484 0.1
Laz 46,987 0.3 27,715 0.1
Georgian 40,076 0.2 32,334 0.1
Abaza 8,602 0.0 10,643 0.0
others 110,137 0.6 157,449 0.5
Total 15,803,000 18,790,174 31,391,207
Muslim and non-Muslim population in Turkey, 1914–2005 (in thousands)[22]
Year 1914 1927 1945 1965 1990 2005
Muslims 12,941 13,290 18,511 31,139 56,860 71,997
Greeks 1,549 110 104 76 8 3
Armenians 1,204 77 60 64 67 50
Jews 128 82 77 38 29 27
Others 176 71 38 74 50 45
Total 15,997 13,630 18,790 31,391 57,005 72,120
% non-Muslim 29.6 2.5 1.5 0.8 0.3 0.2

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[23] The question of ethnicity in modern Turkey is a highly debated and difficult issue. Figures published in several different sources prove this difficulty by varying greatly.

It is necessary to take into account all these difficulties and be cautious while evaluating the ethnic groups. A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:[24]

  1. Turkic-speaking peoples: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Karachays, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars and Uyghurs
  2. Indo-European-speaking peoples: Kurds, Zazas,[25] Megleno-Romanians,[26] Bosniaks, Albanians, Pomaks, Ossetians, Armenians, Hamshenis, Goranis and Greeks
  3. Semitic-speaking peoples: Arabs, Jews and Assyrians/Syriacs
  4. Caucasian-speaking peoples: Circassians, Georgians, Lazs and Chechens

According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70-75% of Turkey's population consists of ethnic Turks, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 7 and 12%.[27] According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000-1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians/Syriacs, 20,000 Jews, and 15,000 Greeks, 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.[28]


Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.[29]

According to a survey done in March 2020 by Area Araştırma, 20.4% of the total population of Turkey claim to be Kurdish (either Kurmanji speaking or Zazaki speaking).

Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:[30][31]

People Speakers Percentage Language Status
Anatolian Turks 53,402,000 70.6% Turkish 1 (National)
Kurmanji Kurds 8,127,000 10.7% Kurmanji 3 (Wider communication)
Turcophones Kurds 5,881,000 7.7% Turkish 1 (National)
Zaza 1,155,000 1.5% Zaza 5 (Developing)
Lebanese Arabs 1,133,000 1.4 % Levantine Arabic
Kabardians Circassians 1,062,000 1.4 % Kabardian 5 (Developing)
Iraqi Arabs 722,000 0.9% Mesopotamian Arabic 6a (Vigorous)
Azerbaijani 540,000 0.7% Azerbaijani 5 (Developing)
Romani 500,000 (1985) 0.7% Romani, Domari
Gagauzes 418,000 0.5% Balkan Gagauz Turkish 7 (Shifting)
Pomaks 351,000 0.4% Bulgarian 5 (Dispersed)
Pontic Greeks 321,000 0.4 % Pontic Greek 6a (Vigorous)
Adyghe Circassians 316,000 0.4% Adyghe 5 (Developing)
Alevi Kurds 184,000 0.2 % Zazaki
Georgians 151,000 0,1 % Georgian 6b (Threatened)
Bosniaks 101,000 0.1% Bosnian
Chechens 101,000 0.1% Chechen
Crimean Tatars 100,000 0.1% Crimean Tatar 5 (Developing)
Lazs 93,000 0.1% Laz language 6b (Threatened)
Karakalpaks 74,000 Karakalpak
Albanians 66,000 Tosk Albanian 6b (Threatened)
Armenians 61,000 Armenian 6b (Threatened)
Abkhazians 44,000 Abkhazian 6b (Threatened)
Han Chinese 38,000 Chinese
Ossetians 37,000 Ossetian
British 35,000 English
Macedonians 32,000 Macedonian
Jews 30,000 Turkish, Ladino 7 (Shifting)
Tatars 26,000 Tatar
Assyrians 25,000 Aramean
22,000 Urdu
Assyrians 15,000 Turoyo 6b (Threatened)
Turks other (Hemshin, Meskhetian Turks, Gajal) 57,000 Turkish
Kurds other (Herki and Shikaki) 62,000 Kurdish
Other 180,000
Total 75,566,800

Scale of Ethnologue:

a^ Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS) of Ethnologue:
0 (International): "The language is widely used between nations in trade, knowledge exchange, and international policy."
1 (National): "The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government at the national level."
2 (Provincial): "The language is used in education, work, mass media, and government within major administrative subdivisions of a nation."
3 (Wider Communication): "The language is used in work and mass media without official status to transcend language differences across a region."
4 (Educational): "The language is in vigorous use, with standardization and literature being sustained through a widespread system of institutionally supported education."
5 (Developing): "The language is in vigorous use, with literature in a standardized form being used by some though this is not yet widespread or sustainable."
6a (Vigorous): "The language is used for face-to-face communication by all generations and the situation is sustainable."
6b (Threatened): "The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users."
7 (Shifting): "The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children."
8a (Moribund): "The only remaining active users of the language are members of the grandparent generation and older."
8b (Nearly Extinct): "The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent generation or older who have little opportunity to use the language."
9 (Dormant): "The language serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency."
10 (Extinct): "The language is no longer used and no one retains a sense of ethnic identity associated with the language."

Turks[]

See also: Turkish people
Turkish women and a school boy from Istanbul, 1873.

Although numerous modern genetic studies have indicated that the present-day Turkish population is primarily descended from historical native Anatolian groups,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] the first Turkic-speaking people lived in a region extending from Central Asia to Siberia and were palpable after the 6th century BC.[39] Seventh-century Chinese sources preserve the origins of the Turks stating that they were a branch of the Hsiung-nu (Huns) and living near the "West Sea", perhaps the Caspian Sea.[40] Modern sources tends to indicate that the Turks' linguistic and cultural ancestors lived within the state of the Hsiung-nu in the Transbaikal area and that they later, during the fifth century, migrated to the southern Altay.[40]

The word Türk was used only referring to Anatolian villagers back in the 19th century. The Ottoman elite identified themselves as Ottomans, not usually as Turks.[41][42] In the late 19th century, as European ideas of nationalism were adopted by the Ottoman elite, and as it became clear that the Turkish-speakers of Anatolia were the most loyal supporters of Ottoman rule, the term Türk took on a much more positive connotation.[43] During Ottoman times, the millet system defined communities on a religious basis, and a residue of this remains in that Turkish villagers will commonly consider as Turks only those who profess the Sunni faith, and will consider Turkish-speaking Jews, Christians, or even Alevis to be non-Turks.[44] On the other hand, Kurdish-speaking or Arabic-speaking Sunnis of eastern Anatolia are sometimes considered to be Turks.[45] The imprecision of the appellation Türk can also be seen with other ethnic names, such as Kürt (Kurd), which is often applied by western Anatolians to anyone east of Adana, even those who speak only Turkish.[44] Thus, the category Türk, like other ethnic categories popularly used in Turkey, does not have a uniform usage. In recent years, centrist Turkish politicians have attempted to redefine this category in a more multi-cultural way, emphasizing that a Türk is anyone who is a citizen of the Republic of Turkey.[46] Currently, article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as anyone who is "bound to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship".

Ethnic Turks are the majority in Turkey, numbering 65 to 70 million.[47][48][49][50]

Kurds[]

Main article: Kurds in Turkey
Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region[51] Dark Red (Central Eastern Anatolia): 79.1% Red (Southeastern Anatolia): 64.1% Light Red (Northeast Anatolia): 32.0% Pink: 14.8 - 4.9% White: 1.3 - 0.1%

The Kurdish identity remains the strongest minority in modern Turkey. This is perhaps due to the mountainous terrain of the southeast of the country, where they mostly predominate and represent a majority. They inhabit all major towns and cities across eastern Turkey. However, no accurate up-to-date figures are available for the Kurdish population, since the Turkish government has outlawed ethnic or racial censuses. An estimate by the CIA World Factbook places their proportion of the population at approximately 19%.[52] Another estimate, according to Ibrahim Sirkeci, in his book The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany, based on the 1990 Turkish Census and 1993 Turkish Demographic Health Survey, is 17.8%.[53] Other estimates include 15.7% of the population according to the newspaper Milliyet,[28] and 23% by Kurdologist David McDowall.[54]

The Minority Rights Group report of 1985 (by Martin Short and Anthony McDermott) gave an estimate of 15% Kurds in the population of Turkey in 1980, i.e. 8,455,000 out of 44,500,000, with the preceding comment "Nothing, apart from the actual 'borders' of Kurdistan, generates as much heat in the Kurdish question as the estimate of the Kurdish population. Kurdish nationalists are tempted to exaggerate it, and governments of the region to understate it. In Turkey only those Kurds who do not speak Turkish are officially counted for census purposes as Kurds, yielding a very low figure." In Turkey: A Country Study, a 1995 online publication of the U.S. Library of Congress, there is a whole chapter about Kurds in Turkey where it is stated that "Turkey's censuses do not list Kurds as a separate ethnic group. Consequently, there are no reliable data on their total numbers. In 1995 estimates of the number of Kurds in Turkey is about 8.5 million" out of 61.2 million, or 13% of the population at that time.[55]

Kurdish national identity is far from being limited to the Kurmanji-language community, as many Kurds whose parents migrated towards Istanbul or other large non-Kurdish cities mostly speak Turkish, which is one of the languages used by the Kurdish nationalist publications.

Arabs[]

Main article: Arabs in Turkey

The population of Arabs in Turkey varies according to different sources. Al Jazeera and the Washington Institute for Near East Policy estimates the Arab population before the Syrian Civil War in 2011 from 1,500,000[56] to more than 2,000,000,[57] with recent Syrian refugees 2,748,367,[58][59] so Arabs in Turkey constituency now numbers anywhere from 4.5 to 5.1% of the population. Put another way, with nearly 4-5 million Arab inhabitants.[60][57]

Bosniaks[]

Main article: Bosniaks in Turkey

Georgians[]

Main article: Chveneburi

There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey, according to the newspaper Milliyet.[28]

Roma people[]

Main article: Roma in Turkey
A Gypsy camp near Istanbul (1901)

The Roma in Turkey descend from the times of the Byzantine Empire. According to some reports, there are about 500,000-700,000 Roma in Turkey.[28][61][62][63] The neighborhood of Sulukule, located in Western Istanbul, is the oldest Roma settlement in Europe. [64]

Iranians[]

Main article: Iranian diaspora

Shireen Hunter noted in a 2010 publication that there were some 500,000 Iranians in Turkey.[65]

Laz[]

Main article: Laz people in Turkey

Most Laz today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. Their number today is estimated to be around 250,000[66][67][68] and 500,000.[69][70] Only a minority are bilingual in Turkish and their native Laz language which belongs to the South Caucasian group. The number of the Laz speakers is decreasing and is now limited chiefly to the Rize and Artvin areas. The historical term Lazistan — formerly referring to a narrow tract of land along the Black Sea inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups — has been banned from official use and replaced with Doğu Karadeniz (which includes Trabzon). During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, the Muslim population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batum fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of Samsun.

Azerbaijanis[]

Main article: Azerbaijanis in Turkey

It is difficult to determine how many ethnic Azeris currently reside in Turkey, as ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in Turkey, especially amongst Turkic-speaking and Caucasian groups who have been more readily and easily assimilated into mainstream Turkish culture.[71] Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of Azerbaijan.[72] In the Eastern Anatolia Region, Azeris are sometimes referred to as acem (see Ajam) or tat.[73] They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of Iğdır[74] and second largest ethnic group in Kars.[75]

Since linguistically the two are so similar, the safest way to count or estimate the number of Azeris from the Turks in Turkey is to note the fact that Azeris are practically all Shia Muslims while their Turkish and Kurdish neighbors are Sunni Muslims.

Circassians[]

Main article: Circassians in Turkey

Towards the end of the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), many Circassians fled their homelands in the North Caucasus and settled in the Ottoman Empire. Most ethnic Circassians have fully assimilated into Turkish culture, making it difficult to trace, count, or even estimate their ethnic presence.

Armenians[]

Main article: Armenians in Turkey

Armenians in Turkey are indigenous to Anatolia & Armenian highlands well over 3000 years, an estimated population of 40,000 (1995) to 70,000.[76][77] Most are concentrated around Istanbul. The Armenians support their own newspapers and schools. The majority belong to the Armenian Apostolic faith, with smaller numbers of Armenian Catholics and Armenian Evangelicals. Their original population during the dying days of the Ottoman Empire was counted to be 1.2-1.8 million. The majority of Armenians were lived in the Ottoman-controlled portion of the Armenian Highlands, the modern day Eastern Anatolia Region, until 1.5 million were killed and the rest deported during the Armenian genocide between 1915 and 1923.

Albanians[]

Main article: Albanians in Turkey

Assyrians/Syriacs[]

Main article: Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey

An estimated 40,000-50,000 Assyrians/Syriacs live in Turkey, with about 17,000 in Istanbul and the other 23–33,000 scattered in southeast Turkey primarily in Turabdin, Diyarbakir, Adiyaman, and Harput respectively. They belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, and Chaldean Catholic Church. Some Mhallami, a Muslim ethnic group who usually are described as Arabs, have Assyrian/Syriac ancestry. They live in the area between Mardin and Midyat, called in Syriac "I Mhalmayto" (ܗܝ ܡܚܠܡܝܬܐ).

Chechens[]

See also: Chechens in Turkey

Towards the end of the Caucasian War (1817–1864), many Chechens fled their homelands in the North Caucasus and settled in the Ottoman Empire. Chechens number from tens or hundreds of thousands.

Greeks[]

Main article: Greeks in Turkey

The Greeks constitute a population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, including its district Princes' Islands, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos (Turkish: Gökçeada and Bozcaada), and historically also in western Asia Minor (centred on Izmir/Smyrni), the Pontic Alps (centred on Trebzon and Sumelia, see Pontic Greeks), and central Anatolia (Cappadocia) and northeastern Anatolia and the South Caucasus region (Erzinjan, Erzerum, Kars, and Ardahan, see Caucasus Greeks). The Istanbul Greeks are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks permitted under the provisions of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) to remain in Turkey following the 1923 population exchange, which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Anatolia and East Thrace and of half a million Turks from all of Greece except for Western Thrace. After years of persecution (e.g. the Varlık Vergisi (1942–1944) and the Istanbul Pogrom of 1955), emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 120,000[78]-strong Greek minority to about 7,000 by 1978.[79] The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 2,000–3,000 mark.[80] According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey,[28] while according to Human Rights Watch the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.[81]

Megleno-Romanians[]

Around 5,000 Megleno-Romanians live in Turkey.[26]

Religion[]

There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the government, 99.8% of the Turkish population is Muslim, mostly Sunni, some 8 million are Alevis.[82] The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews.[52] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.[83]

In a poll conducted by Sabancı University in 2006, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.[84] A Eurobarometer Poll in 2005 reported that in a poll 98% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while 1% responded that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[85] In a Pew Research Center survey, 53% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".[86] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.[87][88] According to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wear the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.[89][90][91]

A poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA and some other research institutes in 2013 showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion. Another poll conducted by the same institutions in 2018 showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.[92][93]

According to Ipsos survey,[94] in 2016 Islam was the major religion in Turkey comprising 82% of the total population, followed by religiously unaffiliated people, comprising 13% of the population, and Christians, forming 0.2%.

Religious groups according to estimates:[82][95]

The vast majority of the present-day Turkish people are Muslim and the most popular sect is the Hanafite school of Sunni Islam, which was officially espoused by the Ottoman Empire; according to the KONDA Research and Consultancy survey carried out throughout Turkey on 2007:[96]

  • 52.8% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34.3 % defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 9.7% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2.3% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 0.9% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

In 2018 KONDA released a new study :[97][98]

  • 51% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 34% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 10% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 2% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 3% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old :[99]

  • 43% defined themselves as "a religious person who strives to fulfill religious obligations" (Religious)
  • 45% defined themselves as "a believer who does not fulfill religious obligations" (Not religious).
  • 5% defined themselves as "a fully devout person fulfilling all religious obligations" (Fully devout).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone who does not believe in religious obligations" (Non-believer).
  • 4% defined themselves as "someone with no religious conviction" (Atheist).

Census[]

Istanbul experienced a rapid population growth (The gray areas are buildings)

Census of 1927[]

Provinces, 1927 census.[100]
Province Population
İstanbul 794,444
İzmir 526,065
Konya 504,384
Balıkesir 421,066
Şebinkarahisar 108,735
Cebelibereket 107,694
Siirt 102,433
Total 13,648,270

1965 census[]

Languages spoken in Turkey, 1965 census[101]
Language Mother tongue Only language spoken Second best language spoken
Abaza 4,563 280 7,556
Albanian 12,832 1,075 39,613
Arabic 365,340 189,134 167,924
Armenian 33,094 1,022 22,260
Bosnian 17,627 2,345 34,892
Bulgarian 4,088 350 46,742
Pomak 23,138 2,776 34,234
Chechen 7,563 2,500 5,063
Circassian 58,339 6,409 48,621
Croatian 45 1 1,585
Czech 168 25 76
Dutch 366 23 219
English 27,841 21,766 139,867
French 3,302 398 96,879
Georgian 34,330 4,042 44,934
German 4,901 790 35,704
Greek 48,096 3,203 78,941
Italian 2,926 267 3,861
Kurdish (Kurmanji) 2,219,502 1,323,690 429,168
Judæo-Spanish 9,981 283 3,510
Laz 26,007 3,943 55,158
Persian 948 72 2,103
Polish 110 20 377
Portuguese 52 5 3,233
Romanian 406 53 6,909
Russian 1,088 284 4,530
Serbian 6,599 776 58,802
Spanish 2,791 138 4,297
Turkish 28,289,680 26,925,649 1,387,139
Zaza 150,644 92,288 20,413
Total 31,009,934 28,583,607 2,786,610
Languages spoken in Turkey by provinces, 1965 census[102]
Province / Language Turkish Kurdish Arabic Zazaki Circassian Greek Georgian Armenian Laz Pomak Bosnian Albanian Jewish
Adana[b] 866,316 7,581 22,356 332 51 51 0 28 9 0 312 483 29
Adıyaman 143,054 117,325 7 6,705 0 0 0 84 4 0 0 0 0
Afyonkarahisar 499,461 125 19 1 2,172 169 2 2 1 16 14 2 1
Ağrı 90,021 156,316 105 4 2 2 77 5 0 1 103 0 0
Amasya 279,978 2,179 9 2 1,497 6 1,378 208 6 0 10 336 1
Ankara[c] 1,590,392 36,798 814 21 393 124 41 66 120 7 126 833 64
Antalya 486,697 23 2 0 0 14 0 0 2 0 0 1 0
Artvin 190,183 46 4 0 0 4 7,698 1 12,093 1 1 0 0
Aydın 523,583 168 85 0 112 71 4 1 4 0 26 88 0
Balıkesir 698,679 560 38 8 3,144 236 1,273 9 205 1,707 314 24 4
Bilecik 137,674 5 4 0 736 4 73 1 1 2 6 3 0
Bingöl 62,668 56,881 19 30,878 17 0 1 11 1 0 0 0 3
Bitlis 56,161 92,327 3,263 2,082 205 1 5 16 0 0 0 1 2
Bolu[d] 375,786 363 0 0 1,593 3 1,541 488 1,791 0 40 6 1
Burdur 194,910 2 7 0 0 3 12 0 0 0 0 1 0
Bursa 746,633 213 22 0 799 106 2,938 35 517 65 1,169 1,928 69
Çanakkale 338,379 443 0 25 1,604 5,258 4 9 12 3,675 516 6 121
Çankırı[e] 250,510 158 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
Çorum 474,638 8,736 4 0 1,808 12 8 51 3 7 0 0 0
Denizli 462,860 283 28 5 8 97 1 1 0 2 1 3 0
Diyarbakır 178,644 236,113 2,536 57,693 1 1 3 134 3 48 1 5 0
Edirne 290,610 386 104 21 9 18 2 12 3 10,285 329 58 92
Elazığ 244,016 47,446 17 30,921 0 2 0 2 30 12 3 2 0
Erzincan 243,911 14,323 13 298 4 5 0 12 2 3 0 1 0
Erzurum 555,632 69,648 86 2,185 109 8 4 11 24 7 1 5 1
Eskişehir 406,212 327 42 0 1,390 4 3 0 14 23 114 78 0
Gaziantep 490,046 18,954 885 1 4 6 0 4 3 0 1 11 0
Giresun 425,665 305 1 1 2 0 2,029 0 5 0 0 0 0
Gümüşhane[f] 260,419 2,189 0 0 91 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0
Hakkari[g] 10,357 72,365 165 0 1 0 1 21 2 0 0 0 0
Hatay 350,080 5,695 127,072 7 780 767 11 376 6 2 8 44 1
Isparta 265,305 688 75 11 8 91 0 1 2 1 1 3 4
Mersin 500,207 1,067 9,430 23 76 137 13 12 19 3 3 9 1
İstanbul 2,185,741 2,586 2,843 26 317 35,097 849 29,479 128 165 3,072 4,341 8,608
İzmir 1,214,219 863 352 5 1,287 898 15 17 15 1,289 2,349 1,265 753
Kars[h] 471,287 133,144 61 992 215 6 8 5 24 1 5 4 1
Kastamonu[i] 439,355 1,090 2 0 3 2 180 849 1 0 0 0 0
Kayseri 509,932 8,454 34 8 17,110 1 1 9 6 9 15 160 1
Kırklareli 252,594 602 136 24 5 3 5 3 7 3,375 1,148 144 11
Kırşehir 185,489 11,309 4 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Kocaeli 320,808 235 0 10 1,467 63 2,755 46 2,264 381 3,827 22 7
Konya[j] 1,092,819 27,811 67 4 1,139 3 7 1 5 1 11 75 0
Kütahya 397,221 105 13 2 17 4 2 88 9 0 0 34 0
Malatya 374,449 77,794 33 10 14 5 7 148 5 4 0 3 0
Manisa 746,514 241 15 0 488 42 67 2 6 54 116 192 3
Kahramanmaraş 386,010 46,548 21 0 4,185 0 0 13 3 0 0 9 0
Mardin[k] 35,494 265,328 79,687 60 75 11 15 11 0 0 1 6 0
Muğla 334,883 6 4 1 0 28 0 0 0 1 0 0 4
Muş 110,555 83,020 3,575 507 898 0 1 3 103 0 0 0 0
Nevşehir 203,156 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0
Niğde[l] 353,146 8,991 10 0 227 5 0 12 4 0 15 4 0
Ordu 538,978 12 0 0 5 0 4,815 34 0 1 0 1 0
Rize 275,291 11 1 1 0 9 4 0 5,754 1 0 1 0
Sakarya 388,481 2,163 32 3 538 6 4,535 2 2,671 23 2,899 794 1
Samsun 747,115 1,366 3 0 3,401 91 2,350 5 51 319 10 610 0
Siirt[m] 46,722 179,023 38,273 484 1 0 15 98 3 0 10 0 0
Sinop 261,341 2,126 0 0 659 1 1,144 228 3 5 0 7 3
Sivas 649,099 32,284 19 23 2,086 0 0 217 1 0 515 0 0
Tekirdağ 284,222 548 76 18 5 19 52 8 2 1,627 6 51 102
Tokat 483,948 3,974 7 3 5,934 0 367 45 2 0 0 964 0
Trabzon 590,799 72 12 0 0 4,535 1 11 0 0 0 0 0
Tunceli 120,553 33,431 20 2,370 28 0 0 4 0 18 10 8 0
Şanlıurfa 207,652 175,100 51,090 14,554 3 0 5 2 4 0 2 0 0
Uşak 190,506 16 2 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0
Van 118,481 147,694 557 3 1 2 1 1 8 0 1 1 66
Yozgat 433,385 2,424 1 0 1,597 2 0 118 0 0 14 1 0
Zonguldak[n] 649,757 43 26 0 5 17 2 3 15 0 1 1 1

  Provinces with Turkish speakers in majority   Provinces with Turkish speakers in plurality   Provinces with Kurdish speakers in plurality   Provinces with Kurdish speakers in majority

  • Turkish- and Kurdish-speaking pluralities

  • Turkish-speaking population

  • Kurdish-speaking population

  • Arabic-speaking population

  • Zaza-speaking population

  • Circassian-speaking population

  • Greek-speaking population

  • Armenian-speaking population

  • Georgian-speaking population

  • Laz-speaking population

  • Pomak-speaking population

  • Bosnian-speaking population

  • Albanian-speaking population

  • "Jewish"-speaking population

Minorities[]

Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only on religious matters, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians/Syriacs of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.

There are many reports from sources such as (Human Rights Watch, European Parliament, European Commission, national parliaments in EU member states, Amnesty International etc.) on persistent yet declining discrimination.

Certain current trends are:

  • Turkish imams get salaries from the state, whereas Turkish Alevi as well as non-Orthodox and non-Armenian clerics are not paid
  • Imams can be trained freely at the numerous religious schools and theology departments of universities throughout the country; minority religions can not re-open schools for training of their local clerics due to legislation and international treaties dating back to the end of Turkish War of Independence. The closing of the Theological School of Halki is a sore bone of contention between Turkey and the Eastern Orthodox world;
  • The Turkish state sends out paid imams, working under authority from the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) to various European or Asian countries with Turkish- or Turkic-speaking populations, with as local heads officials from the Turkish consulates;
  • Turkey has recently engaged in promulgating a series of legal enactments aiming at removal of the procedural hurdles before the use of several local languages spoken by Turkish citizens such as Kurdish (Kurmanji), Arabic and Zaza as medium of public communication, together with several other smaller ethnic group languages. A few private Kurdish teaching centers have recently been allowed to open. Kurdish-language TV broadcasts on 7/24 basis at the public frequency denominated in the government-owned TRT 6, while the private national channels show no interest yet. However, there are already several satellite Kurdish TV stations operating from Kurdish Autonomous Region at Northern Iraq and Western Europe, broadcasting in Kurdish, Turkish and Neo-Aramaic languages, Kurdistan TV, , etc.;
  • Non-Muslim minority numbers are said to be falling rapidly, mainly as a result of aging, migration (to Israel, Greece, the United States and Western Europe).
  • There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki school. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.

According to figures released by the Foreign Ministry in December 2008, there are 89,000 Turkish citizens designated as belonging to a minority, two thirds of Armenian descent.[103]

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics[]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook:[52]

Age structure
0–14 years: 24.26% (male 10,085,558/female 9,627,967)
15–24 years: 15.88% (male 6,589,039/female 6,311,113)
25–54 years: 43.26% (male 17,798,864/female 17,349,228)
55–64 years: 8.82% (male 3,557,329/female 3,606,120)
65 years and over: 7.79% (male 2,825,738/female 3,506,283) (2018 est.)

Median age
total population: 32.4 years
male: 31.7 years
female: 33.1 years (2019 est.)[104]

Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25–54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 78.3 years
male: 75.6 years
female: 81.0 years (2019 est.)[105]

Urbanization
urban population: 75.1% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.04% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Nationality
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish

Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.2%
male: 98.8%
female: 93.6% (2016 est.)

See also[]

  • Census in Turkey
  • Minorities in Turkey

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Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e All data taken from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data is for xxxx-12-31.
  2. ^ Including Osmaniye
  3. ^ Including Kırıkkale
  4. ^ Including parts of Düzce
  5. ^ Including parts of Karabük
  6. ^ Including Bayburt
  7. ^ Including parts of Şırnak
  8. ^ Including Ardahan and Iğdır
  9. ^ Including parts of Düzce
  10. ^ Including Karaman
  11. ^ Including parts of Batman and parts of Şırnak
  12. ^ Including Aksaray
  13. ^ Including parts of Batman and parts of Şırnak
  14. ^ Including Bartın and parts of Karabük

External links[]

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