Demographics of Nepal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nepal population pyramid in 2020
Magar girls of Nepal
Nepali Gurkhas
Population of Nepalese (1960-2010 Nepal Census)
Khas girls in traditional attire
Tamang people playing their traditional instrument "Damphu"

In the 2011 census, Nepal's population was approximately 26 million people with a population growth rate of 1.35% and a median age of 21.6 years.[1] In 2016, the female median age was approximately 25 years old and the male median age was approximately 22 years old.[2] Only 4.4% of the population is estimated to be more than 65 years old, comprising 681,252 females and 597,628 males. 61% of the population is between 15 and 64 years old, and 34.6% is younger than 14 years. In 2011, the Birth rate is estimated to be 22.17 births per 1,000 people with an infant mortality rate of 46 deaths per 1,000 live births. Compared to the infant mortality rate in 2006 of 48 deaths per 1000 live births, the 2011 IMR is a slight decrease within that 5-year period. Infant mortality rate in Nepal is higher in rural regions at 44 deaths per 1000 live births, whereas in urban regions the IMR is lower at 40 deaths per 1000 live births. This difference is due to a lack of delivery assistance services in rural communities compared to their urban counterparts who have better access to hospitals and neonatal clinics.[3] Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 67.44 years for females and 64.94 years for males. The mortality rate is estimated to be 681 deaths per 100,000 people. Net migration rate is estimated to be 61 migrants per 100,000 people. According to the 2011 census, 65.9% of the total population is literate.[4]

Population growth[]

The population of Nepal has been steadily rising in recent decades. In the June 2001 census, there was a population of about 23 million in Nepal.[5] The population increased by 5 million from the preceding 1991 census; the growth rate is 2.3%.[5] The current population is roughly 30 million which contributes to an increase of about 3 million people every 5 years.

Sixty caste and linguistic subgroups have formed throughout time with the waves of migration from Tibet and India.[6] There was a moderate amount of immigration early in Nepal's history, then the population essentially remained the same without any significant fluctuations for over one hundred years.[6] Natural disasters and the following government resettlement programs in the 1950s led to a spike in internal migration from the hills to the Terai region.[6] In the 1980s the Western Chitwan Valley became a major transportation hub for all of Nepal. Along with this major change came a dramatic increase in government services, business expansion, and growing employment, especially in the agricultural industry. The valley's population grew rapidly through both in-migration and natural increase.[6]

Vital statistics[]

UN estimates[]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1975–1980 597,000 254,000 343,000 42.2 19.3 22.9 5.80
1980–1985 651,000 253,000 398,000 41.2 16.9 24.3 5.62
1985–1990 707,000 249,000 458,000 39.6 14.3 25.3 5.33
1990–1995 767,000 244,000 523,000 37.2 11.6 25.6 4.97
1995–2000 805,000 224,000 581,000 34.3 9.4 24.9 4.41
2000–2005 797,000 201,000 596,000 29.7 7.8 21.9 3.64
2005–2010 732,000 177,000 555,000 25.2 7.0 18.2 2.96
2010–2015 20.9 6.5 14.4 2.32
2015–2020 19.5 6.2 13.3 2.08
2020–2025 18.1 6.1 12.0 1.93
2025–2030 16.3 6.2 10.1 1.83
2030–2035 14.5 6.3 8.2 1.76
2035–2040 13.0 6.5 6.5 1.72
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source:[7]

Births and deaths[8]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
2011 326,725 129,978 196,747 11.4 4.5 6.9 2.52

Structure of the population[]

Structure of the population (22.06.2011) (Census):[9]

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 12 849 041 13 645 463 26 494 504 100
0-4 1 314 957 1 253 006 2 567 963 9.69
5-9 1 635 176 1 569 683 3 204 859 12.10
10-14 1 764 630 1 710 794 3 475 424 13.12
15-19 1 443 191 1 488 789 2 931 980 11.07
20-24 1 043 981 1 314 090 2 358 071 8.90
25-29 917 243 1 162 111 2 079 354 7.85
30-34 770 577 964 728 1 735 305 6.55
35-39 740 200 864 119 1 604 319 6.06
40-44 660 290 725 831 1 386 121 5.23
45-49 575 101 597 858 1 172 959 4.43
50-54 505 864 499 612 1 005 476 3.80
55-59 412 892 405 371 818 263 3.09
60-64 368 451 388 376 756 827 2.86
65-69 277 782 276 667 554 449 2.09
70-74 199 610 195 543 395 153 1.49
75-79 117 358 117 777 235 135 0.89
80-84 62 787 65 990 128 777 0.49
85-89 25 810 26 716 52 526 0.20
90-94 8 940 11 395 20 335 0.08
95+ 4 201 7 007 11 208 0.04
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 4 714 763 4 533 483 9 248 246 34.91
15-64 7 437 790 8 410 885 15 848 675 59.82
65+ 696 488 701 095 1 397 583 5.27

Life expectancy[]

Period Life expectancy in
years
Period Life expectancy in
years
1950–1955 34.0 1985–1990 52.1
1955–1960 34.6 1990–1995 56.4
1960–1965 36.2 1995–2000 60.5
1965–1970 39.1 2000–2005 64.0
1970–1975 42.0 2005–2010 66.7
1975–1980 44.9 2010–2015 68.9
1980–1985 48.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects[10]

Demographic statistics[]

Chhetri boy, the largest caste group in Nepal
Most populous caste/ethnic groups (Census 2011)[11][12] Population % of total
Chhetri (Khas) 4,398,053 16.6%
Brahmin (Khas) 3,226,903 12.2%
Magar 1,877,733 7.3%
Tharu 1,737,470 6.6%
Newar 1,539,830 5.9%
Tamang 1,321,933 5%
Sanyasi/Dasnami 1,287,633 4.8%
Khas-Kami 1,258,554 4.7%
Muslim (taken as a single religious group) 1,164,255 4.4%
Yadav 1,054,458 4.0%
Rai 690,989 2.3%
Gurung 522,641 1.9%
Sherpa 112,926 1.8%
Thakuri 425,623 1.6%
Limbu 387,300 1.4%
Sarki 374,816 1.41%
Teli 369,688 1.4%
Chamar/Harijan/Ram 335,893 1.3%
Koiri/Kushwaha 306,393 1.1%
Musahar 234,490 0.88%
Kurmi 231,129 0.87%
Dhanuk 219,808 0.82%
Dusadh/Pasawan 208,910 0.79%
Damaii/Dholi 112,946 0.42%
Sunuwar 100,000 0.38%

Kumal

121,196 0.46%
Other (more than 100 caste/ethnic groups) 4,229,290 15.96%

Nepal Demographic and Health Survey[]

Total fertility rate (TFR) (wanted fertility rate) and crude birth rate (CBR):[13]

Year CBR (total) TFR (total) CBR (urban) TFR (urban) CBR (rural) TFR (rural)
1996 37 4.64 (2,9) 27 2.85 (1,9) 38 4.83 (3,1)
2001 33.5 4.1 (2,5) 20.6 2.1 (1,4) 34.9 4.4 (2,6)
2006 28.4 3.1 (2,0) 21.9 2.1 (1,4) 29.5 3.3 (2,1)
2011 24.3 2.6 (1,8) 16.6 1.6 (1,2) 25.5 2.8 (1,8)
2016 22.4 2.3 (1.7) 19.9 2.0 (1.5) 26.3 2.9 (2.1)

The following demographic statistics are from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS).[14]

Median birth intervals (median number of months since preceding birth)

Total: 36.2
Rural: 35.9
Urban: 40.3 (2011)

Median age at first birth

Median age: 20.1 (2011)

Fertility rate - past trend and present

Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1996)
Total fertility rate: 4.1 children born/woman (2001)
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (2006)
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman
Rural fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman
Urban fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2011)

Ideal family size - mean ideal number of children

Overall (female/male): 2.1 / 2.3
Currently married (female/male): 2.2 / 2.3
Urban (female/male): 1.9 / 2.0
Rural (female/male): 2.2 / 2.3 (2011)

Ideal family size by gender and age group

Below is a table of the ideal family size by gender and age for 2011.
Age Women Men
15-19 1.9 2.2
20-24 1.9 2.1
25-29 2.1 2.1
30-34 2.2 2.3
35-39 2.3 2.4
40-44 2.5 2.4
45-49 2.6 2.6

CIA World Factbook[]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Nationality

Noun: Nepali, Nepalese
Adjective: Nepali, Nepalese

Religions

Hindu 81.34%, Buddhist 9.04%, Muslim 4.38%, Kirant 3.04%, other 2.2% (2011 census).

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 67.9%
Male: 78.6%
Female: 59.7% (2018)

Population

29,033,914 (July 2016 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 30.93% (male 4,646,048/female 4,333,105)
15-24 years: 21.86% (male 3,176,158/female 3,169,721)
25-54 years: 35.99% (male 4,707,264/female 5,740,985)
55-64 years: 6.22% (male 877,288/female 927,202)
65 years and over: 5.02% (male 723,523/female 732,620) (2016 est.)

Median age

total: 23.6 years
male: 22.4 years
female: 24.8 years (2016 est.)

Population growth rate

1.24% (2016 est.)

Birth rate

19.9 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Death rate

5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Net migration rate

1.9 migrants/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.18 children born/woman (2016 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 18.6% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 3.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 males/female
0-14 years: 1.07 males/female
15-24 years: 1 males/female
25-54 years: 0.82 males/female
55-64 years: 0.95 males/female
65 years and over: 0.86 males/female
total population: 0.99 males/female (2016 est.)
CIA World Factbook statistics
Total dependency ratio 61.4
Youth dependency ratio 52.5
Elderly dependency ratio 8.8
Infant mortality rate (IMR) 27.9 deaths/ 1,000 live births
Male IMR 29.2 deaths/ 1,000 live births
Female IMR 26.6 deaths/ 1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth (total pop.) 71 years
Life expectancy at birth (male) 70.4 years
Life expectancy at birth (female) 71.6 years

Languages[]

  Nepali (44.64%)
  Maithili (11.67%)
  Bhojpuri (5.98%)
  Tharu (5.77%)
  Tamang (5.11%)
  Newar (3.20%)
  Bajjika (2.99%)
  Magar (2.98%)
  Doteli (2.97%)
  Urdu (2.61%)
  Awadhi (1.89%)
  Limbu (1.30%)
  Gurung (1.23%)
  Baitadeli (1.03%)
  Others (6.63%)

Nepal's diverse linguistic heritage evolved from three major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman languages, and various indigenous language isolates. According to the 2001 national census, 92 different living languages are spoken in Nepal (a 93rd category was "unspecified"). Based upon the 2011 census, the major languages spoken in Nepal[15] (percentage spoken out of the mother tongue language) includes

Nepali (derived from Khas bhasa) is an Indo-Aryan language and is written in Devanagari script. Nepali was the language of the house of Gorkhas in the late 18th century and became the official, national language that serves as the lingua franca among Nepalese of different ethnolinguistic groups. Maithili language—along with regional languages Awadhi and Bhojpuri—are mother tongues spoken in the southern Terai. There has been a surge in the number and percentage of people who understand English. Majority of the urban and a significant number of the rural schools are English-medium schools. Higher education in technical, medical, scientific and engineering fields are entirely in English. Nepal Bhasa, the mother-tongue of the Newars, is widely used and spoken in and around Kathmandu Valley and in major Newar trade towns across Nepal.

Other languages, particularly in the Inner Terai hill and mountain regions, are remnants of the country's pre-unification history of dozens of political entities isolated by mountains and gorges. These languages typically are limited to an area spanning about one day's walk. Beyond that distance, dialects and languages lose mutual intelligibility. However there are some major languages spoken by indigenous peoples in the region: Magar and Gurung in the west-central hills, Tamang in the east-centre and Limbu in the east. In the high Himalayas are spoken various Tibetan languages, including Bhotia.

Since Nepal's unification, various indigenous languages have come under threat of extinction as the government of Nepal has marginalized their use through strict policies[citation needed] designed to promote Nepali as the official language. Indigenous languages which have gone extinct or are critically threatened include Byangsi, Chonkha, and Longaba. Since democracy was restored in 1990, however, the government has worked to improve the marginalization of these languages. Tribhuvan University began surveying and recording threatened languages in 2010 and the government intends to use this information to include more languages on the next Nepalese census.[16]

Religion[]

Religion in Nepal (2011)[17]

  Hinduism (81.3%)
  Buddhism (9.0%)
  Islam (4.4%)
  Kirat Mundhum (3.0%)
  Christianity (1.42%)
  Other (0.9%)

As of the 2011 census, 81.3% of the Nepalese population was Hindu, 9.0% Buddhist, 4.4% Muslim, 3.0% Kiratist/Yumaist, 1.42% Christian, and 0.9% followed other or no religion.[18]

Nepali Hindu bride and groom

Nepal defines itself as a Secular nation according to Constitution of Nepal[19] It is common for many Hindus in the country to also worship Buddhist deities simultaneously with Hindu traditions. The notion of religion in Nepal is more fluid than other countries, particularly Western countries.[20] The Nepali people build their social networks through their religious celebrations, which are a central part to the whole of communities within the country.[19]

There is a general ideal held by the Nepalese people that there is an omnipotent, transcendental "moral order" that is sacred to Hinduism. This ideal exists along with the constant presence of chaos and disorder in the material world.[20] In the Northwestern region of the country, this all-encompassing state of disorder in the world is synonymous with human affliction, for which the religious Shamans can alleviate.[20] Shamans create a world of mythic time and space to restore order and balance to the world to cure the suffers.[20]

Kathmandu Valley is home to the Newars, a major ethnic group in Nepal. The city Bhaktapur is located inside of Kathmandu Valley. Bhaktapur was once an independent Hindu Kingdom.[20] Individual homes typically have at least one shrine devoted to personal deities, with an altar displaying flowers, fruit, and oil among other offerings to the Gods.[19] The perimeter of Kathmandu Valley is lined with shrines devoted to Hindu goddesses, whose purpose is to protect the city from chaotic events. At least one shrine can be found on the vast majority of streets in Kathmandu.[19] The people of Nepal do not feel the need to segregate or compete based upon religion, so Hindu and Buddhist shrines are often coexisting in the same areas.[19] The areas outside of the city are perceived to always possess some form of wild or disordered nature, so the Nepalese people inside of the city lines regularly worship the Hindu gods through public ceremonies.[20]

The Hindu god Vishnu symbolizes moral order in the Newar society. The natural human shortcomings in maintaining the godly moral order is represented by the Hindu god Shiva.[20] Shiva is destructive and acts in greed, and he threatens the moral order. In ancient myths, Vishnu must step in to contain Shiva and restore the order.[20] In recent times, there has been a rise in political violence, specifically Maoist violence.[19] This increased violence, along with the widespread poverty creates times of hardship for the people of Nepal. During their struggles they find stability and peace in religion.

Nepal's constitution continues long-standing legal provisions prohibiting discrimination against other religions (but also proselytization). The king was defied as the earthly manifestation of the Hindu god Vishnu. On May 19, 2006, the government faced a constitutional crisis, the House of Representatives which had been just reformed, having been previously dissolved, declared Nepal a "secular state".

However, the 2001 census identified 80.6% of the population as Hindu and 10.7% as Buddhist (although many people labeled Hindu or Buddhist often practice a syncretic blend of Hinduism, Buddhism, or animist traditions), 4.2% of the population was Muslim, 3.6% of the population followed the indigenous Kirat Mundhum religion and Christianity was practiced by 0.45% of the population.[21]

Buddhist and Hindu shrines and festivals are respected and celebrated by most Nepalese. Certain animist practices of old indigenous religions survive.

Ethnic and regional equity[]

Ethnic groups of Nepal (2011)[17]

  Chhetri (16.6%)
  Bahun (12.18%)
  Magar (7.12%)
  Tharu (6.56%)
  Tamang (5.81%)
  Newar (4.99%)
  Kami (4.75%)
  Muslim (4.39%)
  Yadav (4.3%)
  Rai (2.34%)
  Others (31.28%)

Nepali was the national language and Sanskrit became a required school subject.[22] Children who spoke Nepali natively and who were exposed to Sanskrit had much better chances[citation needed] of passing the national examinations at the end of high school, which meant they had better employment prospects and could continue into higher education. Children who natively spoke local languages of the Madhesh and Hills, or Tibetan dialects prevailing in the high mountains were at a considerable disadvantage. This history of exclusion coupled with poor prospects for improvement created grievances that encouraged many in ethnic communities such as Madhesi and Tharu in the Tharuhat and Madhesh and Kham Magar in the mid-western hills to support the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) and various other armed Maoist opposition groups such as the JTMM during and after the Nepalese Civil War. The negotiated end to this war forced King Gyanendra to abdicate in 2008. Issues of ethnic and regional equity have tended to dominate the agenda of the new republican government and continue to be divisive. Today, even after the end of a 10-year-old Maoist conflict, the upper caste dominates every field in Nepal. Although Newars are low in numbers, their urban living habitat gives them a competitive advantage. Kayastha of Madhesh are the toppers in Human Development Index.[23] From a gender perspective, Newari women are the most literate and lead in every sector. Brahmin and Chhetri women have experienced less social and economic mobility compared to Newari women. Specifically, Brahmin women experience less equality due to their predominately rural living conditions which deprives them of access to certain educational and healthcare advantages.[24][25][26][27][28]

Nepalese diaspora[]

Gurkhas of Nepal.

Nepalese in the U.K.[]

In the 2001 census, approximately 6,000 Nepalese were living in the UK.[29] According to latest figure from Office for National Statistics estimates that 51,000 Nepal-born people are currently resident in the UK.[30] There has been increasing interest in the opportunities offered in the UK by the Nepalese, especially education. Between the years of 2001 to 2006, there were 7,500 applications for student visas.[29]

Nepalese in Hong Kong[]

The Nepali people residing in Hong Kong are primarily made up of children of ex-Gurkhas; born in Hong Kong during their parents' service with the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas, which was based in Hong Kong from the 1970s until the handover. Large groups of Nepali people can be found in Shek Kong and Yuen Long District off of the main bases of the British army. Many ex-Gurkhas remained in Hong Kong after the end of their service under the sponsorship of their Hong Kong-born children, who held right of abode.

Nepalese of middle age or older generations in Hong Kong are predominantly found in security, while those of younger generations are predominantly found in the business industry.

Mostly the people from Kirati ethnic groups such as Rai and Limbu are the ones residing in Hong Kong and other neighbouring nations such as Singapore and Japan

Nepalese overseas[]

Nepali migrants abroad have suffered tremendous hardships, including some 7,500 deaths in the Middle East and Malaysia alone since the year 2000, some 3,500 in Saudi Arabia.[31]

Overseas Nepalis population
Country Article Population
Saudi Arabia Nepalis in Saudi Arabia 250,000
Malaysia 6,175
Qatar Nepalis in Qatar 200,000[32]
Japan Nepalis in Japan 80,038[33]
United Arab Emirates Nepalis in the United Arab Emirates 400,000
United Kingdom[30] Nepalis in the United Kingdom 62,000
Iraq[34] 30,000
China Nepalis in China 21,000
Portugal 50,000
Hong Kong Nepalis in Hong Kong 16,000
South Korea Nepalis in South Korea 22,015
Canada Nepalese in Canada 15,000 (approx.)
Singapore Nepalis in Singapore 4000
Total overseas Nepali population ~1,616,709

Foreign population in Nepal[]

According to the 2001 census, there were 116,571 foreign born citizens in Nepal; 90% of them were of Indian origin followed by Bhutan, Pakistan and China.[35] This number does not include the refugees from Bhutan and Tibet.

Foreign population in Nepal as per census of 2001

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  3. ^ Lamichhane, Reeta; Zhao, Yun; Paudel, Susan; Adewuyi, Emmanuel O. (1 January 2017). "Factors associated with infant mortality in Nepal: a comparative analysis of Nepal demographic and health surveys (NDHS) 2006 and 2011". BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 53. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3922-z. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 5223552. PMID 28068969.
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  5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Population Growth Continues to Hinder Nepal's Economic Progress". www.prb.org. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
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  7. ^ "World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision". un.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011.
  8. ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/serATab3.pdf
  9. ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm
  10. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 15 July 2017.
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  15. ^ "Official Summary of Census" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2012.
  16. ^ Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (2010). "Marginalization of indigenous languages of Nepal". Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 37: 69 – via Expanded Academic.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b "South Asia ::NEPAL". CIA The World Factbook.
  18. ^ "2011 Nepal Census Report" (PDF). cbs.gov.np. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2013.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ostrowski, Ally (2006). "The Framing of Religion". South Asian Popular Culture. 4 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1080/14746680600555410. S2CID 142489523.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Stone, Linda (2000). "Order, identity, and religion in Nepal". Reviews in Anthropology. 29 (1): 71–82. doi:10.1080/00988157.2000.9978248. S2CID 161737605.
  21. ^ [1] Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/05/17/government-decision-to-introduce-sanskrit-in-school-education-draws-controversy
  23. ^ https://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=16224
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  26. ^ "OCHA Nepal – Situation Overview" (PDF). Issue 30. OCHA. June–July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2011. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  32. ^ "Qatar's population - by nationality". bq Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015.
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  34. ^ "Nepal government lifts Iraq working ban". BBC News.
  35. ^ Subedi, Bhim Prasad (2007). "The Issue of Foreign Born Population in Nepal: A Short Essay in Honor of Dr. Harka Gurung". The Himalayan Review. 38: 23–34.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document: "2003 edition".

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