Demographic history of the Vilnius region

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The city of Vilnius, now the capital of Lithuania, and its surrounding region has been under various states. The Vilnius Region has been part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the Lithuanian state's founding in the late Middle Ages to 1795, i.e. five hundred years. From then, the region was occupied by the Russian Empire until 1915, when the German Empire invaded it. After 1918 and throughout the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, Vilnius was disputed between the Republic of Lithuania and the Second Polish Republic. After the city was seized by the Republic of Central Lithuania with Żeligowski's Mutiny, the city was part of Poland throughout the Interwar period. Regardless, Lithuania claimed Vilnius as its capital. During World War II, the city changed hands many times, and the German occupation resulting in the destruction of Jews in Lithuania. From 1945 to 1990, Vilnius was the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic's capital. From the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Vilnius has been part of Lithuania.

The population has been categorised by linguistic and sometimes also religious indicators. At the end of the 19th century the main languages spoken were Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian and Russian.[citation needed] Both Catholic and Orthodox Christianity were represented, while a large proportion of the city's inhabitants were Jews.[vague] The "Lithuanian" element was seen as declining, while the "Slavic" element was increasing.[citation needed]

Census data are available from 1897 onward, although the territorial boundaries and ethnic categorisation have not been consistent. The Jewish population decreased greatly because of the Holocaust of 1941–44, and subsequently, many Poles were removed[vague] from the city, but less so from the surrounding countryside. Consequently, recent Census figures show a predominance of Lithuanians in the city of Vilnius, but of Poles in the Vilnius district outside the city.[vague]

Ethnic and national background[]

Already in the 1st century, Lithuanian tribes inhabited Lithuania proper.[1] Slavicisation of Lithuanians in eastern and southeastern Lithuania began in the 16th century.[2] It is recorded that in 1554, Lithuanian, Polish and Church Slavonic were spoken in Vilnius.[3] The Statutes of Lithuania, officially enforced from 1588 until 1840, forbid Polish nobility to buy estates in Lithuania, hence a mass migration of Poles into the Vilnius region was impossible.[3] The Lithuanian nobility and Bourgeoisie was gradually Polonized over the 17th and 18th centuries.[3]

Until the end of the 19th century, Peasants in eastern Lithuania proper were Lithuanians.[3][4] This is attested by their un-Polonized surnames, and most Lithuanians in eastern Lithuania proper were Slavicized by schools and churches in the last quarter of the 19th century.[3][4]

Polonization resulted in the mixed language spoken in the Vilnius region by Tutejszy, where it was known as "mowa prosta".[5] It is not recognized as a dialect of Polish and borrows heavily from the Lithuanian, Belarusian and Polish languages.[5] In 2015, Polish linguist Miroslaw Jankowiak attested that many of the region's inhabitants who declare Polish nationality speak a Belarusian dialect which they call mowa prosta ('simple speech').[6]

After the partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[]

Official tsarist sign in Vilnius "Speaking Lithuanian is strictly forbidden" (second half of the 19th century)
Official tsarist decree from the year 1864 that forbids speaking Polish language in all public places in the city of Vilna

Most of the former lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were annexed by the Russian Empire during the Partitions in the late 18th century.

While initially, these former lands had certain local autonomy, with local nobility holding the same offices as before the Partitions, after several unsuccessful rebellions in 1830–31 and 1863–64 against the Russian Empire, the Russian authorities engaged in intense Russification of the regions' inhabitants.

Following the failed November uprising all traces of former Polish–Lithuanian statehood (like the Third Statute of Lithuania and Congress Poland) were replaced with Russian counterparts, ranging from the currency and units of measurement to offices of local administration. The failed January Uprising of 1863–64 further aggravated the situation, as the Russian authorities decided to pursue the policies of forcibly imposed Russification. The discrimination of local inhabitants included restrictions and bans on usage of Lithuanian (see Lithuanian press ban), Polish, Belarusian and Ukrainian (see Valuyev circular) languages.[7][8][9][10] This however did not stop the Polonization effort undertaken by the Polish patriotic leadership of the Vilna educational district even within the Russian Empire.[11][12]

Despite that, the pre-19th-century cultural and ethnic pattern of the area was largely preserved. In the process of the pre-19th-century voluntary[13] Polonization, much of the Lithuanian nobility adopted Polish language and culture. This was also true to the representatives of the then-nascent bourgeoisie class and the Catholic and Uniate clergy. At the same time, the lower strata of the society (notably the peasants) formed a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural mixture of Lithuanians, Poles, Jews, Tatars and Ruthenians, as well as a small yet notable population of immigrants from all parts of Europe, from Italy to Scotland and from the Low Countries to Germany.

During the rule of the Russian tsars, Polish remained the Lingua franca as it had been in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By the middle of the 17th century, most Lithuanian upper nobility was Polonized. Over time, the nobility of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth unified politically and started to consider themselves to be citizens of one common state. The leader of interwar Poland, the Lithuanian-born Józef Piłsudski, was an example of this phenomenon.[14]

Piłsudski's bilingual Appeal to the citizens of former Grand Duchy of Lithuania of April 1919

Statistics[]

Following is a list of censuses that have been taken in the city of Vilnius and its region since 1897. The list is incomplete. Data are at times fragmentary.

Lebedkin's statistic of 1862[]

Michail Lebedkin used lists of the parish's inhabitants and judged their ethnicity based on their mother tongue.[3] Lebedkin considered Polish-speaking Catholics as Poles, yet the largest percentages of them were in districts of Dysna (43.4%), Vilnius (34.5%) and Vileyka (22.1%).[3] However, these districts were disconnected from ethnographic Poland and because there was no Polish colonisation, the sole conclusion is that the Polish-speaking Catholics were Polonized Lithuanians.[3]

Vilna Governorate (light green), 1843–1915
Henryk Merczyng's distribution of Polish population (1912) incorporates data from the 1897 Russian census[15]

Russian census of 1897[]

Lithuanian language area (1876). A map by  [lt]

In 1897, the first Russian Empire Census was held. The territory covered by the tables included parts of today's Belarus, that is, the Hrodna, Vitebsk and Minsk voblasts. Its results are currently criticised concerning ethnic composition because ethnicity was defined by the language spoken. In many cases, the reported language of choice was defined by general background (education, occupation) rather than ethnicity. Some results are also thought of as skewed since Pidgin speakers were assigned to nationalities arbitrarily. Moreover, the Russian military garrisons were counted in as permanent inhabitants of the area. Some historians point out the fact that the Russification policies and persecution of ethnic minorities in Russia were added to the notion to subscribe Belarusians, Lithuanians, Ukrainians and Poles to the category of Russians.[16][17][18]

Russian Population Figures for the 1897 Census:

Area
Language
 City of Vilna[19] [20]

(no city)

[21] Vilna Governorate[22]
Belarusian 6 514 4.2% 87 382 41.85% 32 015 15.86% 891 903 56.1%
German 2 170 1.4% 674 0.32% 457 0.22% 3 873 0.2%
Lithuanian 3 131 2.1% 72 899 34.92% 118 153 59.01% 279 720 17.6%
Polish 47 795 30.9% 25 293 12.11% 22 884 10.99% 130 054 8.2%
Russian 30 967 20.0% 6 939 3.32% 9 314 4.22% 78 623 4.9%
Tatar 722 0.5% 49 0.02% 799 0.19% 1 969 0.1%
Ukrainian 517 0.3% 40 0.02% 154 0.08% 919 0.1%
Yiddish 61 847 40.0% 15 377 7.37% 19 398 9.32% 202 374 12.7%
Other 682 0.4% 89 0.06% 155 0.10% 1 119 0.1%
Total 154 532 100% 208 781 100% 203 401 100% 1 591 207 100%

1916 German census[]

Ober Ost, 1916

During World War I, all of modern-day Lithuania and Poland was occupied by the German Army. On 9 March 1916, the German military authorities organized a census to determine the ethnic composition of their newly conquered territories.[23] Many Belarusian historians note that the Belarusian minority is not noted among the inhabitants of the city.[citation needed]

Area
Nationality
 City of Wilna[24] Wilna county[25][26]

(no city)

Occupied Lithuania/
Ober OstA[25][27]
Belarusians 1 917 1.4% 559 0.9% 60 789 6.4%
Lithuanians 3 699 2.6% 2 713 4.3% 175 932 18.5%
Poles 70 629 50.2% 56 632 89.8% 552 401 58.0%
Russians 2 030 1.4% 290 0.5% 12 121 1.2%
Jews 61 265 43.5% 2 711 4.3% 139 716 14.7%
Other 1 300 1.0% – – – –
Total 140 840 100% 63 076 100% 950 899 100%

AData collected from the following districts (Kreise): Suwałki, Augustów, Sejny, Grodno, Grodno-city,  [be], Lida, Radun, Vasilishki, Vilnius-city, Vilnius, Širvintos, Pabradė, Merkinė, Molėtai, Kaišiadorys, and Švenčionėliai.[25][27]

A similar census was organized for all of the territories of German-occupied Lithuania, and the northern border of the territory was more or less correspondent to that of present-day Lithuania; however, its southern border ended near Brest-Litovsk, and included the city of Białystok.[citation needed]


1921–1923 Polish census[]

Polish population in Lithuania and northern Poland, a map published in 1929 by Poland's Institute for the Study of Nationalities, interpreting the results of the elections to the parliament of Lithuania in 1923, census of Vilnius region in 1921 and elections to the Polish parliament in 1922

The Peace of Riga, which ended the Polish–Soviet War, determined Poland's eastern border. In 1921, the first Polish census was held in territories under Polish control. However, Central Lithuania, seized in 1920 by General Lucjan Żeligowski's forces after a staged mutiny, was outside of de jure Poland. Poland annexed the short-lived state on 22 March 1922.

As a result, the Polish census of 20 September 1921 covered only parts of the future Wilno Voivodeship area, that is the communes of Breslauja,  [pl], Dysna and Vileika.[28] The remaining part of the territory of Central Lithuania (that is the communes of Vilnius, Ašmena, Švenčionys and Trakai) was covered by the additional census organised there in 1923. The tables on the right give the combined numbers for Wilno Voivodeship's area (Administrative Area of Wilno), taken during both the 1921 and 1923 censuses. It is known that Lithuanians were forced to declare their nationality as Polish.[29]

Source: 1921–1923 Polish census[30]

Area
Nationality
 City of Wilno 1923[24] Administrative Area of Wilno
Belarusians 3 907 2.3% – 25.7%
Lithuanians 1 445 0.9% – –
Poles 100 830 60.2% – 57.9%
Russians 4 669 2.8% – –
Jews 56 168 33.5% – 8.1%
Other 435 0.26% – 8.3%
Total 167 454 100% – 100%

Polish census of 1931[]

Wilno voivodeship

The 1931 Polish census was the first Polish census to measure the population of the whole Wilno and Wilno Voivodeship at once. It was organised on 9 December 1931 by the Main Statistical Office of Poland. However, in 1931 the question of nationality was replaced by two separate questions of religion worshipped and the language spoken at home.[31] Because of that, it is sometimes argued that the "language question" was introduced to diminish the number of Jews, some of whom spoke Polish rather than Yiddish or Hebrew.[31] The table on the right shows the census findings on language. Wilno voivodeship did not include Druskininkai area and included just a small part of Varėna area where the majority of inhabitants were Lithuanians. Even then, some Lithuanians were recorded as belonging to the Polish nationality.[29] The voivodeship, however, included Brelauja, Dysna, Molodečno, Ašmena, Pastovys and Vileika counties which now belong to Belarus.

In stark contrast to the Polish interwar censuses, the Vilnius region was the site of 30 Lithuanian Kindergartens, 350 Lithuanian Primary schools, 2 Lithuanian gymnasiums and a Lithuanian teacher's seminary, all of which indicate that there were far more Lithuanians in the Vilnius region than the censuses accounted for.[3]

Area
Language
 City of Wilno[32] Wilno Voivodeship[32]
Belarusian 1 700 0.9% 289 700 22.7%
German 600 0.3% – –
Lithuanian 1 579 0.8% 66 300 5.2%
Polish 128 600 65.9% 761 000 59.7%
Russian 7 400 3.8% 43 300 3.4%
Ukrainian 200 0.1% – –
Yiddish 54 600 28.0% 108 900 8.5%
Other 400 0.2% 3 900 0.3%
Total 195 100 100% 1 276 000 100%

Lithuanian census of 1939[]

Lithuanians troops who entered Vilnius in 1939 had to resort to French and German to communicate with the city's inhabitants. According to the official Lithuanian count from 1939, only 6% of Vilnius residents were Lithuanian.[33] A sanitary platoon of the Lithuanian army didn't encounter any Lithuanian-speaking villages despite travelling for two weeks in the surrounding countryside.[34] In December 1939, shortly after the return of Lithuanian control to what it claimed was its capital city, the Lithuanian authorities organized a new census in the area. However, the census is often criticized as skewed, intending to prove Lithuania's historical and moral rights to the disputed area rather than determine the factual composition.[35] Lithuanian figures from that period are criticized as significantly inflating the number of Lithuanians.[36] People receiving Lithuanian citizenship were pressured to declare their nationality as being Lithuanian rather than Polish.[34]

Wilna-Gebiet

German-Lithuanian census of 1942[]

After the outbreak of the German-Soviet War in 1941, the area of eastern Lithuania was quickly seized by the Wehrmacht. On 27 May 1942 a new census was organised by the German authorities and the local Lithuanian collaborators.[37] The details of the methodology used are unknown[further explanation needed] and the results of the census are commonly believed[by whom? – Discuss] to be an outcome of the racial theories and beliefs of those who organised the census rather than the actual ethnic and national composition of the area.[37] Among the most notable features is a complete lack of data on the Jewish inhabitants of the area (see Ponary massacre for explanation) and a much lowered number of Poles, as compared to all the earlier censuses.[38][39] However, Wilna-Gebiet did not include Breslauja, Dysna, Maladečina, Pastovys and Vileika counties but included  [lt] district. That explains the decline in the number of Belarussians in Wilna-Gebiet.

Area
Nationality
 City of Wilna[37] Wilna-Gebiet[37]
Belarusians 5 348 2.55% 81 257 10.89%
Germans 524 0.25% – –
Lithuanians 51 111 24.37% 324 234 43.44%
Poles 87 855 41.89% 315 042 42.20%
Russians 4 090 1.95% 22 792 3.05%
Jews 58 263 27.78% – –
Other 2 538 1.21% 3 109 0.42%
Total 209 729 100% 746 434 100%

Soviet data from 1944 to 1945[]

Vilnius' registered population was about 107,000. People who moved to the city during the German occupation, military personnel, and temporary residents were not included in the population count. According to the data from the beginning of 1945, the total population of Vilnius, Švenčionys and Trakai districts amounted to 325,000 people, half of them Poles.[40] About 90% of the Vilnius' Jewish inhabitants had been killed in the Holocaust. Every Pole in the city was forced to register for resettlement, and about 80% of Vilnius Poles left for Poland.[41]

Soviet census of late 1944-early 1945:A[42]

Area
Nationality
 City of Vilnius Vilnius district Trakai district Švenčionys district
Belarusians 2 062 1.9% 800 – – – – –
Lithuanians 7 958 7.5% 7 500 – ~70 000 – 69 288 –
Poles 84 990 79.8% 105 000 – ~40 000 – 19 108 –
Russians 8 867 8.3% 2 600 – ~3 500 – 2 542 –
Ukrainians ~500[40] – – – – – – –
Jews ~1 500[40] – – – – – – –
Total 106 497 100% 115 900 100% ~114 000 100% 93 631 100%

AIn the Trakai and Švenčionys districts, a certain number of Belarusians was included into the categories of Russians and Poles.[42]

Soviet census of 1959[]

During the 1944-1946 period, about 50% of the registered Poles in Lithuania were transferred to Poland. estimates that about 150,000 people left the country.[43] During 1955–1959 period, another 46,600 Poles left Lithuania. However, Lithuanian historians estimate that about 10% of people who left for Poland were ethnic Lithuanians[citation needed]. While the removal[dubious – discuss] of Poles from Vilnius was a matter of primary importance[dubious – discuss] for the Lithuanian communist authorities, the depolonization of the countryside was limited due to fear that it would cause depopulation and labour shortage. This led to ethnic segregation, with Lithuanians and Russians prevailing in the city and Poles in the surrounding areas.[44][45]

These are the results of the migration to Poland and the growth of the city due to industrial development and the Soviet Union policy.

1959 Soviet census:

Area
Nationality
 City of Vilnius[41][46] Vilnius Region
Belarusians 14 700 6.2% – –
Lithuanians 79 400 33.6% – –
Poles 47 200 20.0% – –
Russians 69 400 29.4% – –
Tatars 496 0.2% – –
Ukrainians 6 600 2.8% – –
Jews 16 400 7.2% – –
Other – 0.8% – –
Total 236 100 100% – –

Soviet census of January 1989

Poles accounted for 63.6% of the population in Vilnius rayon/county (currently Vilnius district municipality, excluding the city of Vilnius itself), and 82.4% of the population in Šalčininkai rayon/county (currently known as Šalčininkai district municipality).[47]

Area
Nationality
 City of Vilnius[46] Vilnius Region
Belarusians – 5.3% – –
Lithuanians – 50.5% – –
Poles – 18.8% – –
Russians – 20.2% – –
Tatars – 0.2% – –
Ukrainians – 2.3% – –
Jews – 1.6% – –
Other – 1.1% – –
Total 582 500 100% – –

Lithuanian census of 2001[]

Poles in Lithuania (2001)

2001 Lithuanian census:[48]

Area
Nationality
 Vilnius city municipality[41][46] Vilnius district municipality
Belarusians 22 555 4.1% 3 869 4.4%
Lithuanians 318 510 57.5% 19 855 22.4%
Poles 104 446 18.9% 54 322 61.3%
Russians 77 698 14.0% 7 430 8.4%
Ukrainians 7 159 1.3% 619 0.7%
Jews 2 785 0.5% 37 <0.01%
Other 2 528 0.5% 484 0.5%
Total 553 904 100% 88 600 100%

Lithuanian census of 2011[]

Poles in Lithuania (2011)
Area
Nationality
 Vilnius city municipality[49] Vilnius district municipality[49]
Belarusians 18 924 3.5% 3 982 4.2%
Lithuanians 338 758 63.2% 30 967 32.5%
Poles 88 408 16.5% 49 648 52.1%
Russians 63 991 11.9% 7 638 8.0%
Ukrainians 5 338 1.0% 623 0.7%
Jews 2 026 0.4% 109 0.1%
Other 4 754 0.9% 754 0.8%
Not indicated 13 432 2.5% 1 627 1.6%
Total 535 631 100% 95 348 100%

Jews of Vilnius[]

The Jews living in Vilnius had their own complex identity, and labels of Polish Jews, Lithuanian Jews or Russian Jews are all applicable only in part.[50] The majority of the Yiddish speaking population used the Litvish dialect.

The situation today[]

The Vilnius urban region is the only area in East Lithuania that doesn't face a decline in population density. Poles are the majority of native rural population in the Vilnius region. The share of the Polish population across the region is decreasing, mainly due to the natural decline of rural population and process of suburbanization – the majority of new residents in the outskirts of Vilnius are Lithuanians.[45]

Most speakers in the area today speak a dialect known as the simple speech (po prostu).[51] Colloquial Polish in Lithuania includes dialectic qualities and is influenced by other languages.[52] Educated Poles speak a language close to standard Polish.[citation needed]

See also[]

References[]

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  49. ^ Jump up to: a b Census 2011 Archived 1 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Statistics Lithuania, 2013
  50. ^ , On Modern Jewish Politics, Oxford University Press, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508319-9, Google Print, p.8 and Mark Abley, Spoken Here: Travels Among Threatened Languages, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2003, ISBN 0-618-23649-X, Google Print, p.205
  51. ^ Lietuvos rytai; straipsnių rinkinys The east of Lithuania; the collection of articles; V. Čekmonas, L. Grumadaitė "Kalbų paplitimas Rytų Lietuvoje" "The distribution of languages in eastern Lithuania"
  52. ^ K. Geben, Język internautów wileńskich (The language of Vilnius Internauts),in Poradnik Jezykowy, 2008 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

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