Deputy Prime Minister of Australia
| Deputy Prime Minister of Australia | |
|---|---|
 Commonwealth Coat of Arms | |
 | |
| Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet | |
| Style | The Honourable |
| Abbreviation | DPM |
| Member of | |
| Reports to | Prime Minister |
| Seat | Canberra |
| Nominator | Prime Minister |
| Appointer | Governor-General of Australia |
| Term length | At the Governor-General's pleasure |
| Formation | 10 January 1968 |
| First holder | John McEwen |
| Salary | AU$416,212 |
| Website | https://minister.infrastructure.gov.au/joyce |
 |
|---|
 Australia portal
|
The deputy prime minister of Australia is the deputy chief executive and the second highest ranking officer of the government of Australia. The office of deputy prime minister was officially created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968, although the title had been used informally for many years previously. The deputy prime minister is appointed by the governor-general on the advice of the prime minister. When Australia has a Labor government, the deputy leader of the parliamentary party holds the position of deputy prime minister. When Australia has a Coalition government, the Coalition Agreement mandates that all Coalition members support the leader of the Liberal Party becoming prime minister and mandates that the leader of the National Party be selected as deputy prime minister.[1]
The incumbent deputy prime minister, Barnaby Joyce, was elected to the position when he became leader of the National Party of Australia at the leadership election held on Monday 21 June 2021. Predecessor, Michael McCormack returned to the backbench after losing leadership of the party. This is Barnaby Joyce's second run as Leader of the National Party and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, after resigning the position initially in 2018.
The 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis resulted in the position being made vacant for the first time since its official creation. Barnaby Joyce, the then-incumbent, was ruled ineligible to be a member of parliament by the High Court of Australia sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns on 27 October 2017, as he held New Zealand citizenship at the time of his election in contravention of Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia. Julie Bishop would act in the place of the prime minister during the vacancy in the deputy premiership.[2][3] Joyce regained the position on 6 December 2017[4] after he won the by-election for the seat of New England several days earlier.[3]
History[]
Originally the position of deputy Prime Minister was an unofficial or honorary position accorded to the second-highest ranking minister in the government. The unofficial position acquired more significance following the 1922 federal election, which saw the governing Nationalist Party lose its parliamentary majority. The Nationalists eventually reached a coalition agreement with the Country Party, which called for Country Party leader Earle Page to take the second rank in the Nationalist-led ministry of Stanley Bruce. While Page's only official title was Treasurer, he was considered as a deputy to Bruce.[5]
From then until 1968, the Coalition agreement between the Liberals (and their predecessors) and Country Party called for the leader of the Country Party (subsequently the National Party) to rank second in Cabinet. That continues to be case when the Coalition is in government.[1] In the case of Labor governments, the party's deputy leader ranks second in Cabinet.
On 19 December 1967, John McEwen, the long-serving leader of the Country Party in the Coalition government, was sworn in as interim Prime Minister following the sudden death in office of Prime Minister Harold Holt. (There was discussion that deputy Liberal leader and Treasurer William McMahon should assume the office. McMahon had planned a party room meeting on 20 December to elect a new leader, intending to stand for the position himself. However, this was pre-empted by McEwen who publicly declared on the morning of 18 December that he would not serve in a McMahon government.) McEwen was sworn in as prime minister on the understanding that his commission would continue only so long as it took for the Liberals to elect a new leader. Governor-General Lord Casey also accepted the view put to him by McEwen that to commission a Liberal temporarily as Prime Minister would give that person an unfair advantage in the forthcoming party room ballot for the permanent leader. McEwen's appointment was in keeping with the previous occasion when the main non-Labor party was without a leader; Earle Page of the Country Party was interim prime minister between 7 and 26 April 1939—the period between Joseph Lyons' sudden death and the United Australia Party naming Robert Menzies his successor.
The Liberal leadership ballot was rescheduled for 9 January 1968. As it turned out, McMahon did not stand, and Senator John Gorton was elected, replacing McEwen as prime minister on 10 January 1968.[6] McEwen reverted to his previous status as the second-ranking member of the government, as per the Coalition agreement. He had unofficially been deputy prime minister since becoming Country Party leader in 1958, and since 1966 had exercised an effective veto over government policy by virtue of being the longest-serving member of the government; he had been a member of the Coalition frontbench without interruption since 1937. To acknowledge McEwen's long service and his status as the second-ranking member of the government, Gorton formally created the post of Deputy Prime Minister, with McEwen as the first holder of the post.
According to parliamentary records, in the time before the position of deputy prime minister was officially created, the position was known as "deputy leader of the Government."[7]
Since 1968 only two deputy prime ministers have gone on to become prime minister: Paul Keating and Julia Gillard. In both cases, they succeeded incumbent prime ministers who lost the support of their party caucus mid-term and their election as party leader preceded their predecessor's resignations and their subsequent appointments as prime minister. Frank Forde, who had been deputy Labor leader when John Curtin died, was interim prime minister between 6 and 13 July 1945, when a leadership ballot took place that elected Ben Chifley as Curtin's successor.
In November 2007, when the Australian Labor Party won government, Julia Gillard became Australia's first female, and first foreign-born, deputy prime minister.
In 2017, the position became vacant for a period of 40 days, the only time in its history when it has been unoccupied. As part of the 2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis, it emerged that the then-incumbent Barnaby Joyce was a citizen of New Zealand by descent (jus sanguinis – by right of blood) at the time of the 2016 federal election.[8] Joyce told the House of Representatives that he was advised of his citizenship status on 10 August 2017 by the New Zealand High Commission[9] and his renunciation of his dual citizenship became effective on 15 August 2017.[10] Nevertheless, he asked for his case to be referred to the High Court of Australia (sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns) for adjudication,[8] and they ruled that his election was invalid under section 44 of the Constitution of Australia.[2][3] The government immediately issued writs for a by-election for the seat of New England to be held on 2 December 2017, which Joyce won easily.[3] Governor-General Sir Peter Cosgrove re-appointed Joyce as deputy prime minister on 6 December 2017.[4]
In practice, only National party leaders or Labor Party deputy leaders have held the position.
Duties[]
The Deputy Prime Minister has always been a member of the Cabinet, and has always held at least one substantive portfolio.[citation needed] It would be technically possible for a minister to hold only the portfolio of Deputy Prime Minister, but this has never happened.[citation needed]
Succession[]
The Deputy Prime Minister becomes Acting Prime Minister if the Prime Minister is unable to undertake their role for a short time, for example if they are ill, overseas or on leave (and if both are unavailable, then another senior minister takes on this role).[11] If the Prime Minister were to die, then the Deputy Prime Minister would be appointed Prime Minister by the Governor-General, until the government votes for another member to be its leader.[11]
Salary[]
Members of parliament receive a base salary of $203,030, which is set by the Remuneration Tribunal (an independent statutory authority). Ministers receive an additional amount, which is determined by the government itself based on the recommendations of the Remuneration Tribunal.[12] The deputy prime minister receives an additional 105 percent of the base salary, making for a total salary of $416,212.[13] The holder of the office also receives various other allowances and entitlements.[12]
List of deputy prime ministers of Australia[]
The following individuals have been officially appointed as deputy prime minister of Australia since the office of deputy prime minister was created as a ministerial portfolio in 1968:[14][15]
| No. | Portrait | Deputy Prime Minister | Political Party and position |
Portfolio(s) | Term of office | Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 | 
|
John McEwen | Country Leader 1958–71 |
Trade and Industry | 10 January 1968 | 5 February 1971 | 3 years, 26 days | John Gorton | |
| 2 | 
|
Doug Anthony | Country Leader 1971–84 |
Trade and Industry | 5 February 1971 | 5 December 1972 | 1 year, 304 days | ||
| William McMahon | |||||||||
| 3 | 
|
Lance Barnard | Labor Deputy Leader 1967–74 |
Defence | 5 December 1972 | 12 June 1974 | 1 year, 189 days | Gough Whitlam | |
| 4 | 
|
Jim Cairns | Labor Deputy Leader 1974–75 |
Treasurer | 12 June 1974 | 2 July 1975 | 1 year, 20 days | ||
| 5 | 
|
Frank Crean | Labor Deputy Leader 1975 |
Overseas Trade | 2 July 1975 | 11 November 1975 | 132 days | ||
| (2) | 
|
Doug Anthony | Country National Leader 1971–84 |
Trade and Industry | 12 November 1975 | 11 March 1983 | 7 years, 119 days | Malcolm Fraser | |
| 6 | 
|
Lionel Bowen | Labor Deputy Leader 1977–90 |
Trade Attorney-General |
11 March 1983 | 4 April 1990 | 7 years, 24 days | Bob Hawke | |
| 7 | 
|
Paul Keating | Labor Deputy Leader 1990–91 |
Treasurer | 4 April 1990 | 3 June 1991 | 1 year, 60 days | ||
| 8 | 
|
Brian Howe | Labor Deputy Leader 1991–95 |
Health Housing Community Services Local Government Regional Affairs |
3 June 1991 | 20 June 1995 | 4 years, 17 days | ||
| Paul Keating | |||||||||
| 9 | 
|
Kim Beazley | Labor Deputy Leader 1995–96 |
Finance | 20 June 1995 | 11 March 1996 | 265 days | ||
| 10 | 
|
Tim Fischer | National Leader 1990–99 |
Trade | 11 March 1996 | 20 July 1999 | 3 years, 131 days | John Howard | |
| 11 | 
|
John Anderson | National Leader 1999–2005 |
Transport and Regional Development | 20 July 1999 | 6 July 2005 | 5 years, 351 days | ||
| 12 | 
|
Mark Vaile | National Leader 2005–7 |
Trade Transport and Regional Services |
6 July 2005 | 3 December 2007 | 2 years, 150 days | ||
| 13 | 
|
Julia Gillard | Labor Deputy Leader 2006–10 |
Employment and Workplace Relations Education Social Inclusion |
3 December 2007 | 24 June 2010 | 2 years, 203 days | Kevin Rudd | |
| 14 | 
|
Wayne Swan | Labor Deputy Leader 2010–13 |
Treasurer | 24 June 2010 | 27 June 2013 | 3 years, 3 days | Julia Gillard | |
| 15 | 
|
Anthony Albanese | Labor Deputy Leader 2013 |
Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy Infrastructure and Transport |
27 June 2013 | 18 September 2013 | 83 days | Kevin Rudd | |
| 16 | 
|
Warren Truss | National Leader 2013–16 |
Infrastructure and Regional Development | 18 September 2013 | 18 February 2016 | 2 years, 153 days | Tony Abbott | |
| Malcolm Turnbull | |||||||||
| 17 | 
|
Barnaby Joyce | National Leader 2016–18 |
Agriculture and Water Resources Resources and Northern Australia |
18 February 2016 | 27 October 2017 | 2 years, 8 days | ||
| Infrastructure and Transport | 6 December 2017 | 26 February 2018 | |||||||
| 18 | 
|
Michael McCormack | National Leader 2018–2021 |
Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development | 26 February 2018 | 22 June 2021 | 3 years, 349 days | ||
| Scott Morrison | |||||||||
| (17) |
|
Barnaby Joyce | National Leader 2021–present |
Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development |
22 June 2021 | Incumbent | 232 days | ||
Living former deputy prime ministers[]
As of February 2022, there are 10 living former deputy prime ministers of Australia, the oldest being Brian Howe (born 1936). The most recent former deputy prime minister to die was Doug Anthony (1971–72, 1975–83), on 20 December 2020.
- Paul Keating (1990–91)
- Brian Howe (1991–95)
- Kim Beazley (1995–96)
- John Anderson (1999–2005)
- Mark Vaile (2005–07)
- Julia Gillard (2007–10)
- Wayne Swan (2010–13)
- Anthony Albanese (2013)
- Warren Truss (2013–16)
- Michael McCormack (2018–21)
Informal deputy prime ministers[]
 | This section does not cite any sources. (December 2017) |
The office of Deputy Prime Minister was created in January 1968 but prior to that time the term was used unofficially for the second-highest ranking minister in the government.
| Name | Picture | Term of office | Political party and position | Ministerial Offices | Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfred Deakin | 
|
1901 | 1903 | Protectionist Party Deputy Leader 1901–03 |
Attorney-General Acting Prime Minister 1902 |
Edmund Barton | ||
| William Lyne | 
|
1903 | 1904 | Protectionist Party Deputy Leader 1901–09 |
Minister for Trade and Customs | Alfred Deakin | ||
| Gregor McGregor | 
|
1904 | 1904 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1901–14 |
Vice-President of the Executive Council | Chris Watson | ||
| Allan McLean | 
|
1904 | 1905 | Protectionist Party | Minister for Trade and Customs | George Reid | ||
| William Lyne |
|
1905 | 1908 | Protectionist Party Deputy Leader 1901–09 |
Minister for Trade and Customs Treasurer |
Alfred Deakin | ||
| Gregor McGregor |
|
1908 | 1909 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1901–14 |
Vice-President of the Executive Council | Andrew Fisher | ||
| Joseph Cook | 
|
1909 | 1910 | Commonwealth Liberal Party Deputy Leader 1909–13 |
Minister for Defence | Alfred Deakin | ||
| Gregor McGregor |
|
1910 | 1913 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1901–14 |
Vice-President of the Executive Council | Andrew Fisher | ||
| John Forrest | 
|
1913 | 1914 | Commonwealth Liberal Party Deputy Leader 1913–16 |
Treasurer | Joseph Cook | ||
| Billy Hughes | 
|
1914 | 1915 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1914–15 |
Attorney-General Acting Prime Minister 1915 |
Andrew Fisher | ||
| George Pearce | 
|
1915 | 1916 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1915–16 |
Minister for Defence Acting Prime Minister 1916 |
Billy Hughes | ||
| 1916 | 1917 | National Labor Party Deputy Leader 1916–17 |
||||||
| William Watt | 
|
1918 | 1920 | Nationalist Deputy Leader 1918–20 |
Treasurer Acting Prime Minister 1918–19 |
|||
| Joseph Cook | 
|
1917 | 1921 | Nationalist Deputy Leader 1920–21 |
Minister for the Navy Treasurer acting Prime Minister May–September 1921 |
|||
| Earle Page | 
|
1923 | 1929 | Country Party Leader 1921–39 |
Treasurer | Stanley Bruce | ||
| Ted Theodore | 
|
1929 | 1932 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1929–32 |
Treasurer | James Scullin | ||
| James Fenton | 
|
1930 | 1931 | Australian Labor Party Temporary Leader 1929–32 |
Acting Prime Minister 1930–31 | James Scullin | ||
| John Latham | 
|
1932 | 1934 | United Australia Party Deputy Leader 1932–34 |
Attorney-General Minister for External Affairs Minister for Industry |
Joseph Lyons | ||
| George Pearce |
|
1934 | 1934 | United Australia Party Deputy Leader 1934 |
Minister for External Affairs Minister in Charge of Territories | |||
| Earle Page | 
|
1934 | 1939 | Country Party Leader 1921–39 |
Minister for Commerce Minister for Health | |||
| Archie Cameron | 
|
1940 | 1940 | Country Party Leader 1939–40 |
Postmaster-General Minister for Commerce Minister for the Navy |
Robert Menzies | ||
| Arthur Fadden | 
|
1940 | 1941 | Country Party Leader 1940–58 |
Minister for the Air Minister for Civil Aviation Treasurer Acting Prime Minister 1940 | |||
| Robert Menzies | 
|
1941 | 1941 | United Australia Party Leader 1939–41 |
Minister for Defence Co-ordination | Arthur Fadden | ||
| Frank Forde | 
|
1941 | 1946 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1932–46 |
Minister for the Army Minister for Defence Acting Prime Minister April–July 1944, November 1944 – January 1945, Prime Minister for one week in 1945 |
John Curtin | ||
| Ben Chifley | ||||||||
| H. V. Evatt | 
|
1946 | 1949 | Australian Labor Party Deputy Leader 1946–51 |
Minister for External Affairs Attorney-General |
|||
| Arthur Fadden | 
|
1949 | 1958 | Country Party Leader 1940–58 |
Treasurer | Robert Menzies | ||
| John McEwen | 
|
1958 | 1967 | Country Party Leader 1958–71 |
Minister for Trade and Industry Acting Prime Minister June–July 1965 |
|||
| Harold Holt | ||||||||
References[]
- ^ a b Koziol, Michael; Bagshaw, Eryk (16 February 2018). "Why can't Malcolm Turnbull sack Barnaby Joyce?". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ a b Massola, James (27 October 2017). "High Court citizenship verdict: Barnaby Joyce facing byelection in hammer blow to Turnbull government". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ a b c d Green, Antony (2017). "2017 New England by-election – Guide". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Green, Antony (15 January 2018). "2017 New England by-election – Commentary". ABC News (Online). News and Current Affairs Division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 February 2018. - ^ a b Murphy, Jamieson (6 December 2017). "Barnaby Joyce is once again the Deputy Prime Minister after being sworn in". Northern Daily Leader. Rural Press. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
- ^ PrimeFacts: Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
- ^ "Before office - William McMahon - Australia's PMs - Australia's Prime Ministers". Archived from the original on 12 September 2009.
- ^ "ParlInfo - Biography for EVATT, the Rt. Hon. Herbert Vere, QC".
- ^ a b Gartrell, Adam; Remeikis, Amy (14 August 2017). "Barnaby Joyce refers himself to High Court over potential dual citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ^ Barnaby Joyce, Deputy Prime Minister (14 August 2017). "Parliamentary Representation" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 8185. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Last Thursday afternoon the New Zealand High Commission contacted me to advise that, on the basis of preliminary advice from their Department of Internal Affairs, which had received inquiries from the New Zealand Labour Party, they considered that I may be a citizen by descent of New Zealand.
- ^ Vielleris, Renee (15 August 2017). "Documentary evidence Barnaby Joyce has renounced his NZ citizenship". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ^ a b "Does Australia have a parliamentary line of succession to the Prime Minister and if so, what is the order?". Parliamentary Education Office. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ^ a b Determination 2017/23: Members of Parliament, Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ Report on Ministers of State - Salaries Additional to the Basic Parliamentary Salary, Remuneration Tribunal. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
- ^ "Ministries and Cabinets". 43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament. Parliament of Australia. 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ "Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia" (PDF). Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
External links[]
 | ||
- Deputy Prime Ministers of Australia
- Lists of government ministers of Australia
- Prime Minister of Australia