Foreign relations of Luxembourg
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The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and economic integration. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU) to create an inter-exchangeable currency and a common customs regime. Post-war, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the United Nations, and dropped its policy of neutrality to become a founding member state of NATO. Luxembourg expanded its support for European integration, becoming a founding member state of the Benelux Economic Union (today's Benelux Union), and one of the "inner six" founding member states of the three European Communities; the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the European Economic Community (EEC). Subsequently, Luxembourg became a founding member state of the European Union (EU) when the EEC and ECSC were incorporated into it in 1993. Luxembourg is a founding member of the Schengen Area, abolishing internal borders amongst its member states, named after the Luxembourg village where the original agreement — since incorporated into EU law — was signed in 1985. At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-NATO, pro-US foreign policy.
Luxembourg is the site of the European Court of Justice, the European Investment Bank, the European Court of Auditors, the secretariat of the European Parliament, the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat), and other EU bodies.
Relations by continent[]
Africa[]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Burkina Faso |
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 Cape Verde |
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 Ethiopia |
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 Niger |
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 Senegal |
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Americas[]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Argentina |
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 Belize |
15 May 2008 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 15, 2008.[1] |
 Brazil |
1911 |
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 Canada |
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 Chile |
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 Mexico |
1947 | See Luxembourg–Mexico relations
Diplomatic relations between Luxembourg and Mexico were established in 1947. In 1980, Prime Minister Pierre Werner paid an official visit to Mexico. In March 1996, Grand Duke Jean paid a visit to Mexico. During the Grand Duke's visit, both nations signed an Air Transportation Agreement. In April 2019, Prime Minister Xavier Bettel paid an official visit to Mexico and met with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador.[4][5] |
 Nicaragua |
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 United States |
 Embassy of Luxembourg in Washington, D.C. The United States, fighting on the Allied side, contributed to Luxembourg's liberation in World War I and World War II. More than 5,000 American soldiers, including U.S. Army General George S. Patton, are buried at the Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial near the capital of Luxembourg City, and there are monuments in many towns to American liberators. The strong U.S.-Luxembourg relationship is expressed both bilaterally and through common membership in NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
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Asia[]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Armenia |
11 June 1992 |
Armenia and Luxembourg established diplomatic ties on 11 June 1992.
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 Azerbaijan |
See Azerbaijan–Luxembourg relations | |
 China |
See China–Luxembourg relations
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 Georgia |
See Georgia–Luxembourg relations | |
 India |
See India–Luxembourg relations
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 Israel |
In November 1947, Luxembourg voted in favor of the partition plan to create a Jewish state. Israel and Luxembourg established full diplomatic relations in 1949.
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 Japan |
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 Palestine |
See Luxembourg–Palestine relations
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 South Korea |
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 Turkey |
See Luxembourg–Turkey relations
Bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg gained momentum with the opening of a Turkish Embassy in Luxembourg in 1987.[10]
There are 500 ethnic Turk's living in Luxembourg, 200 of whom have dual citizenship. The trade volume between the two States had reached $217 million in 2011.[10] Luxembourg strongly supports Turkey's candidacy as a full European Union member.[11][12] | |
 Vietnam |
1973 | See Luxembourg–Vietnam relations
Both countries signed diplomatic relations in 1973.
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Europe[]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Austria |
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 Belgium |
See Belgium–Luxembourg relations
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 Czech Republic |
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 Denmark |
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 Estonia |
27 August 1991 |
Luxembourg recognised Estonia on February 22, 1923 and re-recognised Estonia on August 27, 1991.[clarification needed][16] Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991.[16] In 1937, a prominent Estonian political leader Artur Sirk, while a fugitive in Luxembourg was found dead, having apparently committed suicide by jumping out a second-story window. Although the Luxembourg Gendarmerie report assumed suicide, because of inconsistencies in the report, the Estonian chargé d'affaires in Paris, Rudolph Mollerson was sent to investigate.[17] Estonian historians including Pusta[18] and Tomingas[19] have argued that the death was an act of defenestration by agents of the first President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts. As of December 31, 2007, foreign investments made in Estonia originating from Luxembourg totaled 225 million EUR accounting for 2% of the total volume of foreign direct investments. There are about 300 Estonians living in Luxembourg.[16] An Estonian cultural association was founded in 1998.[20] The Estonian President Arnold Rüütel's state visit to Luxembourg was in May 2003,[16][21] prime minister Andrus Ansip's in 2006. The Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker visited Estonia in 1999 and 2007.
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 Finland |
25 October 1921 |
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 France |
See France–Luxembourg relations
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 Germany |
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 Greece |
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 Hungary |
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 Ireland |
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 Italy |
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 Kosovo |
21 February 2008 |
Luxembourg recognized the independence of Kosovo on 21 February 2008.[34]
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 Lithuania |
23 March 1992 |
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 Malta |
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 Netherlands |
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 Poland |
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 Portugal |
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 Romania |
10 December 1910 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on December 10, 1910.
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 Russia |
See Luxembourg–Russia relations
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the United Nations. In the history of bilateral relations, the first Russian president to come on an official visit to Luxembourg was Vladimir Putin on 24 May 2007. As bilateral trade had more than tripled from USD 66.6 million in 2003 to USD 228.3 million in 2006, time had come to strengthen the ties between the two countries, energy and finance being the key areas of cooperation between Russia and Luxembourg. | |
 Spain |
See Luxembourg–Spain relations
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 Switzerland |
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 Ukraine |
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 United Kingdom |
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Oceania[]
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Australia |
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 New Zealand |
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Relations by organization[]
NATO[]
United Nations[]
See also[]
- List of diplomatic missions in Luxembourg
- List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg
- List of ambassadors to Luxembourg
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg)
References[]
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ "Gouvernement du Canada - Government of Canada". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Luxembourg embassy in Washington (also accredited to Canada) Archived 2009-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Diplomatic relations between Mexico and Luxembourg (in Spanish)
- ^ En Palacio Nacional, presidente López Obrador recibe a primer ministro de Luxemburgo, Xavier Bettel (in Spanish)
- ^ "Embassy of Luxembourg in the United States". Archived from the original on 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
- ^ Embassy of Mexico in Belgium
- ^ "Embassy of Luxembourg in New Delhi".
- ^ "Countries and Regions > Europe > List of the Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Relations between Turkey and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-02-20. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Luxembourg's FM voices support for Turkey's EU membership". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Luxembourg FM says EU needs Turkey to become global actor". TodaysZaman. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Czech embassy in Luxembourg City (in Czech and French only)". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Jan Kuthan. "Levné dárky pro muže i pro ženy nejen k narozeninám". Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Luxembourg". Retrieved 20 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Estonia and Luxembourg". Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
- ^ Kasekamp, Andres (2000-06-03). The Radical Right in Interwar Estonia. ISBN 9780312225988. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ K. Pusta, Saddiku Paevik, Gesilingen, 1964, vol. 1
- ^ W. Tomingas, Vaikiv Ajustu Eestis, New York, 1961
- ^ "Luksemburgi Eesti Selts".
- ^ "Visite d'Etat au Luxembourg de S.E.M. Arnold Rüütel, Président de la République d'Estonie". Archived from the original on 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
- ^ "Convention pour favoriser les échanges et les règlements commerciaux entre l'Union économique belgo-luxembourgeoise et l'Estonie" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
- ^ "AGREEMENT ON ROAD TRANSPORT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, THE KINGDOM OF". Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
- ^ Text of the Agreement Between Estonia and the Belgo-Luxembourg Economic Union on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Convention de double imposition : Luxembourg-Estonie". Archived from the original on 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
- ^ "Estonia, Luxembourg sign tax treaty". 2006-06-15. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25.
- ^ "Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Countries and regions: Luxembourg". Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Embassy of Finland, Luxembourg". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Embassy of France in Luxembourg Ville, Luxembourg". EmbassyPages.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- ^ "Luxembourg - Embassies and Consulates". EmbassyPages.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
- ^ "Department of Foreign Affairs". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Italian embassy in Luxembourg City (in French and Italian only)
- ^ "ambasciatalussemburgo.it". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Le Luxembourg reconnaît formellement le Kosovo" (in French). Le Gouvernement du Grande-Duché de Luxembourg. 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- ^ Dizaino Kryptis. "Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija - Lietuvos Respublikos užsienio reikalų ministerija". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Marele Ducat al Luxemburgului". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Посольство України в Королівстві Бельгія та Великому Герцогстві Люксембург (за сумісництвом)". Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Further reading[]
- Fally, V. (1992). Le Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.
- Fally, V. (1996). Le Luxembourg face à la construction européenne. Luxembourg City.
- Frentz, Jean-Marie (2010). "The Foreign Policy of Luxembourg". In Steinmetz, Robert; Wivel, Anders (eds.). Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-7782-6.
- Hey, Jeanne A. K. (2002). "Luxembourg's Foreign Policy: Does Small Size Help or Hinder?". Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research. 15 (3): 211–225. doi:10.1080/1351161022000027621. S2CID 144069583.
- Hey, Jeanne A. K., ed. (2003). Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-920-4.
- Hoffmann, Serge (2002). "Les relations germano-luxembourgeoises durant les années 30" [Germano-Luxembourgish relations in the 1930s] (PDF). Ons Stad (in French) (71). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- Huberty, Martine (May 2013). "Ein kleiner Fisch im großen Teich Luxemburger Verhandlungsstragien im Kontext der EU-Institutionen" [A small fish in a big pond: Luxembourgish negotiation strategies in the context of EU institutions] (PDF). Forum (in German) (329): 21–23.
- Kayser, Steve (June 2006). "La neutralité du Luxembourg de 1918 à 1945" [Luxembourg's neutrality from 1918 to 1945] (PDF). Forum (in French) (257): 36–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- Wurth, Hubert (2006). "La politique étrangère du Luxembourg" [Luxembourg’s Foreign Policy]. Revue Internationale et Stratégique (in French). 61 (61): 217–226. doi:10.3917/ris.061.0217.
External links[]
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg
- Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with Luxembourg
- "Luxembourg and Europe, from the ECSC to the Treaty of Lisbon". Presidency of the Council of the European Union / Luxembourg 2015.
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