Haplogroup F (mtDNA)
Haplogroup F | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 43,400 YBP[1] |
Possible place of origin | Asia |
Ancestor | R9 |
Descendants | F1, F2, F3, F4 |
Defining mutations | 249d, 6392, 10310[2] |
Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] It has not been found among Native Americans.[18]
It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.
Distribution[]
The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[19] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[20][21][22]
Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[23] It is also found at low frequencies on The Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup F[]
Population | Frequency | Count | Source | Subtypes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) | 0.771 | 35 | [8] | F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9 |
Senoi (Malaysia) | 0.442 | 52 | [5] | F1a1a=23 |
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) | 0.433 | 30 | [8] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1 |
Shor (Kemerovo) | 0.415 | 82 | [19] | F1=33, F2a=1 |
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) | 0.344 | 32 | [8] | F1a=10, F2a=1 |
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.333 | 15 | [8] | F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1 |
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.313 | 32 | [9] | F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1 |
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) | 0.300 | 20 | [citation needed] | F1b=4, F1a=2 |
Lingao (Hainan) | 0.290 | 31 | [citation needed] | F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1 |
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.286 | 42 | [9] | F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1 |
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.273 | 11 | [9] | F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.269 | 26 | [9] | F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.263 | 19 | [8] | F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) | 0.263 | 19 | [9] | F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Vietnamese | 0.262 | 42 | [citation needed] | F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1 |
Taiwan (aborigines) | 0.253 | 640 | [citation needed] | F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.250 | 68 | [8] | F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) | 0.250 | 44 | [5] | F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1 |
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.250 | 16 | [3] | F=4 |
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.250 | 16 | [8] | F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1 |
Khakassian (Khakassia) | 0.246 | 57 | [19] | F1=11, F2a=3 |
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.244 | 45 | [8] | F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1 |
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) | 0.240 | 25 | [9] | F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1 |
Ket | 0.237 | 38 | [4] | F=9 |
Han (Beijing) | 0.225 | 40 | [citation needed] | F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2 |
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) | 0.220 | 91 | [citation needed] | F=20 |
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) | 0.219 | 137 | [citation needed] | F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7 |
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.212 | 33 | [8] | F1a=6, F1b=1 |
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) | 0.207 | 29 | [citation needed] | F1a=5, F1b=1 |
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) | 0.207 | 29 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1 |
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) | 0.200 | 35 | [9] | F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) | 0.200 | 50 | [5] | F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1 |
Manchurian | 0.200 | 40 | [citation needed] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1 |
Thai | 0.200 | 40 | [citation needed] | F1b=8 |
Li (Hainan) | 0.197 | 346 | [citation needed] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1 |
Han (Xinjiang) | 0.191 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1 |
Thailand | 0.190 | 105 | [12] | F1=18, F(xF1)=2 |
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.189 | 37 | [8] | F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1 |
Han (southern California) | 0.187 | 390 | [citation needed] | F=73 |
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) | 0.184 | 49 | [citation needed] | F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1 |
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) | 0.179 | 28 | [citation needed] | F1a=4, F1b=1 |
Han (Taiwan) | 0.175 | 1117 | [citation needed] | F=196 |
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) | 0.174 | 121 | [citation needed] | F=21 |
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 18 | [8] | F1a=2, F1b=1 |
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) | 0.167 | 30 | [8] | F2a=5 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.161 | 31 | [citation needed] | F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1 |
CHD (Han from Denver) | 0.151 | 73 | [citation needed] | F=11 |
Filipino (Palawan) | 0.150 | 20 | [citation needed] | F3b2=3 |
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang) | 0.150 | 180 | [5] | F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2 |
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.150 | 20 | [3] | F=3 |
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.150 | 40 | [8] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2 |
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.149 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1 |
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) | 0.146 | 157 | [5] | F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1 |
Indonesian (Bali) | 0.146 | 82 | [5] | F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1 |
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) | 0.146 | 103 | [9] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1 |
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) | 0.140 | 50 | [8] | F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Indonesian (Ambon) | 0.140 | 43 | [5] | F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1 |
Cun (Hainan) | 0.133 | 30 | [citation needed] | F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1 |
Hui (Xinjiang) | 0.133 | 45 | [citation needed] | F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1 |
Batak (Palawan) | 0.129 | 31 | [citation needed] | F1a3=3, F3b2=1 |
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) | 0.129 | 31 | [8] | F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1 |
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) | 0.125 | 24 | [9] | F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1 |
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) | 0.122 | 41 | [9] | F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) | 0.118 | 102 | [citation needed] | F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1 |
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) | 0.114 | 35 | [citation needed] | F=4 |
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) | 0.114 | 44 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1 |
Filipino (Luzon) | 0.113 | 177 | [17] | F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1 |
Indonesian (Alor) | 0.111 | 45 | [5] | F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1 |
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) | 0.110 | 237 | [5] | F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1 |
Tujia (western Hunan) | 0.109 | 64 | [8] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1 |
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) | 0.107 | 168 | [13] | F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2 |
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.105 | 19 | [citation needed] | F=2 |
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.100 | 10 | [9] | F1a(xF1a1)=1 |
Filipino (Visayas) | 0.098 | 112 | [17] | F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.097 | 185 | [citation needed] | F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2 |
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) | 0.096 | 633 | [14] | F=61 |
Filipino | 0.094 | 64 | [17] | F1a3=3, F1a4=3 |
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) | 0.094 | 32 | [9] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1 |
Tibetan (Tibet) | 0.093 | 216 | [citation needed] | F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3 |
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) | 0.091 | 55 | [citation needed] | F=5 |
Buryat | 0.087 | 126 | [citation needed] | F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2 |
Tofalar | 0.087 | 46 | [4] | F1b=4 |
Uzbek (Xinjiang) | 0.086 | 58 | [citation needed] | F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1 |
Tuvinian (Tuva) | 0.086 | 105 | [19] | F1=8, F2a=1 |
Japanese (Tōhoku) | 0.083 | 336 | [citation needed] | F=28 |
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.083 | 48 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1 |
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 36 | [8] | F2a=2, F1b=1 |
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) | 0.083 | 24 | [8] | F1a=1, F1b=1 |
Korean (northern China) | 0.078 | 51 | [citation needed] | F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1 |
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) | 0.076 | 118 | [citation needed] | F=9 |
Kazakh (Xinjiang) | 0.075 | 53 | [citation needed] | F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1 |
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) | 0.075 | 160 | [citation needed] | F=12 |
Danga (Hainan) | 0.075 | 40 | [citation needed] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1 |
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) | 0.074 | 256 | [citation needed] | F=19 |
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.074 | 54 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F1b=2 |
Uyghur | 0.073 | 55 | [citation needed] | F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1 |
Filipino (Mindanao) | 0.071 | 70 | [17] | F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1 |
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) | 0.069 | 261 | [citation needed] | F1=12, F(xF1)=6 |
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) | 0.069 | 29 | [citation needed] | F1a=2 |
Semelai (Malaysia) | 0.066 | 61 | [5] | F1a1a=4 |
Japanese (Hokkaidō) | 0.065 | 217 | Asari 2007 | F=14 |
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) | 0.065 | 31 | [9] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.064 | 203 | [citation needed] | F=13 |
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) | 0.064 | 47 | [19] | F1=3 |
Uyghur (Xinjiang) | 0.064 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1b=2, F1a=1 |
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) | 0.063 | 221 | [20] | F=14 |
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.063 | 16 | [3] | F=1 |
Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.060 | 100 | [16] | F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1 |
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.060 | 133 | [21] | F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1 |
Japanese (Gifu) | 0.059 | 1617 | [14] | F=96 |
Japanese (Tōkai) | 0.057 | 282 | [citation needed] | F=16 |
Teleut (Kemerovo) | 0.057 | 53 | [19] | F1=3 |
Altai Kizhi | 0.056 | 90 | [19] | F1=3, F2a=2 |
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) | 0.055 | 110 | [19] | F1=6 |
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) | 0.055 | 55 | [citation needed] | F1a=2, F2=1 |
Tibetan (Qinghai) | 0.054 | 56 | [8] | F1c=2, F1a=1 |
Japanese | 0.052 | 211 | [11] | F1b=9, F1a=2 |
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) | 0.051 | 39 | [9] | F1b=1, F3=1 |
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) | 0.051 | 98 | [10] | F1=5 |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [3] | F=1 |
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) | 0.050 | 40 | [21] | F1c=1, F1d=1 |
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.050 | 20 | [3] | F=1 |
Korean (South Korea) | 0.049 | 103 | [19] | F1=5 |
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) | 0.045 | 44 | [citation needed] | F1b=2 |
Yakut | 0.043 | 117 | [citation needed] | F2a=3, F1b=2 |
Tuvan | 0.042 | 95 | [4] | F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1 |
Kyrgyz (Talas) | 0.042 | 48 | [citation needed] | F1a=1, F1b=1 |
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) | 0.042 | 24 | [citation needed] | F=1 |
Khamnigan (Buryatia) | 0.040 | 99 | [19] | F1=4 |
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) | 0.037 | 27 | [9] | F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1 |
Kazakh | 0.036 | 55 | [citation needed] | F1b=2 |
Barghut (Hulunbuir) | 0.034 | 149 | [10] | F1=4, F2=1 |
Buryat (Buryatia) | 0.031 | 295 | [19] | F1=7, F2a=2 |
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) | 0.029 | 35 | [8] | F2a=1 |
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) | 0.025 | 40 | [9] | F1a1(xF1a1a)=1 |
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.025 | 40 | [3] | F=1 |
Okinawa | 0.025 | 326 | [citation needed] | F=8 |
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) | 0.021 | 47 | [citation needed] | F1c=1 |
Ainu | 0.020 | 51 | [citation needed] | F1b=1 |
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) | 0.014 | 71 | [4] | F1b=1 |
Telenghit (Altai Republic) | 0.014 | 71 | [19] | F1=1 |
Tubalar | 0.014 | 72 | [4] | F1b=1 |
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) | 0.014 | 73 | [19] | F1=1 |
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk) | 0.011 | 87 | [4] | F(xF1b)=1 |
Mansi | 0.010 | 98 | [4] | F=1 |
Khanty | 0.009 | 106 | [22] | F1=1 |
Chukchi (Anadyr) | 0.000 | 15 | [19] | - |
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [3] | - |
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [3] | - |
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [3] | - |
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [3] | - |
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) | 0.000 | 20 | [3] | - |
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) | 0.000 | 24 | [21] | - |
Nganasan | 0.000 | 24 | [4] | - |
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) | 0.000 | 25 | [4] | - |
Kurd (northwestern Iran) | 0.000 | 25 | [19] | - |
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) | 0.000 | 29 | [21] | - |
Batek (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 29 | [5] | - |
Mendriq (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 32 | [5] | - |
Negidal | 0.000 | 33 | [4] | - |
Temuan (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 33 | [5] | - |
Yakut (Yakutia) | 0.000 | 36 | [19] | - |
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) | 0.000 | 40 | [8] | - |
Tajik (Tajikistan) | 0.000 | 44 | [19] | - |
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) | 0.000 | 45 | [citation needed] | - |
Evenk (Buryatia) | 0.000 | 45 | [19] | - |
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk) | 0.000 | 46 | [4] | - |
Itelmen | 0.000 | 47 | [4] | - |
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) | 0.000 | 47 | [citation needed] | - |
Korean (Arun Banner) | 0.000 | 48 | [citation needed] | - |
Jahai (Malaysia) | 0.000 | 51 | [5] | - |
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) | 0.000 | 56 | [4] | - |
Mansi | 0.000 | 63 | [22] | - |
Chukchi | 0.000 | 66 | [citation needed] | - |
Siberian Eskimo | 0.000 | 79 | [4] | - |
Persian (eastern Iran) | 0.000 | 82 | [19] | - |
Koryak | 0.000 | 155 | [4] | - |
Subclades[]
F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.
F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[20][24]
F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[8] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.
F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.
F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.
Tree[]
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[2] and subsequent published research.
- F
- F* – China, Korea[25]
- F1
- F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[26]), China, Korea,[25] Kazakhstan
- F1a – China, Korea,[25] Uyghur, Thailand
- F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[26]), China
- F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[25] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
- F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
- F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malay, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
- F1a1b – Japan, Korea
- F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
- F1a1c1 – Moken
- F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
- F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
- F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
- F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
- F1a4
- F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
- F1a4a1 – Taiwan (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[26]), South Africa
- F1a4b – China
- F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
- F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[25] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
- F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
- F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province[26]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
- F1a3 – Thailand, Uyghur
- F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[26]), China
- F1c – Japan
- F1c1 – Japan
- F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[26])
- F1c1 – Japan
- F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
- F1a – China, Korea,[25] Uyghur, Thailand
- F1b - Korea[25]
- F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
- F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
- F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[27]
- F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a1a – Japan
- F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a3 – Japan
- F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[27]
- F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
- F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
- F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
- F1b1d – Japan, Korea
- F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
- F1b1e1 – Yakut
- F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
- F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
- F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
- F1d – China, Taiwan (Minnan, etc.), Tibet (Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[26]), Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux), Hezhen, ancient Scythian
- F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[26]), China, Japan, South Africa
- F1e – Thailand
- F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[26]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
- F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
- F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[26]), China, Korea,[25] Kazakhstan
- F2
- F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[26]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
- F2a'b'g
- F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,[25] Japan, Kazakhstan
- F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
- F2g – China, Ladakh
- F2c – China
- F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
- F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
- F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[26]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
- F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[26]), Vietnam (Dao)
- F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
- F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara),[citation needed] Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
- F2h'i – China
- F3 (formerly R9a)
- F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
- F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,[30] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[26]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
- F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,[25] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
- F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
- F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
- F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
- F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
- F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
- F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
- F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
- F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
- F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
- F4
- F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea[25]
- F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[26])
- F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar
See also[]
References[]
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External links[]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup F (mtDNA). |
- General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
- Haplogroup F
- Spread of Haplogroup F, from National Geographic
Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mitochondrial Eve (L) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L0 | L1–6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M | N | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CZ | D | E | G | Q | O | A | S | R | I | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
C | Z | B | F | R0 | pre-JT | P | U | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HV | JT | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
H | V | J | T |
- Human mtDNA haplogroups