Huai River

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Huai River Huai He
Huai River at Xingying Ferry, Funan County, Fuyang, Anhui.
Map of the Huai River and its major tributaries.
Native name	淮河
Location
Country	China
Provinces	Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu
Cities	Xinyang, Fuyang, Lu'an, Huainan, Bengbu, Tianchang, Huai'an, Yangzhou
Physical characteristics
Length	1,110 km (690 mi)
Basin size	174,000 km2 (67,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	1,616 m3/s (57,100 cu ft/s)[1]Note, this is the main discharge into the Yangtze, 82.0% of the total water flow of all Huai waters.

The Huai River (Chinese: 淮河; pinyin: Huái Hé), formerly romanized as the Hwai, is a major river in China. It is located about midway between the Yellow River and Yangtze,^[2] the two longest rivers and largest drainage basins in China, and like them runs from west to east. Historically draining directly into the Yellow Sea, floods have changed the course of the river such that it now primarily dischages into the Yangtze. The Huai is notoriously vulnerable to flooding.

The Qinling Huaihe Line.

The Qinling–Huaihe Line, formed by the Huai River and the Qin Mountains, is sometimes regarded as the geographical dividing line between Northern and southern China. This line approximates the 0 °C (32 °F) January isotherm and the 800 millimetres (30 in) isohyet in China.

The Huai River is 1,110 kilometres (690 mi) long with a drainage area of 174,000 square kilometres (67,000 sq mi).^[2]

Course[]

The Huai River originates in Tongbai Mountain in Henan province. It flows through southern Henan, northern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu where it pools into Lake Hongze. Nowadays the Huai River then runs southwards as the Sanhe River by way of the Gaoyou Lake and Shaobo Lake emptying into Yangtze River at Sanjiangying (三江营) near Yangzhou.^[3]

The Wanfu Floodgate (万福闸) near Yangzhou, Jiangsu, one of the major flood control projects in the area

There is also a passage called the Huaihe Sea Entryway and Subei Irrigation Canal that passes Huai'an empties into the sea at Biandan Port. A separate course runs north by way of the Huaimu River and Huai Shu River and connects the Huai River system with the XinYi River (part of the YiShuSi River system) which exits into the sea at GuanYun.^[3]

In part to circumvent flooding, in Jiangsu province the Huai river system is interconnected with different waterways and thereby forms part of the Grand Canal.^[2]

History[]

Historically, the Huai River entered the Yellow Sea at (modern day Yunti Village, in Huangwei Town of Xiangshui County) through a broad and level lower course. It was long used to irrigate the surrounding farmlands, and was the centre of an extensive network of canals and tributaries.^[4]

A map of the Warring States around 350 BC, showing the former coastline and mouth of the Huai River

Beginning in 1194, however, the Yellow River to the north repeatedly changed its course southwards to run into the Huai River. The resulting silting was so heavy that after the Yellow River changed back to its northerly course for the most recent time in 1897, the geography of the Huai River basin was changed significantly by the creation of new high lands, lakes, and the built-up silt of the Yellow River's historical southern course. As a result, water from the midsection of the river could not easily flow into the lower section, while water in the lower section could not find an outlet to the sea. The problem worsened in the Second World War, when the Nationalist government, in an attempt to check the pace of the Japanese invasion, flooded the lower Huai basin by opening the Yellow River's southern levee. The main stem of the Yellow River flowed through the levee breach for the next nine years, further disrupting the Huai river system.^[2]

The result of these changes was that water from the Huai River pooled up into Lake Hongze, and then ran southwards towards the Yangtze River. Major and minor floods occurred frequently, with the area suffering droughts in between floods. In the 450 years to 1950, the Huai River saw, on average, 94 major floods per century.

Attempts to solve the Huai River's problems have focussed on building outlets for the Huai River into the Yangtze River and the sea. Currently, the major part of the river's flow enters the Yangtze River via Lake Hongze. The North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal also diverts some of its water along its old historical course to the sea, and is planned to be upgraded with a new parallel channel. Several former tributaries also carry some water to the sea.

Tributaries[]

There are many tributaries of the Huai River. There are 15 main tributaries cover an area of more than 2000 km2 each, and 21 main tributaries have a catchment area larger than 1000 km2. ^[3]

The main tributaries on the Huai river (listed from upstream to downstream) are as follows:^{[5][circular reference]}

References[]

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Huai River (Huai He).

• Huai River

Coordinates: 32°24′37″N 115°24′14″E / 32.4103°N 115.404°E / 32.4103; 115.404