Immigration to Finland

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Number of Allophones, i.e. residents with another native language than Finnish, Swedish or Sami, in Finland, 1980–2011, according to Statistics Finland.[1]
Population pyramid segmented by background. Finnish background in colour, foreign background in grey.

Immigration to Finland is the process by which people migrate to Finland to reside in the country. Some, but not all, become Finnish citizens. Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of Finland. The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting behaviour.

As of 2020, there are 444,031 foreigners residing in Finland, which corresponds to around 8% of the population. Numerous polls in 2010 indicated that the majority of the Finnish people want to limit immigration to the country in order to preserve regional and native cultural diversity.[2] It was estimated in 2016 that by 2050, there will be 1–1.2 million foreigners in Finland.[3]

Immigrants from specific countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Russians and Chechens from Russia, Turks and Kurds from Turkey, Moroccans and Berbers from Morocco. The Chinese and Uyghurs are from China, while immigrants from Iran are divided into Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs.[4]

History[]

Further information: History of Finland

Under Swedish control[]

Under Swedish control, soldiers, priests and officers from Sweden started to arrive in Finland. With them came also Walloons. During this time Romanis migrated from Sweden to Finland. Nowadays there are around 10,000 Finnish Kale in Finland.[5] Many Germans, Norwegians, Danes, Swiss people, Poles, Dutch people and Scottish people settled in Finland during this period. Many big modern-day companies in Finland were started by these emigrants, including Finlayson, Fazer, Fiskars, Stockmann, Sinebrychoff, Stora Enso and Paulig.[6]

Under Russian control[]

A political cartoon against the immigration of Jews, which appeared in 1897 Matti Meikäläinen issue 15.

When Finland became under Russian rule in the 1800s, Russians, Jews, Tatars and during World War I Chinese people started moving to Finland. This established strong Jewish and Tatar communities in Finland. There are around 1,800 Jews and 1,000 Tatars living in Finland. When Finland gained independence in 1917, majority of the Russians and Chinese left Finland.[7]

After independence and WW1[]

Stepan Petrichenko, the leader of the Kronstadt rebellion, and other Russians that arrived in Finland, 1921.

Finland's first immigrants arrived in the years 1917–1922, thousands of Russians escaped to Finland as a result of the Russian Revolution. Many of them died in the Finnish Civil War. In the beginning of 1919, statistics showed there were 15,457 Russians in Finland, however the actual number was likely higher. The largest refugee flow was in 1922, when 33,500 crossed over the eastern border to Finland. The refugees were St. Petersburg Finns, Ingrian Finns, Karelians, officers, factory owners and nobles, among them was the cousin of the Romanov Family, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. In 1921 after the Kronstadt rebellion, 6,400 seamen escaped over the frozen Gulf of Finland to Finland. Many of them integrated to the Finnish society, while others continued to Continental Europe. Between 1917 and 1939, 44,000 refugees sought asylum in Finland. In other estimates, between 1917 and 1939 as many as 100,000 sought security in Finland.[8]

Immigrant statistics from 1924:

Foreign citizens
Country 1924
Soviet Union Soviet Union 16,921
Sweden Sweden 4,080
Germany Germany 1,645
Norway Norway 457
Denmark Denmark 379
Switzerland Switzerland 269
Total 24,451

World War II[]

Immigrants from opposing sides of the war were sent to Internment camps and Nazi concentration camps in Nazi Germany. During the war, Ingrians and Estonians migrated to Finland. Most of the people that did not manage to escape to the west were sent to the Soviet Union.[9] When Finland ceded its eastern parts to the Soviet Union, 430,000 people from there had to be evacuated. This was 12% of Finland's population at the time. When Finland annexed these parts back in the Continuation War, 260,000 of them returned home. After the Soviet Union annexed these parts again from Finland, the population there had to be evacuated yet again. These evacuees were housed and settled to the remainder of Finland by the state.[10]

After WW2[]

Immigration after the war stopped. The geopolitical state of the country and difficult economic situation did not attract immigrants. The number of foreign citizens during this time stayed stable, at 10,000. Between 1950 and 1975 it only grew by 1,000.

Immigration in the 1970s and 1980s was mostly Finnish people abroad returning. Between 1981 and 1989, 70% of all immigration were Finns returning. In 1980 there were 12,843 foreign citizens. The largest groups were from Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and Denmark.[6]

Foreign citizens in 1980[11]
Country 1980
 Sweden 3,105
 Germany 1,493
 UK 980
 Soviet Union 858
 Denmark 403
 Norway 306
 Poland 290
  Switzerland 282
 Italy 275
 France 262
 Netherlands 252
 Spain 240
 Austria 162
 Greece 123
 Turkey 114
 Hungary 81
 Ireland 44
 Yugoslavia 42
 Bulgaria 38
 Portugal 34
 Belgium 31
 Romania 25
 Iceland 20
Other Europe 53
Americas 1,650
Asia 833
Africa 349
Oceania 157
No citizenship 340
Unknown 1

Refugee waves[]

The first refugee wave to Finland after the wars happened when the 1973 Chilean coup d'état started. 200 Chilean refugees arrived in Finland during the 1970s. They were not welcomed warmly, as they were one of Finland's very first non-white minorities. Most of the original 200 refugees returned to Chile. In 2017 there were 1,000 Chileans in Finland.[12]

The second, and much larger refugee wave happened when Vietnamese boat people came to Finland in the 1980s. Around 800 of them arrived. The Vietnamese community has grown into 10,817 by 2017.[13] In 1990 after the Breakup of Yugoslavia, thousands of refugees came to Finland, with most being Kosovars and Bosniaks. Immigrants from Yugoslavia now constitute the fourth or third largest immigrant group in Finland. They have established huge communities in Vantaa, Turku, Espoo and Närpes.[14]

The most notable refugee waves are from Somalia and Iraq. The first Somalis arrived to Finland via the Soviet Union. 90% of Somali refugees are illiterate when first arriving to Finland. Somali speaking population in Finland has grown from zero to 21,000 between 1990 and 2018. 55% of Somalis in Finland are unemployed, the highest of any ethnic group in Finland.

In 2014 Finland took 1,030 quota refugees, and an additional 3,651 people sought asylum. Of the asylum seekers, 1,346 were positive and 2,050 negative. Nearly one in two asylum seekers identity is not verified, mainly due to lack of passports. In 2008, 4,000 asylum seekers arrived in Finland. This grew to 6,000 in 2009, though it dropped to 4,000 in 2010. In 2011, 2012 and 2013 3,000 asylum seekers arrived in each year. The number grew to 32,400 in 2015, which was Europe's fourth largest in terms of population. It then dropped to 5,600 in 2016 and 5,100 in 2017.

On 13 September 2015, it was reported that the local authorities had estimated the flow of 300 asylum seekers per day entering via the northern land border from Sweden into Tornio, which is the main route of migration flow into Finland.[15] The total number of asylum seekers for the year was reported to be over 2.6 times the total amount for the whole of the previous year.[16] During October 2015, 7,058 new asylum seekers arrived in Finland. In mid-October the number of asylum seekers entering Finland during 2015 reached 27,000, which is, in relation to the country's size, the fourth-largest in Europe.[17] In late November, the number passed 30,000, nearly ten-fold increase compared to the previous year.[18][19]

More than 60% of asylum seekers who arrived during 2015 came from Iraq.[20] In late October, The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) changed its guidelines about areas in Iraq which are recognised as safe by the Finnish authorities,[21] putting Iraqi asylum seekers under closer scrutiny.[22] The Interior Minister Petteri Orpo estimated that two in three of recent asylum seekers come to Finland in hopes of higher standard of living. In November, the Permanent Secretary of the Interior Ministry stated that approximately 60–65% of the recent applications for asylum will be denied.

In 2017, hundreds Muslim asylum seekers from Iraq and Afghanistan converted to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.[23]

Asylum seekers 1990–2019[24][25]
Country 1990–2019
Iraq Iraq 33,448
Somalia Somalia 11,007
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 10,708
Afghanistan Afghanistan 9,504
Russia Russia 8,101
Bulgaria Bulgaria 3,504
Syria Syria 3,235
Iran Iran 3,172
Slovakia Slovakia 2,896
Turkey Turkey 2,813
Nigeria Nigeria 1,960
Romania Romania 1,953
Poland Poland 1,603
Albania Albania 1,569
Ukraine Ukraine 1,088
Belarus Belarus 1,034
Algeria Algeria 1,030
Other 18,403
Total 117,028

Other refugee groups have arrived from Eritrea, Lebanon, DR Congo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Georgia and Pakistan.

EU membership and the 1990s[]

The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. This started a huge migration wave to Finland. By joining the Schengen Area, immigration to Finland has been easier. Finland allowed Ingrian Finns to migrate back to Finland as returnees. Since then, around 35,000 Ingrians have moved to Finland.

Finland joined the EU in 1995. This enabled freedom of movement. This has brought construction workers from France, Estonia and Poland.[26]

Change in immigrant population of the EU 2004 and 2007 enlargement countries between 2003 and 2018:

  1.  Estonia +40,131
  2.  Poland +4,013
  3.  Romania +3,514
  4.  Latvia +2,232
  5.  Bulgaria +2,176
  6.  Hungary +1,570
  7.  Lithuania +1,227
  8.  Czech Republic +592
  9.  Slovakia +309
  10.  Cyprus +112
  11.  Slovenia +95
  12.  Malta +31
  • Total +56,002

Around 30,000 people migrate to Finland annually, with most coming from Iraq, Syria and Russia. While most immigrants are from Europe, 108,000 are from Asia and 50,000 from Africa.

Modern day[]

The most common reasons to immigrate to Finland were family reasons (32%), work (30%) and studying (21%).

In 2017, hundreds of Muslim asylum seekers from Iraq and Afghanistan converted to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.[27]

Chronology of 2015[]

  • On 13 September 2015 it was reported that the local authorities had estimated the flow of 300 asylum seekers per day entering via the northern land border from Sweden into Tornio, which is the main route of migration flow into Finland.[28] The total number of asylum seekers for the year was reported to be over 2.6 times the total amount for the whole of the previous year.[29]
  • During October 2015, 7,058 new asylum seekers arrived in Finland. In mid-October the number of asylum seekers entering Finland during 2015 reached 27,000, which is, in relation to the country's size, the fourth-largest in Europe.[30] In late November, the number passed 30,000, nearly ten-fold increase compared to the previous year.[31] In September, The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) estimated that processing time of an asylum application may be extended from normal six months up to two years.[32] In late November, the reception centers were reported to be rapidly running out of space, forcing the authorities resorting to refurbished shipping containers and tents to house new asylum seekers.[31][33] The Interior Minister Petteri Orpo estimated that two in three asylum seekers come to Finland in hopes of higher standard of living.
  • In November, the Permanent Secretary of the Interior Ministry stated that approximately 60–65% of the recent applications for asylum will be denied.[30] More than 60% of asylum seekers who arrived during 2015 came from Iraq.[21]
  • In late October, The Finnish Immigration Service (Migri) changed its guidelines about areas in Iraq which are recognised as safe by the Finnish authorities,[21] putting Iraqi asylum seekers under closer scrutiny.[34]
  • In late November, it was reported that more than 700 Iraqis had voluntarily cancelled their asylum applications during September and October. According to the officials of Migri, some of the Iraqi asylum seekers have had erroneous assumptions about the country's asylum policy.[21]
  • On 22 November 2015 it was reported that Finland had appealed to Russia with a proposal to prohibit the crossings at some of the land borders by bicycle.[35]
  • On 27 December 2015, it was reported that Finland had blocked access for people to cross over two Russian border crossings (Raja-Jooseppi and Salla) by bicycles. Many asylum seekers were reported to have earlier crossed the border by bicycles.[36]
  • On 3 December, the Interior Minister Petteri Orpo announced that special repatriation centers would be established. These centers would be inhabited by the asylum seekers whose applications were declined. While he stressed that these camps would not be prisons, he described the inhabitants would be under strict surveillance.[37]
  • On 4 December 2015, Finland reportedly closed one of its northern border checkpoints before the scheduled time along the Finnish–Russian border. According to Russian media, due to the closure, asylum seekers could not enter the country.[38]
  • On 12 December 2015, Finnish Interior Minister Petteri Orpo announced that if the external borders of EU cannot be secured, then Schengen, Dublin and in a way the whole EU is under serious threat. Further he noted that Finland has imprisoned two asylum seekers, charging them with 11 cases of murder. According to Orpo, because of the failure in registering asylum seekers at the external borders, they can travel all the way to Finland via northern Sweden. He noted that border controls have been improved in harbours, airports and land border crossings with Sweden.[39][40][41]

Chronology of 2016[]

  • On 2 January 2016 it was reported, that Finland had issued a command for the Finnlines ferry crossing from Germany to Finland to refuse boarding asylum seekers without visa. German NGOs criticised the decision, and it was still unclear how it could be enforced, especially as a direct visa from Germany to Finland is not available.[42]
  • On 23 January 2016 it was reported, that Finnish Foreign Minister Timo Soini concluded that "closing the eastern border is possible". He stated that if an asylum seeker does not have need for protection, they will lose their money and get themselves deported. As Finland was struggling with a declining economy and increasing unemployment, he noted that resources of police forces, border control, security "need to be organized".[43] On 24 January, YLE, Finland's national public-broadcasting company, reported that a Russian border guard had admitted that the Federal Security Service was enabling migrants to enter Finland.[44]
  • On 23 February the Finnish press reported that the profile of national origin of asylum seekers had changed, with a rise of Indian and Bangladeshi asylum seekers, so that the third largest group of asylum seekers after Afghans and Iraqis were Indians, the fourth Syrians and the fifth Bangladeshis.[45]

Demographics[]

Sources of immigration[]

Further information: Demographics of Finland
Net immigrants in Finland 2019[46]
Rank Country Number Percentage
1  Russia 1,853 12.0
2  Turkey 1,356 8.8
3  Iraq 1,085 7.0
4  India 1,038 6.7
5  Philippines 731 4.7
6  China 678 4.4
7  Ukraine 672 4.3
8  Vietnam 584 3.8
9  Iran 558 3.6
10  Thailand 438 2.8
Top 10 total 8,993 58.0
Other 6,502 42.0
Total 15,495 100

Adoption[]

Between 1987 and 2019, a total of 5,542 people were adopted who were born in another country.

Adoptions by country of birth 1987–2019[47]

  1. China (1,030)
  2.  Russia (842)
  3.  Thailand (746)
  4.  Colombia (583)
  5.  South Africa (508)
  6.  Soviet Union (285)
  7.  Philippines (222)
  8.  India (198)
  9.  Estonia (148)
  10.  Romania (37)

Countries of origin[]

30 largest (1st generation + 2nd generation) immigrant populations by country of origin in 2018[48][49]
Country 2005 2018
Russia 49,037 88,054
Estonia 16,373 52,424
Sweden 28,099 43,205
Albania and ex-Yugoslavia 14,000 30,300
Iraq 5,101 23,914
Somalia 8,711 20,994
China 4,537 14,040
Thailand 3,551 13,687
Vietnam 4,847 11,385
Afghanistan 1,922 9,667
Turkey 3,840 9,356
Iran 3,948 9,137
Germany 4,605 8,894
United Kingdom 3,528 7,948
India 2,255 7,854
Syria 366 7,741
United States 3,358 6,686
Poland 1,477 6,226
Philippines 976 5,324
Ukraine 1,352 4,593
Romania 1,046 4,421
Nepal 257 4,113
Spain 1,191 3,898
Pakistan 775 3,736
Italy 1,340 3,716
Nigeria 554 3,705
Bangladesh 847 3,676
Morocco 1,579 3,465
France 1,471 3,370
DR Congo 707 3,329
Algeria 1,230 3,043
Total immigrant population 203,459 444,358

Distribution[]

Immigrants by municipality in 2018[50]
№ Municipality Immigrants %
1. Helsinki 103,499 15.97
2. Espoo 48,346 17.05
3. Vantaa 43,979 19.28
4. Turku 22,499 11.76
5. Tampere 18,220 7.75
6. Oulu 8,718 4.28
7. Lahti 8,592 7.16
8. Jyväskylä 7,327 5.19
9. Vaasa 6,244 9.24
10. Lappeenranta 5,581 7.68

Immigrants overwhelmingly settle in cities; 85% of immigrants in Finland live in cities and their surroundings. Only 11% live in the countryside, with most of them being Europeans. Immigrants from the Middle East and Africa are the most heavily concentrated group in cities.[51]

Employment[]

The most common job for immigrants in 2017 was real estate cleaner, at 11,328. The second most common was restaurant jobs at 10,696, and the third was labour hire at 8,437. Immigrants make up 26.9% of real estate cleaners, despite only making up 6.3% of the population.[52]

Around 20,000 immigrants in Finland are searching for jobs.[53] Around 70% of net immigrants are in the working age (18–64), and most of them are young adults.[54]

Immigrant languages[]

Immigration has greatly increased the number of languages spoken in Finland. In 1990 there were 9 languages in Finland with over 1,000 speakers. In 2018, that number has jumped to 43. The most spoken immigrant languages are Russian (79,000), Estonian (50,000), Arabic (29,000), Somali (21,000), English (21,000) and Kurdish (14,000). In total 392,000 people speak an immigrant language, which is over 7% of the population.[55]

Effects of immigration[]

Costs[]

According to a macroeconomic study immigrants, refugees and migrants, arriving Finland benefits its economy within five years of arrival. In the case of asylum seekers the reach positive effect to the economy takes longer, from three to seven years. In Finland, asylum seekers face many restrictions on working that slows down their possibilities to contribute to the economy.[56]

Most of immigration's cost to the society consists of welfare. Because immigrant families have on average more children than their Finnish counterparts, they receive more welfare.[57] Income support, housing benefits and unemployment benefits of immigrants cost nearly 300 million euros in 2009, and the social and health benefits of immigrants cost 200 million euro annually. Around 110–112 million euros goes to refugee quotas.[58]

According to the Ministry of the Interior (Finland) in 2009, asylum seekers in Finland during their asylum process received one of the highest rates of benefits in Europe.[59]

Crime[]

See also: 2017 Turku attack, Oulu child sexual exploitation scandal, and Sello mall shooting

First records of immigrant crime was in 1919–1932, when the Prohibition in Finland started. Most of the alcohol were smuggled from Estonia or other European countries, like Poland and Germany. The smugglers were usually Finns, Germans, Swedes or Estonians.[60] In the late 1990s, Estonia became a transit country for drugs that were brought to Finland. Both Finns and Estonians have managed the trade together.[61]

In the last 10 years immigrant crime has increased by 56%. As high as 90% of burglaries in Finland are done by immigrants.[62]

In 2016, illegal drugs like Rivotril were beginning to be sold in Helsinki Railway Square, Itäkeskus and Kallio by foreigners from Central Europe. Furthermore, seizures of cocaine have been increasing to some extent in recent years.[63]

In 2011, of all the immigrants in prison, 27% were Estonian citizens, 13% Romanian citizens, 10% Russian citizens and 6% Lithuanian citizens.[64]

Even though less than 5% of the Finnish population consists of foreign citizens, they account for 25% of reported sex crimes. In 2018, 1393 cases of rape were reported to the police.[65] According to official statistics, 27.0% of rapes have been committed by foreigners in Finland, who comprise 2.2% of population.[66] Many of them are Afghans, Iraqis and Turks.[67][68]

Illegal immigrants[]

There are around 3,000–10,000 illegal immigrants in Finland living in 42 of the 309 Finnish municipalities, with the highest number living in Helsinki[69]

Public opinion[]

In 1993, Finns were most accepting of Norwegian, Ingrian, British, American and Swedish migrants. They were least accepting of Russian, Yugoslavian, Turkish, African, Vietnamese and Chilean migrants.[14]

In a 2015 online survey by YLE, Finns were most accepting of German, Swedish, Estonian, British and US American immigrants. In the same survey Iran, Iraq and Romania were the least accepted countries of origin of foreign immigrants.[70]

According to a 2016 poll, many Finns were concerned simultaneously about unemployed immigrants and immigrants taking local jobs.[71]

See also[]

References[]

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