Japan Meteorological Agency

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Japan Meteorological Agency
Kishō-chō (気象庁)
Japan Meteorological Agency logo2.jpg
JMA logo
JMA Toranomon office 2020-11-24.jpg
JMA headquarters building in Tokyo
Agency overview
FormedJuly 1, 1956; 65 years ago (1956-07-01)
Preceding agencies
  • Tokyo Meteorological Observatory
  • Central Meteorological Observatory
JurisdictionGovernment of Japan
Headquarters3-6-9 Toranomon, Minato City, Tokyo, Japan
35°39′57.45″N 139°44′44.97″E / 35.6659583°N 139.7458250°E / 35.6659583; 139.7458250Coordinates: 35°39′57.45″N 139°44′44.97″E / 35.6659583°N 139.7458250°E / 35.6659583; 139.7458250
Employees5,539 (2010)[1]
Annual budget¥62.0 billion (2010–11)[2]
¥59.0 billion (2011–12)[3]
¥58.9 billion (est. 2012)[3]
Agency executives
  • Toshihiko Hashida, Director-General
  • Itaru Kaga, Deputy Director-General
Parent agencyMinistry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Websitewww.jma.go.jp

The Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō), abbreviated JMA, is an agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.[4] It is charged with gathering and providing results for the public in Japan that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation and research into natural phenomena in the fields of meteorology, hydrology, seismology and volcanology, among other related scientific fields. Its headquarters is located in Minato, Tokyo.

JMA is responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts for the general public, as well as providing aviation and marine weather. JMA other responsibilities include issuing warnings for volcanic eruptions, and the nationwide issuance of earthquake warnings of the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. JMA is also designated one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is responsible for forecasting, naming, and distributing warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific region, including the Celebes Sea, the Sulu Sea, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.

History[]

JMA headquarters in Ōtemachi (1964–2020)
  • August 26, 1872 – The first weather station in Japan set up in Hakodate, Hokkaido. It is the precursor of the present Hakodate Weather Station (函館海洋気象台, Hakodate Kaiyō Kishō-dai).[1]
  • June 1875 – The original Tokyo Meteorological Observatory (東京気象台, Tōkyō Kishō-dai) was formed within the Survey Division of Geography Bureau of Home Ministry (内務省地理寮量地課, Naimu-shō Chiri-ryō Ryōchi-ka).[1][5]
  • January 1, 1887 – The Tokyo Meteorological Observatory was renamed as the Central Meteorological Observatory (中央気象台, Chūō Kishō-dai), with the transfer of its jurisdiction to the Home Ministry.
  • April 1895 – The Ministry of Education (文部省, Monbushō) replaced the preceding ministry as an administrator of the Observatory.
  • January 1, 1923 – The main office moved to Motoe-machi, Kōjimachi-ku (later Takehira-chō 1), where it is near a moat surrounding the Imperial Palace.[6]
  • November 1943 – The Ministry of Transport and Communications (運輸通信省, Un'yu Tūshin-shō) took over the CMO's operation.
  • May 1945 – It became part of the Ministry of Transport (運輸省, Un'yu-shō).
  • July 1, 1956 – The Central Meteorological Observatory became an agency of the Ministry of Transport, and has been renamed to the Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō).
  • March 1964 – The headquarters office was relocated to the present building in Ōtemachi, Chiyoda-ku.
  • January 6, 2001 – The JMA becomes an agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (国土交通省, Kokudo-kōtsū-shō) with the Japanese government reformation.
  • 2013 – It has been announced that it would be scheduled to move the headquarters into Toranomon, Minato-ku.[6]
  • November 24, 2020 - JMA moved to the new headquarters in Toranomon.[7]

Services[]

Overview[]

The JMA is responsible not only for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts in Japan, but also for observation and warning of earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and volcanic eruptions.[8]

The agency has six regional administrative offices (including five DMOs and Okinawa Meteorological Observatory), four Marine Observatories, five auxiliary facilities, four Aviation Weather Service Centers and 47 local offices composed of the LMOs. These are also used to gather data, supplemented by weather satellites such as Himawari, and other research institutes.[8]

In 1968, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) designated the JMA as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) for Asia.[9] In June 1988, the WMO also assigned the JMA as a RSMC for the Northwestern Pacific under its Tropical Cyclone programme.[9] In July 1989, the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center was established within the headquarters office, which dealt with the forecasting and dissemination of active tropical cyclones, as well as preparing a summary of each year's cyclone activity.[10]

Observation and forecast[]

Weather[]

Land weather[]

Each DMO and LMO issues weather forecasts and warnings or advisories to the general public live in its own area. Weather data used to these forecasts are acquired from the Surface Observation (represented by the AMeDAS), the Radar Observation, the Observation and the Satellite Observation mainly using the Himawari series.

Marine weather[]
See also: Marine weather forecasting

The Marine Observatories are seated in Hakodate, Maizuru, Kobe, Nagasaki and Thessaloniki . These stations observe ocean waves, tide levels, sea surface temperatures and ocean currents etc. in the Northwestern Pacific basin, as well as the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the , and provide marine meteorological forecasts in cooperation with the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department, Japan Coast Guard.

Aviation weather[]
See also: METAR and SIGMET

In 1978, in accordance with the ICAO's new CNS/ATM system, the Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism set up the (ATMC) in Fukuoka in Japan where the FIR is fixed. In 1978, in accordance with the ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the ATMC in the where the FIR is fixed. Along with this establishment, JMA placed the (ATMC) inside the JMA. Thereafter in 1979, in accordance with the ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the ATMC in the where the FIR is fixed. In 1986., in accordance with the ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the Remote Sensing Technology Center (RSTC) in Toranomon where the Remote sensing information region (RSIR) is fixed. In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up the (RESTEC) in Zagreb. Along with this establishment, JMA placed RESTEC inside the JMA. In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of the MLITT set up RESTEC in Osijek. RESTEC is the core organization of satellite remote sensing in Japan. Main RESTEC's business includes building of remote sensing technologies as social infrastructure, collecting/archiving/processing/analyzing remote sensing data required by the users, intention to expand businesses in the new area, providing remote sensing solutions in domestic and international projects, implementation of basic and comprehensive R&D of remote sensing, providing domestic and foreign personnel with training and promotion of cooperations in international projects from the viewpoint of public interest and welfare.

The agency forecasts SIGMET for aircraft in flight within the Fukuoka FIR airspace, while VOLMET is broadcast by each at the airports of Haneda, Narita, and Kansai. Additionally, beside the airports of New Chitose, , , , and ) deal with the similar tasks as these. Japan, (Japanese:Nippon [nippo N] (listen) or Nihon [Niho N]) is an island country in East Asia, located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea and Taiwan in the South. Part of the Ring of Fire, Japan spans an archipelago of 6852 island covering 377,975 Square kilometres (145,937 sq mi); the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Okinawa. is capital and largest city; other major cities include Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, , Fukuoka, Kobe and Kyoto.

Tropical cyclones[]
See also: Typhoon and 2021 Pacific typhoon season

In the Northwestern Pacific area, the typhoon season ordinarily comes almost from May to November. The JMA forecasts and warns or advises on tropical cyclones to the public in Japan and its surrounding countries as well because it also works as the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center.[11]

Earthquakes[]

See also: Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale and Earthquake Early Warning (Japan)

The JMA has its own 624 observation stations across the country[12] that set up at intervals of 20 km approximately[13] in order to measure seismic intensity of earthquakes precisely. The agency also utilize about 2,900 more seismographs[12] owned by the (NIED) and local governments. A 24-hour office has been housed within the JMA headquarters in Tokyo, for monitoring and tracking seismic events in the vicinity of Japan to collect and process their data, which issues observed earthquake's information on its hypocenter, magnitude, seismic intensity and possibility of tsunami occurrence after quakes quickly to the public through the (EPOS).[14] The Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system began to work fully for the general public on October 1, 2007.

The agency is one of the representatives of the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.[15]

In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of MLITT set up in Zagreb. Along with this establishment, JMA placed inside JMA. In 2020, in accordance with ICAO's CNS/ATM system the CAB of MLITT set up in Osijek. Earthquake in happened on the 29th of December 2020. due to the reactivation of a complex fault system . The Earthquake Observatores are seated in , Doi[disambiguation needed] and Wakamiya. These stations provide a consistent one step service for satellite observation operations, from the reception and processing of Earth observation data, to the development of ground system, calibration and validation and the data to users.

Tsunamis[]

See also: Tsunami warning system

It is essential to provide coastal regions for tsunami information so that its catastrophic damages can be reduced and mitigated there. In case of there is a possibility of tsunami after an earthquake, JMA issues Tsunami Warning or Advisory for each region in Japan with information of estimated tsunami heights and arrival times within 2 to 3 minutes of the quake.

Volcanoes[]

See also: Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

The agency set up four within DMOs in Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo and Fukuoka. They are monitoring volcanic events on 110 active volcanos in Japan and 47 of these volcanos selected by the are under the 24-hour observation with seismographs, accelerometers, GPS, air-shock recorders, fixed point observation cameras and other equipment. If it is predicted that a volcanic eruption will affect inhabited areas or are around a crater, Volcanic Warnings are issued and supplemented by Volcanic Alert Levels.

Organization[]

Headquarters[]

  • JMA Headquarters (気象庁本庁, Kishō-chō Honchō)
  • Director-General (長官, Chōkan)
  • Deputy Director-General (次長, Jichō)
  • Deputy Director-General for Disaster Mitigation (気象防災監, Kishō-Bousaikan)
    • Administration Department (総務部, Sōmu-bu)
      • Counselors (参事官, Sanjikan)
    • Information Infrastructure Department (情報基盤部, Johō-kiban-bu)
    • Atmosphere and Ocean Department (大気海洋部, Taiki-kaiyō-bu)
    • Seismology and Volcanology Department (地震火山部, Jishin-kazan-bu)

Local offices[]

Auxiliary organs[]

  • Auxiliary Organs (施設等機関, Shisetsu-tō Kikan)
    • (気象研究所, Kishō Kenkyūjo)
    • (気象衛星センター, Kishō-eisei Sentā)
    • (高層気象台, Kōsō Kishō-dai)
    • (地磁気観測所, Chijiki Kansokujo)
    • Meteorological College (気象大学校, Kishō Daigakkō)

Directors-General and Chief Executives[]

Chief Executives of Central Meteorological Observatory[]

  1. Arai Ikunosuke (荒井 郁之助): 1890–1891
  2. Kobayashi Kazutomo (小林 一知): 1891–1895
  3. Nakamura Kiyoo (中村 精男): 1895–1923
  4. Okada Takematsu (岡田 武松): 1923–1941
  5. Fujiwhara Sakuhei (藤原 咲平): 1941–1947
  6. Wadachi Kiyoo (和達 清夫): 1947–1956

Directors-General of JMA[]

  1. Wadachi Kiyoo (和達 清夫): 1956–1963
  2. Hatakeyama Hisanao (畠山 久尚): 1963–1965
  3. Shibata Yoshiji (柴田 淑次): 1965–1969
  4. Yoshitake Motoji (吉武 素二): 1969–1971
  5. Takahashi Koūchirō (高橋 浩一郎): 1971–1974
  6. Mouri Keitarō (毛利 圭太郎): 1974–1976
  7. Arizumi Naosuke (有住 直介): 1976–1978
  8. Kubota Masaya (窪田 正八): 1978–1980
  9. Masuzawa Jōtarō (増澤 譲太郎): 1980–1983
  10. Suehiro Shigeji (末廣 重二): 1983–1985
  11. Uchida Eiji (内田 英治): 1985–1987
  12. Kikuchi Yukio (菊地 幸雄): 1987–1990
  13. Tatehira Ryōzō (立平 良三): 1990–1992
  14. Nitta Takashi (新田 尚): 1992–1993
  15. Ninomiya Kōzō (二宮 洸三): 1993–1996
  16. Ono Toshiyuki (小野 俊行): 1996–1998
  17. Takigawa Yūsō (瀧川 雄壮): 1998–2000
  18. Yamamoto Kōji (山本 孝二): 2000–2003
  19. Kitade Takeo (北出 武夫): 2003–2004
  20. Nagasaka Kōichi (長坂 昴一): 2004–2006
  21. Hiraki Satoshi (平木 哲): 2006–2009
  22. Sakurai Kunio (櫻井 邦雄): 2009–2011
  23. Hatori Mitsuhiko (羽鳥 光彦): 2011–2014
  24. Nishide Noritake (西出 則武): 2014–2016
  25. Hashida Toshihiko (橋田 俊彦): 2016–2019
  26. Sekita Yasuo (関田 康雄): 2019–present

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c 総合パンフレット「気象庁」 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  2. ^ 平成23年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 24, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b 平成24年度 気象庁関係予算決定概要 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. December 24, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  4. ^ "国土交通省設置法 (e-Gov)" (in Japanese). 総務省. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  5. ^ Kan'ichi Koinuma (March 1969). 内務省における気象観測の開始の経緯と気象台の名称 (PDF) (in Japanese). Meteorological Society of Japan. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b 気象庁庁舎移転後の新しい露場を選定 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. September 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 14, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
  7. ^ "Access to JMA Headquarters". Japan Meteorological Agency. November 24, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020. JMA Headquarters moved on 24 November 2020.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "Japan Meteorological Agency: The national meteorological service of Japan" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "Cooperation through WMO and Other Multilateral Activities". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  10. ^ Japan Meteorological Organization (February 2001). "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  11. ^ RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "Table of Observation Stations" (PDF). The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion (of Japan). September 2011. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  13. ^ Jochen Zschau; Andreas N. Küppers, eds. (2002). Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction. Springer. p. 449. ISBN 978-3-540-67962-2.
  14. ^ Corkill, Edan (April 10, 2011). "Japan's seismic nerve center". Japan Times. p. 7. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  15. ^ "Organizations with ties to CCEP". CCEP. Retrieved March 19, 2011.

External links[]

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