Jeseník

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For other places with the similar name, see Jeseník (disambiguation).
Jeseník
Town
Town hall
Town hall
Flag of Jeseník
Flag
Coat of arms of Jeseník
Coat of arms
Jeseník is located in Czech Republic
Jeseník
Jeseník
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 50°13′47″N 17°12′17″E / 50.22972°N 17.20472°E / 50.22972; 17.20472Coordinates: 50°13′47″N 17°12′17″E / 50.22972°N 17.20472°E / 50.22972; 17.20472
Country Czech Republic
RegionOlomouc
DistrictJeseník
First mentioned1267
Government
 • MayorZdeňka Blišťanová (TOP 09)
Area
 • Total38.22 km2 (14.76 sq mi)
Elevation
432 m (1,417 ft)
Population
 (2020-01-01[1])
 • Total11,081
 • Density290/km2 (750/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
790 01
Websitewww.jesenik.org

Jeseník (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjɛsɛɲiːk]; Frývaldov until 1947 (Czech pronunciation: [ˈfriːvaldof]), German: Freiwaldau, Polish: Frywałdów) is a spa town in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic, the administrative capital of Jeseník District. It has about 11,000 inhabitants.

Administrative parts[]

Villages of Bukovice and Dětřichov are administrative parts of Jeseník.

Etymology[]

View of Jesenik

The original name was Freiwaldau, deriving from German frei vom Walde[citation needed], meaning "free from the woods". The former Czech name of Frývaldov was a phonetic transcription of the German original. After World War II the town was renamed along with many other towns containing German elements in their names.[2][3] It is named after the surrounding mountains which are called Hrubý Jeseník or Jeseníky.

Geography[]

The town is located in the historic Czech Silesia region on the Bělá River, a tributary of the Nysa Kłodzka. It is situated within the Hrubý Jeseník mountain range, north of the Praděd peak. In the west are the foothills of the Golden Mountains.

History[]

Freiwaldau/Frývaldov/Frywałdów in the Duchy of Silesia in fragmented Piast-ruled Poland, probably founded in the course of the German Ostsiedlung, was first mentioned in 1267, when it already held the status of a town belonging to the territory of the Bishops of Wrocław. With the surrounding villages it became part of the bishops' ecclesiastical Duchy of Nysa in 1290, which later on passed under Bohemian (Czech) suzerainty.

In the 14th century Freiwaldau developed as a centre of iron production with several foundries and hammer mills processing the ore from the productive deposits in the surrounding mountains. Later on, the flourishing town was purchased by the Swabian Fugger dynasty. In 1506 the Bishop Johann Thurzó vested its citizens with Bergregal privileges. After the iron ore deposits were exhausted, the Fugger sold the town back to the Wrocław bishops in 1547 and linen weaving became the most important source of income.

Lázně Jeseník spa in the early 20th century

Silesia with the Lands of the Bohemian Crown had passed to the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in 1526; after the First Silesian War it became part of Austrian Silesia in 1742. It remained with the Austrian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, until World War I and the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918. According to the Austrian administration census of 1910 the town had 6,859 inhabitants, 6,619 of whom had permanent residence there. The census asked people for their native language: 6,588 (99.5%) were speaking German, 16 Czech and 13 Polish. Jews were not allowed to declare Yiddish, most of them thus declared German. Most populous religious groups were Roman Catholics with 6,552 (95.5%), followed by Protestants with 208 (3%) and the Jews with 83 (1.2%).[4]

The local spa was visited by people of various European nationalities, including Czechs, Poles, the English, Greeks, Romanians and the French.[5]

The Freiwaldau massacre[]

On November 25, 1931, the local Communist party organised a hunger march of around 1,000 unemployed stoneworkers to Frývaldov. The police chief at Vápenná instructed his men to prevent the demonstration from reaching the town. The police forced the marchers to take an alternative route through the forest. The police soon caught up with them at Lipová-lázně, and a clash ensued during which the marchers threw sticks, stones and other objects at the gendarmes. After two stones hit the commander of the unit, First Lieutenant Oldřich Jirkovský, on the forehead, gave his men the order to fire on the crowd. As a result, ten people, including six women - among them a 60-year-old woman and a 14-year-old girl - were killed and fifteen men and women seriously injured and taken to the hospital in Frývaldov. The Vienna Neue Zeitung attributed the march to the growing indebtedness of local stone- and chalkworkers, who could no longer earn enough for subsistence.[6][7]

World War II[]

From 1938 to 1945 it was occupied by Germany, and was one of the municipalities in Sudetenland. During World War II the Germans operated several forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town.[8] The town was restored to Czechoslovakia after the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II in 1945. The German population was expelled according to the Potsdam Agreement and Beneš Decrees in 1945.

Post-war period[]

In 2005, during the renovation of a Polish monument from the 1890s, notes were discovered in its foundation, which contained a protest against the Partitions of Poland (Poland was under partitions when the monument was erected).[5]

Spa[]

Chapel on the Vincenz Priessnitz vault, Gräfenberg Hill, Jeseník

The town is well known for its spa.

Notable people[]

Plate of C. Ditters von Dittersdorf

Twin towns – sister cities[]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic

Jeseník is twinned with:[9]

Jeseník also cooperates with Prague 1 in the Czech Republic.[9]

References[]

  1. ^ "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2020". Czech Statistical Office. 2020-04-30.
  2. ^ "Sbírka zákonu a nařízení republiky Československé" (4). Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. 31 January 1948. p. 284.
  3. ^ "Mrdákov, Sračkov, Mrchojedy. Obce touží po jiném názvu". Tyden.cz. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  4. ^ Ludwig Patryn (ed): Die Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910 in Schlesien, Troppau 1912.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Waldemar Brygier. "Polskie ślady w uzdrowisku Jeseník". Nasze Sudety (in Polish). Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  6. ^ ÖNB/ANNO AustriaN Newspaper Online
  7. ^ ÖNB/ANNO AustriaN Newspaper Online
  8. ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "Partnerská m��sta". jesenik.org (in Czech). Město Jeseník. Retrieved 2020-09-17.
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