Krishna district

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Krishna district
District of Andhra Pradesh
Clockwise from top-left: Kanaka Durga Temple, Kondapalli Fort, Buddhist remains in Ghantasala, Lord Andhra Vishnu temple, Prakasam Barrage, Manginagudi beach in Machilipatnam
Clockwise from top-left: Kanaka Durga Temple, Kondapalli Fort, Buddhist remains in Ghantasala, Lord Andhra Vishnu temple, Prakasam Barrage, Manginagudi beach in Machilipatnam
Location of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh
Location of Krishna district in Andhra Pradesh
Coordinates (Machilipatnam): 16°17′N 81°13′E / 16.283°N 81.217°E / 16.283; 81.217Coordinates: 16°17′N 81°13′E / 16.283°N 81.217°E / 16.283; 81.217
Country India
StateAndhra Pradesh
DivisionKrishna district
HeadquartersMachilipatnam
Tehsils50
Government
 • District collectorImthaj
 • Lok Sabha constituenciesVijayawada, Machilipatnam, Eluru
 • Vidhan Sabha constituencies16
Area
 • Total8,727 km2 (3,370 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total4,517,398
 • Density520/km2 (1,300/sq mi)
 • Urban
40.81%
Demographics
 • Literacy73.74%
 • Sex ratio992
Vehicle registrationAP-16 (former)
AP–39 (from 30 January 2019)[1]
Major highwaysAH-45, NH-65,
NH-221, NH-216
Websitekrishna.nic.in

Krishna district is one of the nine districts in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Machilipatnam is the administrative headquarters and Vijayawada is the most populated city in the district. It has an area of 8,727 km2 (3,370 sq mi) and had a population of 4,529,009 as per 2011 census of India. It is bounded by West Godavari on the east, Bay of Bengal on the South, Guntur and Suryapet districts in the west and a portion of it also borders with the state of Telangana.[2]

The Krishna District was formed from District of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included the present day Guntur and West Godavari districts. Guntur was separated from Krishna in 1904, and West Godavari in 1925, giving rise to the present day Krishna district.[3][4] The colonial period historical monuments in machilipatnam especially in BANDHARU KOTA are facing mere negligence and are facing threat from encroachments. They need conservation to pass on history to our future generations.

Etymology[]

Krishna district, with its district headquarters at Machilipatnam was formerly called Machlipatnam district. Later it was renamed as Krishna district, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished Guntur District in 1859 with Machilipatnam with its head. It was named after the Krishna River, the third longest river in India. The river flows through the state of Andhra Pradesh before it empties itself into Bay of Bengal, near Hamsaladevi village of Krishna district.[2]

History[]

Holy relic Buddhist sites map of Andhra Pradesh
Hindu Pilgrimage sites map of Andhra Pradesh

This history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the Satavahanas (230 BC – AD 227); Pallavas (AD 340 – AD 500), Chalukyas (AD 615 – 1070 AD) and later by Cholas, Kakatiyas, Musunuri Nayaks, Reddy dynasty and Gajapati kings of Odisha.[5]

A View of the famous Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa, which is in Krishna district

Satavahana period (230 BC – AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at Srikakulam. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries. Pallava Kingdom (AD 340 – AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to Tungabhadra, including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar near Eluru and Pithapuram, both in Vengidesa. Bruhitpalayanas, the contemporaries of Pallavas who ruled the district with Koduru as their capital. Vishnukundinas (AD 5th century), are rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in Vijayawada) and Undavalli, etc.

Eastern chalukyas (AD 615 – AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at Undavalli and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.[5]

Cholas ruled this region with capital at Rajamahendri . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the Mahabharata into Telugu. Kakatiyas, ruled this region up to the early 14th century with Orugallu as their capital and followed by Musunuri Nayaks who rebelled against Delhi sultanate and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including Hampi and ruled many states of India independently. Reddy dynasty, on the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Prolaya Vema reddi, a subordinate of Musunuri Kapaya Naidu found himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. The Kondavidu Reddi's were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu can be seen[5]

Gajapathis of Odisha: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in Vijayawada) and constructed a reservoir at Kondapalli. Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara empire conquered this region in the early 16th century. Qutb Shahis, in 1512, the Kingdom of Golconda was founded by one Sultan Quli Qutub Shah. The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named Madanna and Akkanna. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the two ministers to the goddess Kanaka Durga.[5]

Medieval period[]

Nizams: The Emperor Aurangazeb included this district in the province of Golconda, which remained under Asaf jah who was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in AD 1713 with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk. The province of Golconda comprised five Nawabs’ charges viz. Arcot, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Rajahmundry and Chicacole (Srikakulam). The Nawab of Rajahmundry ruled the country induced in the Krishna district.[5]

The British: In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at Masulipatnam which was their headquarters until they finally moved to Madras in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at Masulipatnam. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761 the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.[5]

Demographics[]

As of 2011 census of India, the district had a population of 4,517,398 with a density of 518 persons per km2. The total population constitute, 2,267,375 males and 2,250,023 females –a ratio of 992 females per 1000 males. The total urban population is 1,843,660 (40.81%).[4]:20 There are 3,009,718 literates with a literacy rate of 73.74%.[4]:21

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901861,068—    
1911993,086+1.44%
19211,059,731+0.65%
19311,229,176+1.49%
19411,413,516+1.41%
19511,736,429+2.08%
19612,076,956+1.81%
19712,493,574+1.84%
19813,048,463+2.03%
19913,698,833+1.95%
20014,187,841+1.25%
20114,517,398+0.76%
source:[6]

According to the 2011 census, 92.1% of the population spoke Telugu and 6.05% Urdu as their first language.

Geography[]

Districts of Andhra Pradesh

The Krishna District is in the eastern coast of the state bordering West Godavari district in the East, Bay of Bengal in the South, Guntur and Suryapet district of Telangana in the West and Khammam district of Telangana in the Northern direction. The Krishna district occupies an area of 8,727 square kilometres (3,370 sq mi),[7] It has a total coastline of 88 km (55 mi).[8]

Topography[]

Prakasam Barrage at Vijayawada across Krishna River

The main hill range of the district known as Kondapalli runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length of about 24 km. The other smaller hill ranges are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. Kolleru, is the large freshwater lake in India. It spans into two districts – Krishna and West Godavari.

Flora and fauna[]

The forest occupies only 9 percent of the total district area. However, it contains Reserved Forest areas in Nandigama, Vijayawada, Tiruvuru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Machilipatnam and Divi Seema Talukas. A type of light wood known as ‘Ponuku’ (Gyrocapus Jacquini) is found in the Kondapalli hills. The wood is used for the manufacture of the well known Kondpalli toys. The most noticeable trees are pterocarpus, Terminalia, Anogeissus and Logustroeinai and Casuarina.[9]

Panthers, hyenas, jungle cats, foxes, bears and other carnivorous mammalian fauna are found here. Deer, spotted deer sambar, blackbuck and other herbivorous animals are found in the inland forests. The district has a large number of Murrah buffaloes and cows.[9]

Climate[]

The climatic conditions of the district consist of extremely hot summers and moderately hot winters and may be classified as tropical. The period starting from April to June is the hottest. The annual rainfall in the region is about 1028 mm and is contributed to by the Southwest monsoon. Three types of soils viz., Black Cotton (57.6 percent), Sand clay loams (22.3 percent) and Red loams (19.4 percent).

hideClimate data for Vijayawada (1951–1980)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		35.4
(95.7) 		37.4
(99.3) 		39.8
(103.6) 		37.2
(99.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.6
(90.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		33.6
(92.5)
Average low °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		25.1
(77.2) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.0
(75.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.4
(74.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.9
(0.04) 		5.3
(0.21) 		9.6
(0.38) 		14.3
(0.56) 		51.3
(2.02) 		131.9
(5.19) 		218.4
(8.60) 		185.6
(7.31) 		163.5
(6.44) 		142
(5.6) 		51.3
(2.02) 		6.7
(0.26) 		998.2
(39.30)
Average precipitation days 0.1 0.4 0.5 1.0 3.1 7.6 12.6 11.5 8.8 7.1 2.8 0.6 56.1
Source: India Meteorological Department.

Economy[]

The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is ₹62,726 crore (US$8.8 billion) and it contributes 12% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was ₹104,897 (US$1,500). The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute ₹17,780 crore (US$2.5 billion), ₹8,967 crore (US$1.3 billion) and ₹35,979 crore (US$5.0 billion) respectively.[8]

The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are, paddy, sugarcane, mango, tomato, milk, meat and fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, electricity, manufacturing, transport and software services.[8]

Divisions[]

Main articles: List of villages in Krishna district and List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh

The district has four revenue divisions, namely Vijayawada, Nuzvid, Machilipatnam and Gudivada, each headed by a sub collector. These revenue divisions are divided into 50 mandals in the district. These 50 mandals consists of 49 mandal parishads, 973 panchayats, 1005 villages and 5 municipalities.[10] There are 20 towns (or urban settlements) in the district, including 1 municipal corporation, 5 municipalities, 3 nagar panchayat and 11 census towns. Vijayawada city is the only municipal corporation and the 5 municipalities in the district are Gudivada, Jaggaiahpeta, Machilipatnam, Nuzivid and Pedana. Vuyyuru, Nandigama and Tiruvuru were constituted as nagar panchayats in the year 2011. The 11 census towns are Kanuru, Poranki, Tadigadapa, Yanamalakuduru, Kankipadu, Ramavarappadu, Prasadampadu, Guntupalli, Ibrahimpatnam, Kondapalle, Tiruvuru.[11]

Mandals[]

Krishna district revenue divisions
Krishna district mandal map

The list of 53 mandals in Krishna district[12] under 4 revenue divisions are listed in the following table:

# Machilipatnam Division Gudivada Division Vijayawada Division Nuzvid Division
1 Avanigadda Gudivada Chandarlapadu A.Konduru
2 Bantumilli Gudlavalleru G.Konduru Agiripalli
3 Challapalli Kaikaluru Ibrahimpatnam Bapulapadu
4 Ghantasala Kalidindi Jaggayyapeta Chatrai
5 Guduru Mandavalli Kanchikacherla Gampalagudem
6 Koduru Mudinepalli Kankipadu Gannavaram
7 Kruthivennu Nandivada Mylavaram Musunuru
8 Machilipatnam Pamarru Nandigama Nuzvid
9 Mopidevi Pedaparupudi Penamaluru Pamidimukkala
10 Movva Penuganchiprolu Reddigudem
11 Nagayalanka Thotlavalluru Tiruvuru
12 Pedana Vatsavai Unguturu
13 Veerullapadu Vissannapeta
14 Vijayawada (rural) Vuyyuru
15 Vijayawada East
16 Vijayawada Central
17 Vijayawada North
18 Vijayawada West

Erstwhile Talukas[]

  • Before Formation of mandals, Administration was done through Taluka system.
  • Krishna District had 10 Talukas in 1971, later in 1978 they were increased to 21 Talukas.
  • In 1985, Mandal system was created and 50 mandals were formed in the district.
Erstwhile Talukas in Krishna District.
S.No. Erstwhile Talukas

in 1971

Newly Formed Talukas

in 1978

Newly Formed Mandals

in 1985

1 Bandar Bandar Machilipatnam, Gudur, Pedana [part], Gudlavalleru [part]
Bantumilli [11] Bantumilli, Kruthivennu, Pedana [part]
2 Divi [Avanigadda] Divi Avanigadda, Nagayalanka, Koduru,
Movva [12] Movva, Ghantasala, Challapalle,
3 Gannavaram Gannavaram Gannavaram, Ungutur, Bapulapadu [part]
Vuyyur [13] Vuyyur, Pamidimukkala, Thotlavalluru [part]
4 Vijayawada Vijayawada Vijayawada Urban, Vijayawada Rural, Penamaluru, Kankipadu, Thotlavalluru [part],
Mylavaram [14] Mylavaram, Ibrahimpatnam, G.Konduru,
5 Nandigama Nandigama Nandigama, Penuganchiprolu, Chandralapadu,
Kanchikacherla [15] Kanchikacherla, Veerullapadu
6 Jaggaayyapet Jaggayyapet Jaggayyapet, Vatsavai
7 Tiruvur Tiruvur Tiruvuru, Gampalagudem, A.Konduru [part]
Vissannapeta [16] Vissannapeta, Reddigudem, Chatrai, A.Konduru [part]
8 Nuzvid Nuzvid Nuzvid, Agiripalle, Musunuru, Bapulapadu [part],
9 Gudivada Gudivada Gudivada, Nandivada, Gudlavalleru [part], Mudinepalle [part],
Pamarru [17] Pamarru, Pedaparupudi, Gudlavalleru [part]
10 Kaikalur Kaikalur Kaikalur, Kalidindi, Mudinepalle [part],
Mandavalli [18] Mandavalli, Mudinepalle [part]

Towns in District[]

 
Largest cities or towns in West Godavari District
As per the 2011 Census
Vijayawada
Vijayawada
Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam 		1 Vijayawada Vijayawada Division 1,179,395 Gudivada
Gudivada
Nuzvid
Nuzvid
2 Machilipatnam Machilipatnam Division 169,892
3 Gudivada Gudivada Division 118,167
4 Nuzvid Nuzvid Division 58,590
5 Jaggayyapeta Vijayawada Division 53,530
6 Nandigama Vijayawada Division 44,395
7 Vuyyuru Nuzvid Division 38,021
8 Tiruvuru Nuzvid Division 34,173
9 Kondapalli Vijayawada Division 33,373
10 Pedana Machilipatnam Division 30,721
Municipal Bodies in Krishna District
S.No. Municipal Body Civic Status of Town Municipality

Formation Year

2011 Census

Population

2001 Census

Population

1991 Census

Population

1981 Census

Population

1 Vijayawada ** Municipal Corporation 1888 1,179,395 930,700 731,913 527,884
2 Machilipatnam Municipal Corporation 1866 169,892 179,353 159,110 138,530
3 Gudivada Municipality Grade - Special 1937 118,167 113,054 101,656 80,198
4 Nuzvid Municipality Grade - 2 1983 58,590 50,354 42,685 32,044
5 Jaggaihpeta Municipality Grade - 2 1988 53,530 40,373 36,122 26,680
6 Nandigama Nagar Panchayat 2011 44,359 37,569 -- --
7 Vuyyuru Nagar Panchayat 2011 38,021 36,423 -- --
8 Tiruvuru Nagar Panchayat 2011 34,173 30,838 -- --
9 Kondapalli Municipality Grade - 3 2020 33,373 30,156 -- --
10 Pedana Municipality Grade - 3 1985 30,721 29,613 27,497 25,200

Note -

** Vijayawada Population shown here is only, Municipal Corporation Population.

** Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration Population is 1,476,931

Census Towns in Krishna District
S.No. Town Mandal HQ Civic Status of Town 2011 Census

Population

1 Kanuru Penamaluru Census Town 49,006
2 Yenamalakuduru Penamaluru Census Town 34,177
3 Ibrahimpatnam Ibrahimpatnam Census Town 29,432
4 Poranki Penamaluru Census Town 25,545
5 Ramavarappadu Vijayawada Rural Census Town 22,222
6 Nadim Tiruvuru Tiruvuru Census Town 18,567
7 Tadigadapa Penamaluru Census Town 17,462
8 Kankipadu Kankipadu Census Town 14,616
9 Prasadampadu Vijayawada Rural Census Town 13,941
10 Guntupalli Ibrahimpatnam Census Town 11,187
Erstwhile Talukas [Non-Municipalities] Population
S.No. Town Civic Status of Town 2011 Census

Population

1 Avanigadda Grama Panchayat 23,737
2 Kanchikacherla Grama Panchayat 22,756
3 Mylavaram Grama Panchayat 21,763
4 Pamarru Grama Panchayat 21,395
5 Kaikalur Grama Panchayat 21,292
6 Gannavaram Grama Panchayat 20,728
7 Bantumilli Grama Panchayat 6,867
8 Movva Grama Panchayat 5,653
9 Mandavalli Grama Panchayat 4,996

Politics[]

Krishna district has two parliamentary constituencies namely, Vijayawada and Machilipatnam. There are 16 assembly constituencies namely, Tiruvuru (SC), Nandigama (SC), Mylavaram, Jaggayyapeta, Vijayawada West, Vijayawada Central, Vijayawada East, Penamaluru, Nuzvid, Gannavaram, Pedana, Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Machilipatnam, Avanigadda, Pamarru (SC).[13] Telugu Desam Party, , YSR Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Lok Satta, CPI and CPM are the main political parties in the district.

Culture[]

A Kuchipudi Dancer performing on stage

The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural places and moderately modern in Vijayawada. It is also famous as the birthplace for Indian classical dance named kuchipudi and the culture with the dialect of Telugu spoken in Krishna is widely considered to be the standard form of Telugu.[14]

Transport[]

The total road length of state highways in the district is 1,188 km (738 mi).[15] There exists 97 km (60 mi) of rail network in the district.[8] Four national highways pass through the district namely NH16 from Chennai to Kolkata, NH 65 from Pune to Machilipatnam, NH 221 from Vijayawada to Jagdalpur, NH 214 Kathipudi to Pamarru, NH 214A Digamarru to Ongole.

Education[]

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[16][17] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 4,449 schools. They include, 15 government, 2,432 mandal and zilla parishads, 3 residential, 1748 private, 2 model, 3 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 180 municipal and 66 other types of schools.[18] The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 562,510.[19]

NTR University of Health Sciences is located in Vijayawada. Krishna University is located in Machilipatnam. Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid is situated in Nuzvid. School of Planning and Architecture, South Indian Chapter is present in Vijayawada.

District has numerous engineering colleges including Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College, Lakireddy Bali Reddy Engineering College, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, DMS SVH College of Engineering, SRR & CVR Govt. Degree College is one of the oldest colleges. It was established in 1937. Govt Polytechnic Vijayawada (one of the oldest Polytechnic colleges in India), Andhra Loyola College, AANM & VVRSR (Gudlavalleru) Polytechnic College, Mary Stella college, Sidhartha Degree College are a few of the many famous arts and science colleges in the district.

Sports[]

Kabbadi is the most popular sport, followed by cricket, volleyball, badminton, basketball and tennis.

Indira Gandhi Municipal Stadium in Vijayawada hosts One Day Internationals Cricket matches of India. Only one international cricket match was played between India and West Indies on 24 November 2002 at Indira Gandhi stadium. It was won by West Indies. On 12 December 1997 Women's Cricket Worldcup only a group match was played between England Women's Cricket Team and Pakistan women's cricket team, and it was won by England. in Vijayawada .

NTR Stadium is the main sports venue in Gudivada. It is used for several sports, like athletics, volleyball, cricket practice, kho kho, kabaddi, badminton, tennis and basketball.[20] Famous Hockey player Balram belongs to this District.

It is also the stadium for . Mangalagiri International Cricket Stadium is being built in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) site in Navuluru, village of Mangalagiri town, Guntur district, about 15 km from the city of Vijayawada. The exclusive stadium of the Andhra Cricket Association will be the venue for international and Ranji matches.[21]

Notable people[]

Many notable people are associated with this district, including:

Science and technology

Fine arts and literature

Social reformers

Sports

Cinema

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched". The New Indian Express. Vijayawada. 31 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "Krishna district". AP state portal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b c "District Census Handbook – Guntur" (PDF). Census of India. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History". Krishna district website. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  6. ^ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  7. ^ Srivastava, Dayawanti (2010). "States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1111–1112. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Economy of Krishna District". Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "Flora and Fauna of Krishna district". AP forest department. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  10. ^ "Administrative Setup". Krishna District Official Website. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  11. ^ "District Census Handbook – Krishna" (PDF). Census of India. p. 17. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  12. ^ "new Mandals in vijaywada District". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  13. ^ "Assembly Constituencies – Krishna district" (PDF). Geographic Information Systems. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  14. ^ "District profile". Krishna District. National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  15. ^ "Existing State Highways" (PDF). Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  16. ^ "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  17. ^ "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal". ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  18. ^ "School Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  19. ^ "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  20. ^ "NTR Stadium all set to become more sporty". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 April 2021.
  21. ^ "Andhra Pradesh / Vijayawada News: Keeping home turf in top shape". The Hindu. 4 February 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

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