Kumbhalgarh

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Kumbhalgarh
Bastions of Kumbalgarh Fort
Type	fortress
Location	Rajsamand district, Rajasthan, India
Coordinates	25°8′56″N 73°34′49″E / 25.14889°N 73.58028°E / 25.14889; 73.58028Coordinates: 25°8′56″N 73°34′49″E / 25.14889°N 73.58028°E / 25.14889; 73.58028
Area	268 ha (1.03 sq mi) (662 acres)
Built	15th century
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii
Designated	2013 (36th session)
Part of	Hill Forts of Rajasthan
Reference no.	247
State Party	India
Region	South Asia
Location of Kumbhalgarh in Rajasthan Kumbhalgarh (India) Show map of RajasthanShow map of IndiaShow all

Kumbhalgarh (literally "Kumbhal fort") is a Mewar fortress on the westerly range of Aravalli Hills, in the Rajsamand district near Udaipur of Rajasthan state in western India. It is a World Heritage Site included in Hill Forts of Rajasthan. Built during the course of the 15th century by Rana Kumbha.^{[citation needed]} Occupied until the late 19th century, the fort is now open to the public and is spectacularly lit for a few minutes each evening. Kumbalgarh is situated 82 km northwest of Udaipur by road. It was the most important fort in Mewar after Chittorgarh Fort.

In 2013, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Kumbhalgarh Fort, along with five other forts of Rajasthan, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the group Hill Forts of Rajasthan.

The chief Architect who build this fort was Architect Mandan and he had also documented his style of work in his text, Rajvallabh. At the end he dedicates the book to King Rana Kumbha.^{[citation needed]}

The fort is among the largest fort complexes in the world, and the second largest fort in India after Chittor Fort.^{[citation needed]}

History[]

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

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The early history of the fort could not be ascertained on account of lack of evidence. The earliest name of the fort is believed to be Machhindrapur, while Sahib Haqim, a historian, named it Mahore. The original fort is believed to have been built by King Samprati of the Maurya Age on account of strategic importance during the 6th century. The subsequent history till 1303 AD till the invasion of Alauddin Khilji is obscure as the fort was insignificant at that time.^[1]

Kumbhalgarh in its current form was built by Rana Kumbha who was the Rana of Mewar from the Sisodia rajput clan. Rana Kumbha took the aid of the famous architect of the era, "Madan". Rana Kumbha's kingdom of Mewar stretched from Ranthambore to Gwalior and included large tracts of what is now Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Out of the 84 forts in his dominion, Rana Kumbha is said to have built 32 of them, of which Kumbhalgarh is the largest and most elaborate.^[2]

Kumbhalgarh also separated Mewar and Marwar from each other and was used as a place of refuge for the rulers of Mewar at times of danger. A notable instance was in the case of Prince Udai, the infant king of Mewar who was smuggled here in 1535, when Chittor was under siege. Prince Udai later succeeded to the throne. The fort remained impregnable to direct assault.

Ahmed Shah I of Gujarat attacked the fort in 1457, but found the effort futile. There was a local belief then that the Banmata deity in the fort protected it and hence he destroyed the temple. There were further attempts in 1458–59 and 1467 by Mahmud Khalji, but it also proved futile. Akbar's general, Shabhbaz Khan, have taken control of the fort in 1576 on the orders of Man Singh I after the Mughal victory in the Battle of Haldighati. But it was recaptured by Pratap in 1585 through Guerilla warfare when Akbar was far away in Lahore. In 1818, an armed band of sanyasis formed a garrison to protect the fort, but was convinced^{[clarification needed]} by James Tod and the fort was taken over by the British and later returned to Udaipur State. There were additions made by Maharanas of Mewar, but the original structure built by Maharana Kumbha remains. The residential buildings and temples are well-preserved.^[2] The fort is also known to be the birthplace of Maharana Pratap.^[3]

Vedi Jain temple

52 Chatries Jain Temple

Architecture[]

The massive gate of Kumbhalgarh fort, called the Ram Pol (Ram Gate)

Built on a hilltop 1,100 m (3,600 ft) above sea level on the Aravalli range, the fort of Kumbhalgarh has perimeter walls that extend 36 km (22 mi), making it among the longest walls in the world.^[4] The frontal walls are fifteen feet thick. Kumbhalgarh has seven fortified gateways. There are over 360 temples within the fort, 300 ancient Jain and the rest Hindu. From the palace top, it is possible to see kilometers into the Aravalli Range. The sand dunes of the Thar Desert can be seen from the fort walls.

According to popular folklore, Maharana Kumbha used to burn massive lamps that consumed fifty kilograms of ghee and a hundred kilograms of cotton to provide light for the farmers who worked during the nights in the valley.

Important structures in the fort[]

Aerial view of a portion of the Kumbhalgarh wall

Lakhola Tank is the most notable tank inside the fort, constructed by Rana Lakha during 1382–1421 CE. It is located in the Western side of Kelwara town and measures 5 km (3.1 mi) in length to 100 m (0.062 mi) to 200 m (0.12 mi) in width. The tank had a depth of 40 ft (12 m) during independence and since then has been raised to 60 ft (18 m). Aaret Pol is the gate on the western side, Halla Pol with an downward slope from the entrance, Ram Pol and Hanuman Pol near Bavadi are the major gates of the fort. There are inscriptions on the foot of idols in Hanuman Pol detailing the construction of the fort. Badshahi Bavdi is a stepped tank, have been built after the invasion of Shahbaz Khan in 1578, the general of Akbar the Great to provide water to the troops.^[5] Most buildings are visible from the Ram Pol, which is considered an architectural specimen.

Hindu Temple

A Ganesh temple built on a 12 ft (3.7 m) platform and is considered the earliest of all temples built inside the fort.^[6] Neel Kanth Mahadeva temple is located on the eastern side of the fort built during 1458 CE. The central shrine of Shiva is approached through a rectangular enclosure and through a structure supported by 24 huge pillars. The idol of Shiva is made of black stone and is depicted with 12 hands. The inscriptions indicate that the temple was renovated by Rana Sanga.^[7]

Jain Temple

Parsva Natha temple (built during 1513), Jain temple on the eastern side and Bawan (52) Jain temples and Golera Jain temple are the major Jain temples in the fort. Mataji temple, also called Kheda Devi temple is located on the southern side of Neela Kanth temple.^[8] Mamdeo temple, Pital Shah Jain temple and Surya Mandir (Sun temple) are the other major temples inside the fort.^[9]

Culture[]

The Rajasthan Tourism Department organizes a three-day annual festival in the fort in remembrance of the passion of Maharana Kumbha towards art and architecture. Sound and light shows are organized with the fort as the background. Various concerts and dance events are also organised to commemorate the function. The other events during the festival are Heritage Fort Walk, turban tying, tug-of war and mehendi mandana among others.^[10]

Six forts of Rajasthan, namely, Amber Fort, Chittor Fort, Gagron Fort, Jaisalmer Fort, Kumbhalgarh and Ranthambore Fort were included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list during the 37th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Phnom Penh during June 2013. They were recognized as a serial cultural property and examples of Rajput military hill architecture.^[11][12]

See also[]

• Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary
• Ranikot Fort in Sindh, Pakistan with 27 km long wall

Notes[]

References[]

• Asawa, Dr. Krishnadas Nair (2004). Kumbhalgarh the invincible fort (5th ed.). Jodhpur: Rajasthani Granthagar.

External links[]

• Kumbhalgarh: The Great Wall of India (Photo essay 2012)
• Kumbhalgarh Fort of Rajasthan
• Article on Kumbhalgarh Fort