List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

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Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which was equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in intermediary metabolism.[3] In 1939 Gerhard Domagk, a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.[6] As of 2021, the prize has been awarded to 224 individuals, twelve of them were women: Gerty Cori (1947), Rosalyn Yalow (1977), Barbara McClintock (1983), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995), Linda B. Buck (2004), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008), Elizabeth H. Blackburn (2009), Carol W. Greider (2009), May-Britt Moser (2014)[7] and Tu Youyou (2015).

There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). There were also five years for which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Robert Bárány in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1922 prize awarded to Archibald Hill and Otto Fritz Meyerhof in 1923,[9] the 1926 prize awarded to Johannes Fibiger in 1927,[10] the 1938 prize awarded to Corneille Heymans in 1939,[11] and the 1943 prize awarded to Henrik Dam and Edward Adelbert Doisy in 1944.[12]

Laureates[]

Year Image Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901 EmilVonBehring.jpg Emil Adolf von Behring  Germany "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths" [13]
1902 Ronald Ross.jpg Sir Ronald Ross  United Kingdom "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it" [14]
1903 Niels ryberg.jpg Niels Ryberg Finsen  Denmark
( Faroe Islands) 		"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science" [15]
1904 Ivan Pavlov nobel.jpg Ivan Petrovich Pavlov  Russia "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" [16]
1905 RobertKoch cropped.jpg Robert Koch  Germany "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" [17]
1906 Camillo Golgi nobel.jpg Camillo Golgi  Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" [18]
Cajal-Restored.jpg Santiago Ramón y Cajal  Spain
1907 Charles Laveran nobel.jpg Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran  France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" [19]
1908 Ilya Mechnikov nobel.jpg Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov  Russia "in recognition of their work on immunity" [20]
Paul Ehrlich (1926-27 Microbe Hunters).jpg Paul Ehrlich  Germany
1909 Emil Theodor Kocher nobel.jpg Emil Theodor Kocher   Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" [21]
1910 Kossel, Albrecht (1853-1927).jpg Albrecht Kossel  Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" [22]
1911 Allvar Gullstrand.jpg Allvar Gullstrand  Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" [23]
1912 Alexis Carrel 02.jpg Alexis Carrel  France "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" [24]
1913 Charles Robert Richet nobel.jpg Charles Richet  France "[for] his work on anaphylaxis" [25]
1914 Robert Barany.jpg Robert Bárány  Austria-Hungary "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" [8]
1915 Not awarded
1916
1917
1918
1919 Jules Bordet nobel.jpg Jules Bordet  Belgium "for his discoveries relating to immunity" [26]
1920 August Krogh Bain 32006.jpg Schack August Steenberg Krogh  Denmark "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" [27]
1921 Not awarded
1922 Archibald Vivian Hill.jpg Archibald Vivian Hill  United Kingdom "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" [9]
Otto Fritz Meyerhof.jpg Otto Fritz Meyerhof  Germany "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" [9]
1923 Fredrick banting.jpg Sir Frederick Grant Banting  Canada "for the discovery of insulin" [28]
J.J.R. Macleod ca. 1928.png John James Rickard Macleod  United Kingdom
1924 Willem Einthoven.jpg Willem Einthoven  Netherlands "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" [29]
1925 Not awarded
1926 J Fibiger.jpg Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger  Denmark "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" [10]
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg.jpg Julius Wagner-Jauregg  Austria "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica" [30]
1928 Jules Nicole.jpg Charles Jules Henri Nicolle  France "for his work on typhus" [31]
1929 Christiaan Eijkman.jpg Christiaan Eijkman  Netherlands "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" [32]
Frederick Gowland Hopkins nobel.jpg Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins  United Kingdom "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" [32]
1930 Karl Landsteiner nobel.jpg Karl Landsteiner  Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups" [33]
1931 Otto Warburg.jpg Otto Heinrich Warburg  Germany "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" [34]
1932 Prof. Charles Scott Sherrington.jpg Sir Charles Scott Sherrington  United Kingdom "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" [35]
Edgar Douglas Adrian nobel.jpg Edgar Douglas Adrian  United Kingdom
1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan.jpg Thomas Hunt Morgan  United States "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" [36]
1934 George Whipple nobel.jpg George Hoyt Whipple  United States "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" [37]
George Minot nobel.jpg George Richards Minot  United States
William P Murphy.jpg William Parry Murphy  United States
1935 Hans Spemann nobel.jpg Hans Spemann  Germany "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development" [38]
1936 Henry Dale nobel.jpg Sir Henry Hallett Dale  United Kingdom "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" [39]
Otto Loewi nobel.jpg Otto Loewi  Austria
 Germany
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi cropped.jpg Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt  Hungary "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" [40]
1938 Corneille Heymans nobel.jpg Corneille Jean François Heymans  Belgium "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" [11]
1939 Gerhard Domagk nobel.jpg Gerhard Domagk  Germany "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" [41]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 Henrik Dam nobel.jpg Carl Peter Henrik Dam  Denmark "for his discovery of vitamin K" [12]
Edward A Doisy.jpg Edward Adelbert Doisy  United States "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" [12]
1944 Joseph Erlanger nobel.jpg Joseph Erlanger  United States "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres" [42]
Herbert Spencer Gasser nobel.jpg Herbert Spencer Gasser  United States
1945 Alexander Fleming 1945.jpg Sir Alexander Fleming  United Kingdom "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases" [43]
Ernst Boris Chain 1945.jpg Sir Ernst Boris Chain  United Kingdom
Howard Walter Florey 1945.jpg Howard Walter Florey  Australia
1946 HJ Muller 1952.jpg Hermann Joseph Muller  United States "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" [44]
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori.jpg Carl Ferdinand Cori  United States "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" [45]
Gerty Theresa Cori.jpg Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz  United States
Bernado Houssay.JPG Bernardo Alberto Houssay  Argentina "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar" [45]
1948 Paul Hermann Müller nobel.jpg Paul Hermann Müller   Switzerland "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods" [46]
1949 Walter Hess.jpg Walter Rudolf Hess   Switzerland "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs" [47]
Moniz.jpg António Caetano Egas Moniz  Portugal "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses" [47]
1950 Philip Showalter Hench.jpg Philip Showalter Hench  United States "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects" [48]
Edward Calvin Kendall nobel.jpg Edward Calvin Kendall  United States
Thadeus Reichstein ETH-Bib Portr 10137.jpg Tadeusz Reichstein   Switzerland
 Poland
1951 Max Theiler nobel.jpg Max Theiler  South Africa
 United States 		"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" [49]
1952 Selman Waksman NYWTScrop.jpg Selman Abraham Waksman  United States "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" [50]
1953 Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg Sir Hans Adolf Krebs  United Kingdom "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" [51]
Portrait of Fritz Albert Lipmann (1899-1986), Biochemist (2551001689).jpg Fritz Albert Lipmann  United States
 Germany 		"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" [51]
1954 Enders2.jpg John Franklin Enders  United States "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue" [52]
Frederick Chapman Robbins nobel.jpg Frederick Chapman Robbins  United States
Thomas Huckle Weller.jpg Thomas Huckle Weller  United States
1955 Hugo Theorell nobel.jpg Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell  Sweden "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" [53]
1956 André Frédéric Cournand nobel.jpg André Frédéric Cournand  United States "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system" [54]
Werner Forssmann nobel.jpg Werner Forssmann  West Germany
Dickinson W. Richards nobel.jpg Dickinson W. Richards  United States
1957 Daniel Bovet nobel.jpg Daniel Bovet  Italy "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles" [55]
1958 George Wells Beadle.jpg George Wells Beadle  United States "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" [56]
Edward Lawrie Tatum nobel.jpg Edward Lawrie Tatum  United States
Joshua Lederberg crop.jpg Joshua Lederberg  United States "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria" [56]
1959 Arthur Kornberg (30828410210) - restoration1.jpg Arthur Kornberg  United States "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" [57]
Severo Ochoa nobel.jpg Severo Ochoa  Spain
 United States
1960 Frank Macfarlane Burnet nobel.jpg Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet  Australia "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" [58]
Peter Brian Medawar.jpg Sir Peter Brian Medawar  Brazil
 United Kingdom
1961 Georg von Békésy nobel.jpg Georg von Békésy  United States
 Hungary 		"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" [59]
1962 Francis Crick crop.jpg Francis Harry Compton Crick  United Kingdom "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" [60]
JamesWatson.png James Dewey Watson  United States
Maurice Wilkins nobel.jpg Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins  New Zealand
 United Kingdom
1963 Sir John Eccles Wellcome L0026812.jpg Sir John Carew Eccles  Australia "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" [61]
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin nobel.jpg Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin  United Kingdom
Andrew Fielding Huxley nobel.jpg Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley  United Kingdom
1964 Konrad Bloch.JPG Konrad Bloch  United States "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism" [62]
Feodor Lynen with pipette.jpg Feodor Lynen  West Germany
1965 François Jacob nobel.jpg François Jacob  France "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" [63]
André Lwoff nobel.jpg André Lwoff  France
Jacques Monod nobel.jpg Jacques Monod  France
1966 Peyton Rous nobel.jpg Peyton Rous  United States "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" [64]
Charles Brenton Huggins nobel.jpg Charles Brenton Huggins  United States "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" [64]
1967 Ragnar Granit2.jpg Ragnar Granit  Finland
 Sweden 		"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye" [65]
Haldan Keffer Hartline nobel.jpg Haldan Keffer Hartline  United States
George Wald nobel.jpg George Wald  United States
1968 Robert W. Holley nobel.jpg Robert W. Holley  United States "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" [66]
Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg Har Gobind Khorana  India
 United States[67]
Marshall Nirenberg 2003.jpg Marshall W. Nirenberg  United States
1969 Max Delbruck.jpg Max Delbrück  United States "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses" [68]
Alfred Hershey.jpg Alfred D. Hershey  United States
Salvador E. Luria ca.1969 (cropped).jpg Salvador E. Luria  Italy
 United States
1970 Axelrod01.jpg Julius Axelrod  United States "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" [69]
Ulf von Euler.jpg Ulf von Euler  Sweden
Sir Bernard Katz.jpg Sir Bernard Katz  United Kingdom
1971 Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.jpg Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.  United States "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" [70]
1972 Professor Gerald M. Edelman (cropped).jpg Gerald M. Edelman  United States "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" [71]
Rodney Robert Porter.jpg Rodney R. Porter  United Kingdom
1973 Karl von Frisch - Atelier Veritas, c. 1926.jpg Karl von Frisch  West Germany "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns" [72]
Konrad Lorenz.JPG Konrad Lorenz  Austria
Nikolaas Tinbergen 1978.jpg Nikolaas Tinbergen  Netherlands
1974 Albert Claude 1974.jpg Albert Claude  United States "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" [73]
Christian de Duve cropped.jpg Christian de Duve  Belgium
RO033-16.jpg George E. Palade  United States
 Romania
1975 Dr. David Baltimore2.jpg David Baltimore  United States "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell" [74]
Renato Dulbecco crop.jpg Renato Dulbecco  Italy
 United States
Howard Martin Temin 1975.jpg Howard Martin Temin  United States
1976 Baruch Samuel Blumberg by Tom Trower (NASA).jpg Baruch S. Blumberg  United States "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases" [75]
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek 2bw cropped.jpg D. Carleton Gajdusek  United States
1977 Roger Guillemin.jpg Roger Guillemin  United States "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" [76]
Schally portrait.jpg Andrew V. Schally  Canada
 Poland
 United States
Rosalyn Yalow.jpg Rosalyn Yalow  United States "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" [76]
1978 Werner Arber 2008.jpg Werner Arber   Switzerland "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics" [77]
No image.svg Daniel Nathans  United States
Hamilton Smith.jpg Hamilton O. Smith  United States
1979 No image.svg Allan M. Cormack  South Africa
 United States 		"for the development of computer assisted tomography" [78]
Godfrey Hounsfield.jpg Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield  United Kingdom
1980 Baruj Benacerraf 1969.jpg Baruj Benacerraf  Venezuela
 United States 		"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions" [79]
Jean Dausset 1968.jpg Jean Dausset  France
No image.svg George D. Snell  United States
1981 Roger Wolcott Sperry.jpg Roger W. Sperry  United States "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" [80]
DHUBEL.jpg David H. Hubel  Canada
 United States 		"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" [80]
Torsten Wiesel-7Nov2006.jpg Torsten N. Wiesel  Sweden
1982 Sune Bergström 3.jpg Sune K. Bergström  Sweden "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances" [81]
Bengt Samuelsson.png Bengt I. Samuelsson  Sweden
John Robert Vane.jpg Sir John R. Vane  United Kingdom
1983 Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) shown in her laboratory in 1947.jpg Barbara McClintock  United States "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" [82]
1984 Niels Kaj Jerne 1950 crop.jpg Niels K. Jerne  Denmark "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" [83]
No image.svg Georges J.F. Köhler  West Germany
Milstein lnp.jpg César Milstein  Argentina
 United Kingdom
1985 Mike Brown 2003.jpg Michael S. Brown  United States "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" [84]
Joe Goldstein.JPG Joseph L. Goldstein  United States
1986 Stanley Cohen-Biochemist.jpg Stanley Cohen  United States "for their discoveries of growth factors" [85]
Rita Levi Montalcini.jpg Rita Levi-Montalcini  Italy
1987 Susumu Tonegawa Photo.jpg Susumu Tonegawa  Japan "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" [86]
1988 James Black (pharmacologist).jpg Sir James W. Black  United Kingdom "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" [87]
Gertrude Elion.jpg Gertrude B. Elion  United States
George H. Hitchings 1988.jpg George H. Hitchings  United States
1989 Nci-vol-8172-300 j michael bishop.jpg J. Michael Bishop  United States "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" [88]
HEVarmus.jpg Harold E. Varmus  United States
1990 No image.svg Joseph E. Murray  United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease" [89]
Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas.jpg E. Donnall Thomas  United States
1991 Erwin neher 2007 lindau.jpg Erwin Neher  Germany "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" [90]
Sakmann.jpg Bert Sakmann  Germany
1992 Edmond Fischer Nobel Laureate 1992.jpg Edmond H. Fischer   Switzerland
 United States 		"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" [91]
No image.svg Edwin G. Krebs  United States
1993 Roberts, Richard John (1943).jpg Sir Richard J. Roberts  United Kingdom "for their discoveries of split genes" [92]
Phillip A Sharp NIH.jpg Phillip A. Sharp  United States
1994 Alfred Goodman Gilman (cropped).jpg Alfred G. Gilman  United States "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" [93]
Rodbell, Martin (1925-1998).jpg Martin Rodbell  United States
1995 Ed Lewis 1986.png Edward B. Lewis  United States "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" [94]
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4383.jpg Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard  Germany
Eric F. Wieschaus.jpg Eric F. Wieschaus  United States
1996 Peter C. Doherty 2017.jpg Peter C. Doherty  Australia "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence" [95]
Rolf Zinkernagel Erudite Conclave medical college trivandrum.jpg Rolf M. Zinkernagel   Switzerland
1997 Prusiner 1.JPG Stanley B. Prusiner  United States "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" [96]
1998 Drfurchgott.jpg Robert F. Furchgott  United States "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system" [97]
Loius Ignarro.jpg Louis J. Ignarro  United States
Ferid Murad.jpg Ferid Murad  United States
1999 Gunter Blobel 2008 1.JPG Günter Blobel  Germany
 United States 		"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell" [98]
2000 Arvid Carlsson 2011a.jpg Arvid Carlsson  Sweden "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" [99]
Paul Greengard.jpg Paul Greengard  United States
Eric Richard Kandel.jpg Eric R. Kandel  United States
2001 No image.svg Leland H. Hartwell  United States "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" [100]
Tim hunt.jpg Sir Tim Hunt  United Kingdom
Paul Nurse 2007.jpg Sir Paul M. Nurse  United Kingdom
2002 Sydney Brenner OIST 2008 (33208371153) (cropped).jpg Sydney Brenner  South Africa "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" [101]
No image.svg H. Robert Horvitz  United States
Sulston, John Edward (1942).jpg Sir John E. Sulston  United Kingdom
2003 PaulLauterbur.jpg Paul Lauterbur  United States "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" [102]
Peter Mansfield Leipzig.jpg Sir Peter Mansfield  United Kingdom
2004 Richard Axel.jpg Richard Axel  United States "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" [103]
LindaBuck cropped 1.jpg Linda B. Buck  United States
2005 Marshall 2008.JPG Barry J. Marshall  Australia "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease" [104]
Robin Warren.jpg J. Robin Warren  Australia
2006 Andrew Fire, Stanford University.jpg Andrew Z. Fire  United States "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA" [105]
Craig Mello 01.JPG Craig C. Mello  United States
2007 MarioCapecchiFotoThalerTamas2.JPG Mario R. Capecchi  United States
 Italy 		"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells." [106]
Martin Evans Nobel Prize.jpg Sir Martin J. Evans  United Kingdom
Oliver-smithies.jpg Oliver Smithies  United Kingdom United States
2008 Harald zur Hausen-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-6.jpg Harald zur Hausen  Germany "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" [107]
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-1.jpg Françoise Barré-Sinoussi  France "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" [107]
LucMontagnier1995 065.jpg Luc Montagnier  France
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn 2009-01.JPG Elizabeth H. Blackburn  United States
 Australia 		"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase" [108]
GREIDER Carol 2014 - Less vignetting.jpg Carol W. Greider  United States
JSzostak.jpg Jack W. Szostak  United States
2010 No image.svg Sir Robert G. Edwards  United Kingdom "for the development of in vitro fertilization" [109]
2011 Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7512.jpg Bruce A. Beutler  United States "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" [110]
Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7584.jpg Jules A. Hoffmann  France
RMSt.jpg Ralph M. Steinman  Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity" (awarded posthumously)[111][112] [110]
2012 John Gurdon Cambridge 2012.JPG Sir John B. Gurdon  United Kingdom "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent" [113]
Shinya Yamanaka Shinya Yamanaka  Japan
2013 James Edward Rothman.jpg James E. Rothman  United States "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells" [114]
Randy Schekman 8 February 2012.jpg Randy W. Schekman  United States
Thomas c südhof.jpg Thomas C. Südhof  United States
 Germany
2014 John O'Keefe (neuroscientist) 2014b.jpg John O'Keefe  United States
 United Kingdom 		"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain" [115]
May-Britt Moser 2014.jpg May-Britt Moser  Norway
Edvard Moser.jpg Edvard I. Moser  Norway
2015 William C. Campbell 4983-1-2015.jpg William C. Campbell  Ireland
 United States 		"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" [116]
Satoshi Ōmura 5086-1-2015.jpg Satoshi Ōmura  Japan
Tu Youyou 5012-1-2015.jpg Tu Youyou  China "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria" [116]
2016 Nobel Laureates 1042 (30647248184).jpg Yoshinori Ohsumi  Japan "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy" [117]
2017 Jeffrey C. Hall EM1B8737 (38162359274).jpg Jeffrey C. Hall  United States "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm" [118]
Michael Rosbash EM1B8756 (38847326642).jpg Michael Rosbash  United States
Michael W. Young D81 4345 (38162439194).jpg Michael W. Young  United States
2018 James P. Allison (2015).JPG James P. Allison  United States "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation" [119]
Tasuku Honjo 201311.jpg Tasuku Honjo  Japan
2019 William G. Kaelin Jr. UNIST CGI 2019 (cropped).jpg William Kaelin Jr.  United States "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" [120]
Peter J. Ratcliffe at Centro Cultural de la Ciencia 01 (cropped).png Peter J. Ratcliffe  United Kingdom
Nobel 9 Dec 2019 012 copy (49204052292) (cropped).jpg Gregg L. Semenza  United States
2020 Harvey J Alter 2020.jpg Harvey J. Alter  United States "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus" [121]
Prof Michael Houghton.jpg Michael Houghton  United Kingdom
Charles M. Rice.jpg Charles M. Rice  United States
2021 David Julius.jpg David Julius  United States "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch" [122]
Ardem Patapoutian  United States
 Lebanon

References[]

Notes[]

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations[]

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  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
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