List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists who have made outstanding contributions in chemistry.[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes which were established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895.[2]
Every year, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences sends out forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are strictly sealed for fifty years. Currently, the nominations for the years 1901 to 1966 are publicly available. Despite the annual sending of invitations, the prize was not awarded in eight years (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42) and have been delayed for a year nine times (1914, 1918, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1927, 1938, 1943, 1944).
From 1901 to 1966, there have been 526 scientists nominated for the prize, 72 of which were awarded either jointly or individually. 17 more scientists from these nominees were awarded after 1966 and Frederick Sanger was awarded second time on 1980. Of the 15 women nominees, only three were awarded. The first woman to be nominated was Marie Skłodowska Curie. She was nominated on 1911 by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius and French mathematician Gaston Darboux and eventually won the prize on the same year. She is the only woman to win twice the Nobel Prize: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).[3] Besides 25 and 11 scientists from these nominees won the prizes in Physiology or Medicine and in Physics correspondingly (including years after 1966). Only one company has been nominated, the Geigy SA for the year 1947.
Despite the long list of nominated noteworthy chemists, physicists and engineers, there have been still some other great scientists who were overlooked for the prize in chemistry such as Per Teodor Cleve, Jannik Petersen Bjerrum, Ellen Swallow Richards, Alice Ball, Vladimir Palladin, Sergey Reformatsky, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Alexey Favorsky, Rosalind Franklin and Joseph Edward Mayer.
List of nominees[]
1st nomination in 1901-1909[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | August 30, 1852 Rotterdam, Netherlands |
March 1, 1911 Berlin, Germany |
1901 | Won the 1901 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[4] | |
Emil Fischer | October 9, 1852 Euskirchen, Germany |
July 15, 1919 Berlin, Germany |
1901, 1902, 1916, 1919 |
Won the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry,[5] later nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too."Work on the synthesis of amino acids."[6] | |
Svante Arrhenius | February 19, 1859 Uppsala, Sweden |
October 2, 1927 Stockholm, Sweden |
1901, 1902, 1903 | Won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[7] | |
Henri Moissan | September 28, 1852 Paris, France |
February 20, 1907 Paris, France |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906 | Won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[8] | |
Zdenko Hans Skraup | March 3, 1850 Prague, Czech Republic |
September 10, 1910 Vienna, Austria |
1901 | Nominated the only time by Eduard Lippmann (1838-1919) from Wien Technische Hochschule.[9] | |
Marcellin Berthelot | October 25, 1827 Paris, France |
March 18, 1907 Paris, France |
1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907 | [10] | |
William Jackson Pope | March 31, 1870 London, England |
October 17, 1939 Cambridge, England |
1901, 1907, 1927 | [11] | |
William Ramsay | October 2, 1852 Glasgow, Scotland |
July 23, 1916 High Wycombe, England |
1902, 1903, 1904 | Won the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[12] | |
Adolf von Baeyer | October 31, 1835 Berlin, Germany |
August 20, 1917 Starnberg, Germany |
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905 | Won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[13] | |
Theodore William Richards | January 31, 1868 Germantown, Philadelphia, United States |
April 2, 1928 Cambridge,_Massachusetts, United States |
1902, 1905, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 | Won the 1914 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1915.[14] | |
Rudolf Knietsch | December 13, 1854 Opole, Poland |
May 28, 1906 Ludwigshafen, Germany |
1902 | Nominated the only time by P.Klason.[15] | |
Johannes Wislicenus | June 24, 1835 Querfurt, Germany |
December 5, 1902 Leipzig, Germany |
1902 | Nominated the only time by Zd.H.Skraup.[16] | |
Oliver Wolcott Gibbs | February 21, 1822 New York City, United States |
December 9, 1908 Portsmouth, Rhode Island, United States |
1902 | Nominated the only time by Ch.Edw.Munroe.[17] | |
Edward Williams Morley | January 29, 1838 Newark, New Jersey, United States |
February 24, 1923 West Hartford, Connecticut, United States |
1902, 1908, 1910 | [18] | |
Armand Gautier | September 23, 1837 Narbonne, France |
July 27, 1920 Cannes, France |
1902, 1916 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on organic arsenic compounds and their therapeutic effect on tuberculosis, malaria and syphilis."[19][20] | |
Harmon Northrop Morse | October 15, 1848 Cambridge, Vermont, United States |
September 8, 1920 Chebeague Island, Maine, United States |
1903, 1910 | Nominated by Harry Clary Jones (1865-1916) from Johns Hopkins University only.[21] | |
Wilhelm Ostwald | September 2, 1853 Riga, Latvia |
April 4, 1932 Grimma, Germany |
1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909 | Won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[22] | |
Eduard Buchner | May 20, 1860 Munich, Germany |
August 13, 1917 Focșani, Romania |
1905, 1907 | Won the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[23] | |
Dmitri Mendeleev | February 8, 1834 Tobolsk, Russia |
February 2, 1907 Saint Petersburg, Russia |
1905, 1906, 1907 | [24] | |
Giacomo Ciamician | August 27, 1857 Trieste, Italy |
January 2, 1922 Bologna, Italy |
1905, 1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914, 1916, 1919, 1921 | [25] | |
Henry Louis Le Chatelier | October 8, 1850 Paris, France |
September 17, 1936 Miribel-les-Échelles, France |
1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[26] | |
Walther Nernst | June 25, 1864 Gmina Wąbrzeźno, Poland |
November 18, 1941 Niwica, Poland |
1906, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1921 | Won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921.[27] | |
Victor Grignard | May 6, 1871 Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France |
December 13, 1935 Lyon, France |
1906, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1928 |
Won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[28] | |
Paul Sabatier | November 5, 1854 Carcassonne, France |
August 14, 1914 Toulouse, France |
1907, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1928, 1929 |
Won the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[29] | |
Ernest Rutherford | August 30, 1871 Brightwater, New Zealand |
October 19, 1937 Cambridge, England |
1907, 1908 | Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[30] | |
Otto Wallach | March 27, 1847 Kaliningrad, Russia |
February 26, 1931 Göttingen, Germany |
1907, 1908, 1910 | Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[31] | |
Alfred Werner | December 12, 1866 Mulhouse, France |
November 15, 1919 Zürich, Switzerland |
1907, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1913 | Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[32] | |
Fredrik Adolf Kjellin | April 24, 1872 Södertälje, Sweden |
December 30, 1910 Stockholm, Sweden |
1907 | Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson.[33] | |
Stanislao Cannizzaro | July 13, 1826 Palermo, Italy |
May 10, 1910 Rome, Italy |
1907 | [34] | |
Sophus Mads Jørgensen | July 4, 1837 Slagelse, Denmark |
April 1, 1914 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1907 | [35] | |
William Crookes | June 17, 1832 London, England |
April 4, 1919 London, England |
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[36] | |
Heinrich Caro | February 13, 1834 Poznań, Poland |
September 11, 1910 Dresden, Germany |
1907, 1910 | Nominated jointly with Ad.Frank only.[37] | |
Adolph Frank | January 20, 1834 Klötze, Germany |
May 30, 1916 Berlin, Germany |
1907, 1910, 1916 | [38] | |
Samuel Eyde | October 29, 1866 Arendal, Norway |
June 21, 1940 Åsgårdstrand, Norway |
1907, 1909, 1913 | Nominated jointly with Kr.Birkeland only.[39] | |
Kristian Birkeland | December 13, 1867 Oslo, Norway |
June 15, 1917 Kanagawa, Japan |
1907, 1909, 1912, 1913 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[40] | |
Theodor Curtius | May 27, 1857 Duisburg, Germany |
February 8, 1928 Heidelberg, Germany |
1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1916, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924 | [41] | |
Albin Haller | March 7, 1849 Fellering, France |
April 29, 1925 Paris, France |
1907, 1912, 1916, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925 | [42] | |
Richard Willstätter | August 13, 1872 Karlsruhe, Germany |
August 3, 1942 Muralto, Switzerland |
1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915 | Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[43] | |
Frederick Soddy | September 2, 1877 Eastbourne, England |
September 22, 1956 Brighton, England |
1908, 1918, 1919, 1922 | Won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922.[44] | |
Albrecht Kossel | September 16, 1853 Rostock, Germany |
July 5, 1927 Heidelberg, Germany |
1908 | Won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[45] | |
Gustaf de Laval | May 9, 1845 Orsa, Sweden |
February 2, 1913 Stockholm, Sweden |
1908 | Nominated the only time by Otto Pettersson and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[46] | |
Georg Lunge | September 15, 1839 Wrocław, Poland |
January 3, 1923 Zürich, Switzerland |
1908 | [47] | |
Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch | March 7, 1857 Dresden, Germany |
March 14, 1935 Dresden, Germany |
1908, 1927 | [48] | |
Edmund Oscar von Lippmann | January 9, 1857 Vienna, Austria |
September 24, 1940 Halle (Saale), Germany |
1909 | Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854-1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie.[49] | |
Hans Heinrich Landolt | December 5, 1831 Zürich, Switzerland |
March 15, 1910 Berlin, Germany |
1909, 1910 | [50] | |
Otto Schönherr | December 1, 1861 Chemnitz, Germany |
December 25, 1926 Dresden, Germany |
1909, 1912 | [51] | |
Karl Engler | January 5, 1842 Weisweil, Germany |
February 7, 1925 Karlsruhe, Germany |
1909, 1910, 1911, 1916 | [52] | |
Jean-Baptiste Senderens | January 27, 1856 Barbachen, France |
September 26, 1937 Barbachen, France |
1909, 1928, 1929 | Nominated jointly with P.Sabatier only.[53] | |
Gabriel Bertrand | May 17, 1867 Paris, France |
June 10, 1962 Paris, France |
1909, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955, 1957 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Constitution of enzymes and their catalythic elements."[54][55] |
1st nomination in 1910-1919[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carl Theodore Liebermann | February 23, 1842 Berlin, Germany |
December 28, 1914 Berlin, Germany |
1910 | Nominated jointly with Otto Wallach the only time by B.Tollens.[56] | |
Walther Spring | March 6, 1848 Liège, Belgium |
July 17, 1911 Liège, Belgium |
1910 | Nominated the only time by Jean Léonard Krutwig (1857-1932) from University of Liège.[57] | |
Pierre-Émile Martin | August 18, 1824 Bourges, France |
May 21, 1915 Fourchambault, France |
1910 | [58] | |
James Dewar | September 20, 1842 Kincardine, Scotland |
March 27, 1923 London, England |
1910, 1911 | Nominated jointly with H.Kamerlingh Onnes only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[59] | |
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | September 21, 1853 Groningen, Netherlands |
February 21, 1926 Leiden, Netherlands |
1910, 1911 | Won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics.[60] | |
Marie Curie | November 7, 1867 Warsaw, Poland |
July 4, 1934 Sancellemoz, France |
1911 | First woman nominated and first woman to win the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[61] | |
Paul Ehrlich | March 14, 1854 Strzelin, Poland |
August 20, 1915 Bad Homburg, Germany |
1911 |
Won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Il.Il.Metchnikoff,[62] later nominated for "Work on chemotherapy."[63] | |
Sahachiro Hata | March 23, 1873 Masuda, Japan |
November 22, 1938 Tokyo, Japan |
1911 | Nominated jointly with P.Ehrlich the only time by Em.Th.Kocher and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on chemotherapy."[63][64] First Asian nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. | |
William Henry Perkin Jr. | June 17, 1860 Wembley, England |
September 17, 1929 Oxford, England |
1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1925, 1929 | [65] | |
Angelo Angeli | August 20, 1864 Tarcento, Italy |
May 31, 1931 Florence, Italy |
1911, 1913, 1917, 1922, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1931 | [66] | |
Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann | June 9, 1861 Kingisepp, Russia |
December 17, 1938 Göttingen, Germany |
1911, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1937 | [67] | |
Fritz Haber | December 9, 1868 Wrocław, Poland |
January 29, 1934 Basel, Switzerland |
1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1919 | Won the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1919.[68] | |
Hilaire de Chardonnet | May 1, 1839 Besançon, France |
March 11, 1924 Paris, France |
1912 | Nominated the only time by H.Ost.[69] | |
Philippe Barbier | March 2, 1848 Luzy, France |
September 18, 1922 Bandol, France |
1912, 1920, 1922 | [70] | |
Georges Urbain | April 12, 1872 Paris, France |
November 5, 1938 Paris, France |
1912, 1913, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936 | [71] | |
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | April 1, 1865 Vienna, Austria |
September 23, 1929 Göttingen, Germany |
1913, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926 | Won the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1926.[72] | |
Karol Olszewski | January 29, 1846 Broniszów, Poland |
March 24, 1915 Kraków, Poland |
1913 | Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[73] | |
Theodor Zincke | May 19, 1843 Uelzen, Germany |
March 17, 1928 Marburg, Germany |
1913 | Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[74] | |
William Küster | September 23, 1863 Leipzig, Germany |
March 5, 1929 Stuttgart, Germany |
1913 | Only nominated jointly and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on hemoglobin."[75][76] "Work on chlorophyll and hemoglobin."[75][77] | |
Leon Marchlewski | December 15, 1869 Wloclawek, Poland |
January 16, 1946 Kraków, Poland |
1913 | ||
Carl Harries | August 5, 1866 Luckenwalde, Germany |
November 3, 1923 Berlin, Germany |
1913, 1914, 1915, 1917 | [78] | |
Albert Recoura | January 20, 1862 Grenoble, France |
December 21, 1945 Grenoble, France |
1913, 1915, 1921, 1922, 1924 | Nominated by H.L.Le Chatelier only.[79] | |
Otto Hahn | March 8, 1879 Frankfurt, Germany |
July 28, 1968 Göttingen, Germany |
1914, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934,1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 | Won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1945.[80] | |
Ernst Schmidt | July 13, 1845 Halle, Germany |
July 5, 1921 Marburg, Germany |
1914 | Nominated the only time by J.Gadamer.[81] | |
Alexander Tschirch | October 17, 1856 Guben, Germany |
December 2, 1939 Bern, Switzerland |
1914, 1917, 1928 | [82] | |
Paul Walden | July 26, 1863 Rozula, Latvia |
January 22, 1957 Gammertingen, Germany |
1914, 1920, 1927, 1934, 1947, 1948, 1954 | [83] | |
William Henry Bragg | July 2, 1862 Wigton, England |
March 12, 1942 London, England |
1915 | Won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics.[84] | |
Henry Moseley | November 23, 1887 Weymouth, England |
August 10, 1915 Gallipoli, Turkey |
1915 | Nominated jointly with W.H.Bragg the only time by Sv.Arrhenius. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[85][86] | |
Charles Galton Darwin | December 18, 1887 Cambridge, England |
December 31, 1962 Cambridge, England |
1915 | ||
Édouard Branly | November 23, 1844 Amiens, France |
March 24, 1940 Paris, France |
1915 | Nominated the only time by H.L.Le Chatelier. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[87] | |
Eugen Herzfeld | February 23, 1865 Košice, Slovakia | October 1, 1944 Lugano, Switzerland [88] |
1915 | Nominated the only time by Em.Baur.[89] | |
Emanuele Paternò | December 12, 1847 Palermo, Italy |
January 17, 1925 Palermo, Italy |
1915 | Nominated the only time by Alb.Peratoner.[90] | |
Emil Abderhalden | March 9, 1877 Oberuzwil, Switzerland |
August 5, 1950 Zürich, Switzerland |
1915, 1918 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on physiological chemistry and "abwehrfermente"."[91][92] | |
Jean Baptiste Perrin | September 30, 1870 Lille, France |
April 17, 1942 New York City, United States |
1915, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 | Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physics.[93] | |
Theodor Svedberg | August 30, 1883 Valbo, Sweden |
February 25, 1971 Kopparberg, Sweden |
1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926 | Won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[94] | |
Carl Bosch | August 27, 1874 Cologne, Germany |
April 26, 1940 Heidelberg, Germany |
1916, 1920, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931 | Won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Fr.Bergius.[95] | |
Émile Bourquelot | June 21, 1851 Jandun, France |
January 26, 1921 Paris, France |
1916 | Nominated the only time by Albert Colson (1853-1933) from École Polytechnique.[96] | |
Frank Wigglesworth Clarke | March 19, 1847 Boston, United States |
May 23, 1931 Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States |
1916 | Nominated the only time by Hiram Colver McNeil (1866-1937) from George Washington University.[97] | |
Felix Ehrlich | June 1, 1877 Bad Gandersheim, Germany |
January 23, 1942 Oborniki Śląskie, Poland |
1916 | Nominated the only time by Alexander Herzfeld (1854-1928) from Institut für Zuckerindustrie.[98] | |
Josef Maria Eder | March 16, 1855 Krems an der Donau, Austria |
October 18, 1944 Kitzbuhel, Austria |
1916, 1921 | [99] | |
Fritz Pregl | September 3, 1869 Ljubljana, Slovenia |
December 13, 1930 Graz, Austria |
1917, 1922, 1923 | Won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[100] | |
Knut Jacob Beskow | January 13, 1876 Stockholm, Sweden |
January 28, 1928 Stockholm, Sweden |
1917 | Nominated jointly the only time by P.Klason.[101][102] | |
Arthur Ramén | October 12, 1873 Uppsala, Sweden |
September 30, 1926 Stockholm, Sweden |
1917 | ||
Philippe-Auguste Guye | June 12, 1862 Geneva, Switzerland |
March 27, 1922 Geneva, Switzerland |
1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922 | [103] | |
Amé Pictet | July 12, 1857 Geneva, Switzerland |
March 11, 1937 Geneva, Swizterland |
1917, 1920, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933 | [104] | |
Hartog Jacob Hamburger | March 9, 1859 Alkmaar, Netherlands |
January 4, 1924 Groningen, Netherlands |
1918 | Nominated the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "The introduction of physical-chemical problems to physiology, and work on phagocytosis and the permeability of the kidneys."[105][106] | |
Mikhail Tsvet | May 14, 1872 Asti, Italy |
June 26, 1919 Voronezh, Russia |
1918 | Nominated the only time by Cornelis van Wisselingh (1859-1925) from University of Groningen.[107] | |
Wilhelm Schlenk | March 22, 1879 Munich, Germany |
April 29, 1943 Tübingen, Germany |
1918, 1920, 1924, 1925, 1929 | [108] | |
Martinus Beijerinck | March 16, 1851 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
January 1, 1931 Gorssel, Netherlands |
1919, 1920 | Nominated by S.Orla-Jensen only.[109] | |
Edward Curtis Franklin | March 1, 1862 Geary County, Kansas, United States |
February 13, 1937 Stanford University, United States |
1919, 1921 | Nominated by D.St.Jordan only.[110] |
1st nomination in 1920-1929[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Niels Bohr | October 7, 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark |
November 18, 1962 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1920, 1929 | Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics.[111] | |
Otto Philipp Fischer | November 28, 1852 Euskirchen, Germany |
April 4, 1932 Erlangen, Germany |
1920 | Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[112] | |
Arthur Amos Noyes | September 13, 1866 Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States |
June 3, 1936 Pasadena, California, United States |
1920 | Nominated jointly with P.Walden the only time by C.Drucker.[113] | |
Domingo Emilio Noelting | June 8, 1851 Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic |
August 6, 1922 Merano, Italy |
1920 | Nominated the only time by K.Dziewoński.[114] | |
Ossian Aschan | May 16, 1860 Helsinki, Finland |
February 25, 1939 Helsinki, Finland |
1920, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1931, 1936 | [115] | |
Charles Moureu | April 19, 1863 Mourenx, France |
June 13, 1929 Biarritz, France |
1921, 1929 | [116] | |
Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen | January 9, 1868 Havrebjerg, Denmark |
February 12, 1939 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Important studies on proteins."[105][117] | |
Herbert Freundlich | January 28, 1880 Charlottenburg, Germany |
March 30, 1941 Minneapolis, United States |
1921, 1928, 1936 | [118] | |
Moses Gomberg | February 8, 1866 Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine |
February 12, 1947 Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States |
1921, 1922, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1938, 1940 | [119] | |
Sergei Winogradsky | September 1, 1856 Kyiv, Ukraine |
February 25, 1953 Brie-Comte-Robert, France |
1921, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on nutrition."[120][121] | |
Francis William Aston | September 1, 1877 Birmingham, England |
November 20, 1945 Cambridge, England |
1922 | Won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[122] | |
Arnold Frederick Holleman | August 28, 1859 Oisterwijk, Netherlands |
August 11, 1953 Bloemendaal, Netherlands |
1922 | Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[123] | |
Carl Auer von Welsbach | September 1, 1858 Vienna, Austria |
August 4, 1929 Mölbling, Austria |
1922, 1923, 1923, 1925, 1929 | [124] | |
Nikodem Caro | May 23, 1871 Łódź, Poland |
June 27, 1935 Zürich, Switzerland |
1922, 1932, 1933 | [125] | |
Gilbert Newton Lewis | October 23, 1875 Weymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
March 23, 1946 Berkeley, California, United States |
1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1946 | [126] | |
Henry Siedentopf | September 22, 1872 Bremen, Germany |
May 8, 1940 Jena, Germany |
1923, 1924 | Nominated jointly with R.Ad.Zsigmondy by W.Ostwald only.[127] | |
Frederick Belding Power[128] | March 4, 1853 New York City, United States |
March 26, 1927 Washington, D.C., United States |
1923, 1925 | [129] | |
Heinrich Otto Wieland | June 4, 1877 Pforzheim, Germany |
August 5, 1947 Starnberg, Germany |
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1933, 1934 |
Won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1928.[130] | |
Hans von Euler-Chelpin | February 15, 1873 Augsburg, Germany |
November 6, 1964 Stockholm, Sweden |
1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929 | Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with A.Harden.[131] | |
George de Hevesy | August 1, 1885 Budapest, Hungary |
July 5, 1966 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944 | Won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1944.[132] | |
Friedrich Emich | September 5, 1860 Graz, Austria |
January 22, 1940 Graz, Austria |
1924, 1925 | Nominated jointly with W.Schlenk by Fr.Pregl only.[133] | |
Dirk Coster | October 5, 1889 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
February 12, 1950 Groningen, Netherlands |
1924, 1927, 1929, 1933 | Nominated jointly with G.de Hevesy only.[134] | |
Lise Meitner | November 7, 1878 Vienna, Austria |
October 27, 1968 Cambridge, England |
1924, 1925, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1948 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[135] | |
André-Louis Debierne | July 14, 1874 Paris, France |
August 31, 1949 Paris, France |
1925 | Nominated the only time by Albin Haller.[136] | |
John Jacob Abel | May 19, 1857 Cleveland, United States |
May 26, 1938 Baltimore, United States |
1925, 1926, 1927 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Preparation of crystalline insulin."[137][138] | |
Adolf Windaus | December 25, 1876 Berlin, Germany |
June 9, 1959 Göttingen, Germany |
1926, 1927, 1928 | Won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[139] | |
Fritz Foerster | February 22, 1866 Zielona Gora, Poland |
September 14, 1931 Dresden, Germany |
1926 | Nominated jointly with H.O.Wieland the only time by L.H.Plate.[140] | |
Piero Ginori Conti | June 3, 1865 Florence, Italy |
December 3, 1939 Florence, Italy |
1926 | Nominated the only time by P.Sabatier.[141] | |
Giuseppe Oddo | June 9, 1865 Caltavuturo, Italy |
November 5, 1954 Palermo, Italy |
1926 | Nominated the only time by B.Oddo.[142] | |
Casimir Funk | February 23, 1884 Warsaw, Poland |
November 19, 1967 New York City, United States |
1926, 1946 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Research on vitamins".[143][144] | |
Paul Pascal | July 4, 1880 Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise, France |
January 26, 1968 Caen, France |
1926, 1927, 1949, 1957, 1958, 1960 | [145] | |
Irving Langmuir | January 31, 1881 Brooklyn, United States |
August 16, 1957 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States |
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932 | Won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[146] | |
Peter Debye | March 24, 1884 Maastricht, Netherlands |
November 2, 1966 New York City, United States |
1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936 | Won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[147] | |
Frederick Gowland Hopkins | June 20, 1861 Eastbourne, England |
May 16, 1947 Cambridge, England |
1927 | Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[148] | |
Herbert Baker | June 9, 1862 Owletts, England |
February 4, 1946 Cobham, Kent, England |
1927 | Nominated jointly the only time by C.Drucker.[149][150] | |
Ernst Cohen | March 7, 1869 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
March 6, 1944 Oswiecim, Poland |
1927 | ||
Olof Hammarsten | August 21, 1841 Norrköping, Sweden |
September 21, 1932 Uppsala, Sweden |
1927 | Nominated jointly with H.O.Wieland the only time by Ernst Heinrich Vahlen (1865–1941) from Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on physiological chemistry, especially the theories and work on blood coagulation."[151][152] | |
Julius Bredt | March 29, 1855 Berlin, Germany |
September 21, 1937 Aachen, Germany |
1927 | Nominated the only time by G.Heller.[153] | |
Kurt Gustav Peters | August 17, 1897 Vienna, Austria |
May 23, 1978 Vienna, Austria |
1927 | Nominated jointly with Fr.Paneth the only time by M.J.L.Le Blanc.[154] | |
Friedrich Paneth | August 31, 1887 Vienna, Austria |
September 17, 1958 Mainz, Germany |
1927, 1932, 1935, 1939, 1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 | [155] | |
Niels Bjerrum | March 11, 1879 Copenhagen, Denmark |
September 30, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1927, 1931, 1956 | [156] | |
Robert Robinson | September 13, 1886 Derbyshire, England |
February 8, 1975 Great Missenden, England |
1928, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947 | Won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[157] | |
Samuel Colville Lind | June 15, 1879 McMinnville, Tennessee, United States |
February 12, 1965 Clinch River near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States |
1928 | Nominated the only time by Colin Garfield Fink (1881-1953) - the President and the Secretary of the Electrochemical Society.[158] | |
Kazimierz Fajans | May 27, 1887 Warsaw, Poland |
May 18, 1975 Michigan, United States |
1928, 1934 | [159] | |
Bruno Tacke | August 26, 1861 Wissen, Germany |
October 28, 1942 Hagen, Germany |
1928, 1936 | Nominated by P.Ehrenberg only.[160] | |
Hans Fischer | July 27, 1881 Frankfurt, Germany |
March 31, 1945 Munich, Germany |
1928, 1929, 1930 | Won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[161] | |
Alfred Fabian Hess | October 9, 1875 New York City, United States |
December 5, 1933 The Bronx, United States |
1929 | Nominated jointly with H.Fischer the only time by J.Wagner-Jauregg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too.[162]"Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin".[163][164] | |
Arthur Harden | October 12, 1865 Manchester, England |
June 17, 1940 Wooburn Green, England |
1929 | Won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.von Euler-Chelpin.[165] | |
Friedrich Bergius | October 11, 1884 Wrocław, Poland |
March 30, 1949 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
1929, 1931 | Won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with C.Bosch.[166] | |
Walter Norman Haworth | March 19, 1883 White Coppice, England |
March 19, 1950 Barnt Green, England |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | Won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[167] | |
Otto Heinrich Warburg | October 8, 1883 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
August 1, 1970 Berlin, Germany |
1929, 1931, 1960 | Won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[168] | |
George Barger | April 4, 1878 Manchester, England |
January 6, 1939 Aeschi, Switzerland |
1929 | Nominated jointly the only time and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Large-scale synthetic production of thyroxine; also modified Kendall´s original chemical description of thyroxine."[169][170][171] | |
Charles Harington | August 1, 1897 Llanerfyl, Wales |
February 4, 1972 London, England |
1929 | ||
Kurt Bennewitz | January 2, 1886 Magdeburg, Germany |
November 28, 1964 Bonn, Germany |
1929 | Nominated the only time by J.Billiter.[172] | |
Johannes van Laar | July 10, 1860 The Hague, Netherlands |
December 9, 1938 Clarens, Switzerland |
1929 | Nominated the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[173] | |
Alfred Stock | July 16, 1876 Gdańsk, Poland |
August 12, 1946 Aken (Elbe), Germany |
1929 | Nominated the only time by Alfons Franz Klemenc (1885–1960) from TU Wien.[174] | |
Carl Neuberg | July 29, 1877 Hanover, Germany |
May 30, 1956 New York City, United States |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the chemistry of fermentation, especially the isolation and determination of methylglyoxaline as intermediate product in fermentation."[175][176] | |
Frédéric Swarts | September 2, 1866 Ixelles, Belgium |
September 6, 1940 Ghent, Belgium |
1929, 1932, 1933, 1935 | [177] | |
Max Bodenstein | July 15, 1871 Magdeburg, Germany |
September 3, 1942 Berlin, Germany |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | [178] | |
Otto Ruff | December 12, 1871 Baden-Württemberg, Germany |
September 17, 1939 Wrocław, Poland |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | [179] | |
Victor Goldschmidt | January 27, 1888 Zürich, Switzerland |
March 20, 1947 Oslo, Norway |
1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1940 | [180] | |
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted | February 22, 1879 Varde, Denmark |
December 17, 1947 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1929, 1933, 1948, 1949 | [181] | |
Charles Dufraisse | August 20, 1885 Excideuil, France |
August 5, 1969 Excideuil, France |
1929, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958 | [182] |
1st nomination in 1930-1939[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percy Williams Bridgman | April 21, 1882 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
August 20, 1961 Randolph, New Hampshire, United States |
1930 | Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Physics.[183] | |
Carl F. Schmidt | July 29, 1893 Lebanon, Pennsylvania, United States |
April 4, 1888 Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States |
1930 | [184] | |
Arnold Eucken | July 3, 1884 Jena, Germany |
June 16, 1950 Seebruck, Germany |
1930, 1934 | Nominated jointly with K.-Fr.Bonhoeffer only.[185] | |
Karl-Friedrich Bonhoeffer | January 13, 1899 Wrocław, Poland |
May 15, 1957 Göttingen, Germany |
1930, 1934, 1937, 1952 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[186] | |
Leopold Ružička | September 13, 1887 Vukovar, Croatia |
September 26, 1976 Mammern, Switzerland |
1931, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 | Won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[187] | |
Hermann Staudinger | March 23, 1881 Worms, Germany |
September 8, 1965 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1941, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[188] | |
Werner Schulemann | May 4, 1888 Nysa, Poland |
June 20, 1975 Bonn, Germany |
1931 | Nominated the only time by H.K.G.Schmidt and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on plasmoquinine and atebrin."[189][190] | |
Karl von Auwers | September 16, 1863 Gotha, Germany |
May 3, 1939 Marburg, Germany |
1931 | [191] | |
Frederick George Donnan | September 6, 1870 Colombo, Sri Lanka |
December 16, 1956 Canterbury, England |
1931, 1933 | [192] | |
Peter Klason | April 4, 1848 Falkenberg, Sweden |
January 1, 1937 Stockholm, Sweden |
1931, 1932, 1934, 1935 | [193] | |
James Irvine | May 9, 1877 Glasgow, Scotland |
June 12, 1952 Edinburgh, Scotland |
1931, 1935, 1936 | Nominated jointly with W.N.Haworth only.[194] | |
Werner Kuhn | February 6, 1899 Maur, Switzerland |
August 27, 1963 Basel, Switzerland |
1931, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966 | [195] | |
Paul Karrer | April 21, 1889 Moscow, Russia |
June 18, 1971 Zürich, Switzerland |
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937 | Won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[196] | |
Richard Kuhn | December 3, 1900 Vienna, Austria |
August 1, 1967 Heidelberg, Germany |
1932, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939 | Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939.[197] | |
Otto Diels | January 23, 1876 Hamburg, Germany |
March 7, 1954 Kiel, Germany |
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950 | Won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with K.Alder.[198] | |
Gustav Embden | November 10, 1874 Hamburg, Germany |
July 25, 1933 Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany |
1932 | Nominated jointly with C.Neuberg the only time by H.von Euler-Chelpin and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on intermediary metabolism, especially in liver and skeleton muscles."[199][200] | |
Walter Noddack | August 17, 1893 Berlin, Germany |
December 7, 1960 Berlin, Germany |
1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937 | [201] | |
Ida Tacke Noddack | February 25, 1896 Rhine Province, Germany |
September 24, 1978 Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany |
1933, 1935, 1937 | Nominated jointly with W.Noddack only.[202] | |
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | January 15, 1895 Helsinki, Finland |
November 11, 1973 Helsinki, Finland |
1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1945 | Won the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[203] | |
Ernst Späth | May 14, 1886 Moravský Beroun, Czechia |
September 30, 1946 Zürich, Switzerland |
1933 | Nominated jointly with P.Karrer the only time by K.Brass.[204] | |
Emil Votoček | October 5, 1872 Hostinné, Czechia |
October 11, 1950 Prague, Czechia |
1933 | [205] | |
Adolf Butenandt | March 24, 1903 Bremerhaven, Germany |
January 18, 1995 Munich, Germany |
1934, 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939 | Won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[206] | |
Jaroslav Heyrovský | December 20, 1890 Prague, Czechia |
March 27, 1967 Prague, Czechia |
1934, 1938, 1940, 1944, 1947, 1950, 152, 153, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 | Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[207] | |
Harold Clayton Urey | April 29, 1893 Walkerton, Indiana, United States |
January 5, 1981 La Jolla, California, United States |
1934 | Won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[208] | |
Edward Wight Washburn | May 10, 1881 Beatrice, Nebraska, United States |
February 6, 1934 Washington, D.C., United States |
1934 | Nominated jointly with H.Cl.Urey the only time by Th.Svedberg.[209] | |
Louis Camille Maillard | February 4, 1878 Pont-à-Mousson, France |
May 12, 1936 Paris, France |
1934 | Nominated the only time by R.Maire.[210] | |
Fritz Kögl | September 19, 1897 Munich, Germany |
June 6, 1959 Utrecht, Netherlands |
1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on auxines."[211][212] | |
Erik Karl Mauritz Hägglund | June 15, 1887 Timrå, Sweden |
March 13, 1959 Stockholm, Sweden |
1934, 1956 | [213] | |
Frédéric Joliot | March 19, 1900 Paris, France |
August 14, 1958 Paris, France |
1935 | Won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly.[214][215] | |
Irène Joliot-Curie | September 12, 1897 Paris, France |
March 17, 1956 Paris, France |
1935 | ||
Enrico Fermi | September 9, 1901 Rome, Italy |
November 28, 1954 Chicago, United States |
1935, 1936, 1937 | Won the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics.[216] | |
George Oliver Curme Jr. | December 24, 1888 Mount Vernon, Iowa, United States |
July 28, 1976 Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, United States |
1935 | Nominated jointly with Ph.Levene the only time by M.T.Bogert.[217] | |
Phoebus Levene | February 25, 1869 Žagarė, Lithuania |
September 6, 1940 New York City, United States |
1935 | Nominated jointly with G.Ol.Curme Jr. the only time by M.T.Bogert and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the structure of the nucleic acids."[218][219] | |
Colin Garfield Fink[220] | December 31, 1881 Hoboken, New Jersey, United States |
September 17, 1953 Red Bank, New Jersey, United States |
1935 | Nominated the only time by Harold Hibbert (1877-1945) from McGill University.[221] | |
Max Bergmann | February 12, 1886 Fürth, Germany |
November 7, 1944 New York City, United States |
1935, 1950 | Nominated by K.Landsteiner only.[222] | |
William Giauque | May 12, 1895 Niagara Falls, Canada |
March 28, 1982 Berkeley, California, United States |
1936, 1937, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1949 | Won the 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[223] | |
Kurt Alder | July 10, 1902 Chorzow, Poland |
June 20, 1958 Cologne, Germany |
1936, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1949, 1950 | Won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with O.Diels.[224] | |
William Arthur Bone | March 19, 1871 Stockton-on-Tees, England |
June 11, 1938 London, England |
1936 | Nominated the only time by James Charles Philip (1873-1941) from Imperial College London.[225] | |
Jacob Zacharias Heslinga | February 24, 1897 Obergum, Netherlands |
May 20, 1966 Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA |
1936 | Nominated jointly the only time by J.J.Blanksma.[226][227] | |
Henri ter Meulen | November 30, 1871 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
June 24, 1942 The Hague, Netherlands |
1936 | ||
Otto Hönigschmid | March 13, 1878 Horovice, Czechia |
October 14, 1945 Munich, Germany |
1936 | Nominated the only time by Hermann Pauly.[228] | |
Jens Möller | July 2, 1894 Warnitz, Denmark |
November 28, 1951 Gråsten, Denmark |
1936 | Nominated the only time by P.E.Raaschou.[229] | |
Umetaro Suzuki | April 7, 1874 Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan |
September 20, 1943 Tokyo, Japan |
1936 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on essential substances in rice and their importance in beri-beri."[230][231] | |
Wojciech Świętosławski | June 21, 1881 Kiryjówka, Poland |
April 29, 1968 Warsaw, Poland |
1936, 1950, 1957, 1958, 1960 | [232] | |
Hugo Theorell | July 6, 1903 Linköping, Sweden |
August 15, 1982 Stockholm, Sweden |
1937, 1938, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 | Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[233] | |
Marc Tiffeneau | November 5, 1873 Mouy, France |
May 20, 1945 Paris, France |
1937 | Nominated the only time by Jean-Louis Chelle (1881-1960) from University of Bordeaux.[234] | |
Arthur Heinrich Binz | November 12, 1868 Bonn, Germany |
January 25, 1943 Berlin, Germany |
1937 | Professors of Chemistry from the Agricultural College in Berlin nominated jointly the only time by Hans Albert Bausch.[235][236] | |
Curt Räth[237] | December 1, 1893 Schöneberg, Germany |
November 29, 1944 Charlottenburg, Germany |
1937 | ||
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer | March 19, 1877 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
December 1, 1947 Munich, Germany |
1937 | Nominated jointly with Fr.Hofmann the only time by Ernst Terres.[238] | |
Fritz Hofmann | November 2, 1866 Kölleda, Germany |
October 29, 1956 Hanover, Germany |
1937 | [239] | |
Gustaf Komppa | July 28, 1867 Vyborg, Russia |
January 20, 1949 Helsinki, Finland |
1937, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945 | [240] | |
Paul Harteck | July 20, 1902 Vienna, Austria |
January 22, 1985 Santa Barbara, California, United States |
1937, 1952 | [241] | |
Fritz London | March 7, 1900 Breslau, now Poland |
March 30, 1954 Durham, North Carolina, United States |
1937, 1942, 1950, 1963 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[242] | |
Wendell Meredith Stanley | August 16, 1904 Ridgeville, Indiana, United States |
June 15, 1971 Salamanca, Spain |
1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 | Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry J.H.Northrop.[243] | |
Jacob Böeseken | August 20, 1868 Rotterdam, Netherlands |
May 16, 1949 Delft, Netherlands |
1938 | Nominated the only time by H. ter Meulen[244] | |
William Draper Harkins | December 28, 1873 Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States |
March 7, 1951 Chicago, United States |
1938 | Nominated the only time by H.Irv.Schlesinger.[245] | |
Victor Henri | June 6, 1872 Marseille, France |
June 21, 1940 La Rochelle, France |
1938 | Nominated the only time by J.Errera.[246] | |
Vladimir Ipatieff | November 21, 1867 Moscow, Russia |
November 29, 1952 Chicago, United States |
1938, 1941, 1942, 1948, 1949, 1950 | [247] | |
Arthur Stoll | January 8, 1887 Schinznach-Dorf, Switzerland |
January 13, 1971 Dornach, Switzerland |
1938, 1940, 1942, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Chemical composition of heart glycosides, especially scillarens, digitalins and strophanthidins."[248][249] | |
Frederick Charles Bawden | August 18, 1908 Devonshire, England |
February 8, 1972 Hertfordshire, England |
1939 | Nominated jointly the only time by Th.Svedberg and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on production of plant disease generating virus in crystallized form."[250][251][252] | |
Norman Pirie | July 1, 1907 Easebourne, England |
March 29, 1997 Harpenden, England |
1939 | ||
Georg Bredig | October 1, 1868 Glogow, Poland |
April 24, 1944 New York City, United States |
1939 | Nominated the only time by Nil Ratan Dhar (1892-1986) from the University of Allahabad.[253] | |
Paul Job | December 4, 1886 Nancy, France |
July 29, 1957 Paris, France |
1939 | Nominated the only time by Marcel Lemarchands (1889-1943) from the University of Lyon.[254] | |
Maurice Piettre | January 14, 1878 Paris, France |
January 13, 1954 Paris, France |
1939 | Nominated the only time by L.de Broglie.[255] | |
Francesco Giordani | July 5, 1896 Naples, Italy |
January 24, 1961 Naples, Italy |
1939 | [256] | |
Dorothy Maud Wrinch | September 12, 1894 Rosario, Argentina |
February 11, 1976 Falmouth,_Massachusetts, United States |
1939 | [257] | |
Conrad Elvehjem | May 27, 1901 McFarland, Wisconsin, United States |
July 27, 1962 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1939, 1944 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the use of nicotinic acid on "blacktongue"."[258][259] | |
Ernest Fourneau | October 4, 1872 Biarritz, France |
August 5, 1949 Ascain, France |
1939, 1940, 1949 | [260] | |
Robley Cook Williams | October 13, 1908 Santa Rosa, California, United States |
January 3, 1995 New York City, United States |
1939, 1940, 1945, 1948, 1956 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Isolation and study of vitamin B1".[261][262] |
1st nomination in 1940-1949[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Linus Pauling | February 28, 1901 Portland, Oregon, United States |
August 19, 1994 Big Sur, United States |
1940, 1941, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955 | Won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize.[263] | |
Fritz Weigert | September 18, 1876 Berlin, Germany |
April 13, 1947 Berlin, Germany |
1940 | Nominated the only time by H.von Halban.[264] | |
Jacques Tréfouël | November 9, 1897 Le Raincy, France |
July 11, 1977 Paris, France |
1940, 1944, 1946, 1950, 1951 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "The discovery of the facts relating to para-amino-benzene sulfonamide."[265][266] | |
Christopher Kelk Ingold | October 28, 1893 London, England |
December 8, 1970 Edgware, England |
1940, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [267] | |
John Howard Northrop | July 5, 1891 Yonkers, New York, United States |
May 27, 1987 Wickenburg, Arizona, United States |
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 | Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with W.M.Stanley.[268] | |
James Batcheller Sumner | November 19, 1887 Canton, Massachusetts, United States |
August 12, 1955 Buffalo, New York, United States |
1941, 1944, 1945, 1946 | Won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[269] | |
Moses Kunitz | December 19, 1887 Slonim, Belarus |
April 21, 1978 Philadelphia, United States |
1941 | Nominated jointly with J.H.Northrop and J.B.Sumner only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "The production of crystalline digestion ferment (enzyme)"[270][271] | |
Rudolph Schoenheimer | May 10, 1898 Berlin, Germany |
September 11, 1941 Yonkers, New York, United States |
1941 | Nominated jointly with G.Ch.de Hevesy the only time by H.Urey and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Isotope techniques to study intermediary metabolism."[272][273] | |
Paul Niggli | June 26, 1888 Zofingen, Switzerland |
January 13, 1953 Zürich, Switzerland |
1941 | [274] | |
Donald Van Slyke | March 29, 1883 Pike, New York, United States |
May 4, 1971 Brookhaven, New York, United States |
1941, 1945 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the chemistry of proteins, kidney function, the acid-base balance and the electrolytic balance of the body."[275][276] | |
Albert Marcel Germain René Portevin | November 1, 1880 Paris, France |
April 12, 1962 Paris, France |
1941, 1945, 1948, 1950, 1959 | Nominated by G.-L.Chaudron only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[277] | |
René Bernard Wurmser | September 24, 1890 Paris, France |
November 9, 1993 Paris, France |
1942 | Nominated the only time by J.B.Perrin. [278] | |
Ernest Kennaway | May 23, 1881 Exeter, England |
January 1, 1958 London, England |
1942, 1944 | Nominated jointly with J.W.Cook only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Isolation of a series of carcinogenic substances."[279][280] | |
James Wilfred Cook | December 10, 1900 South Kensington, England |
October 21, 1975 Exeter, England |
1942, 1944, 1950, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Isolation of a series of carcinogenic substances."[279][281] | |
Walter Heitler | January 2, 1904 Karlsruhe, Germany |
November 15, 1981 Zollikon, Switzerland |
1942, 1950, 1959, 1963, 1964 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[282] | |
Tadeusz Reichstein | July 20, 1897 Wloclawek, Poland |
August 1, 1996 Basel, Switzerland |
1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950 | Won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.C.Kendall and Ph.Sh.Hench.[283] | |
Vincent du Vigneaud | May 18, 1901 Chicago, United States |
December 11, 1978 White Plains, New York, United States |
1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955 | Won the 1955 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[284] | |
Harry Steenbock | August 16, 1886 Charlestown, Wisconsin, United States |
December 25, 1967 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1944 | Nominated the only time by Olaf Andreas Hougen (1893-1986) from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the chemical nature of the antirachitic vitamin; the discovery that food irradiated with ultraviolet rays produced this vitamin".[163][285] | |
Edward Charles Dodds | October 13, 1899 Liverpool, England |
December 16, 1973 London, England |
1944 | Nominated jointly with Ern.Kennaway, J.W.Cook, Fr.Kögl and Kl.Clusius the only time by J.B.Gillis and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Discovery of synthetic oestrogens, especially stilboestrol (diethylstilbestrol, DES) and their effects."[286][287] | |
Klaus Clusius | March 19, 1903 Wrocław, Poland |
May 28, 1963 Zürich, Switzerland |
1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[288] | |
Karl Paul Link | January 31, 1901 LaPorte, Indiana, United States |
November 21, 1978 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1944, 1960 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Dicoumarol and related compounds"[289][290] | |
Henry Eyring | February 20, 1901 Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico |
December 26, 1981 Salt Lake City, Utah, Mexico |
1944, 1950, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [291] | |
Arne Fredrik Westgren | July 11, 1889 Årjäng, Sweden |
March 7, 1975 Stockholm, Sweden |
1945 | Nominated the only time by Donald Pritchard Smith (1879-1957) from the Princeton University.[292] | |
Glenn Theodore Seaborg | April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Michigan, United States |
February 25, 1999 Lafayette, California, United States |
1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1955 |
Won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edw.McMillan.[293] | |
Hans Adolf Krebs | August 25, 1900 Hildesheim, Germany |
November 22, 1981 Oxford, England |
1946, 1950 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[294] | |
Robert Burns Woodward | April 10, 1917 Boston, United States |
July 8, 1979 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1946, 1947, 1948, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | Woodward holds the highest record as the most nominated person for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and won on 1965. He was nominated 111 times.[295] | |
William von Eggers Doering | June 22, 1917 Fort Worth, Texas, United States |
January 3, 2011 Waltham, Massachusetts, United States |
1946, 1947 | Nominated jointly with R.B.Woodward only.[296] | |
Hugh Stott Taylor | February 6, 1890 St. Helens, Merseyside, England |
April 17, 1974 Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
1946 | Nominated the only time by N.H.Furman.[297] | |
Alexander Frumkin | October 24, 1895 Chișinău, Moldova |
May 27, 1976 Tula, Russia |
1946, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [298] | |
Nikolay Semyonov | April 15, 1896 Saratov, Russia |
September 25, 1986 Moscow, Russia |
1946, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1957 | Won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly.[299][300] | |
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood | June 19, 1897 London, England |
October 9, 1967 London, England |
1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956 | ||
Arne Tiselius | August 10, 1902 Stockholm, Sweden |
October 29, 1971 Uppsala, Sweden |
1947, 1948 | Won the 1948 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[301] | |
Henri Devaux[302] | July 6, 1862 Étaules, Charente-Maritime, France |
March 14, 1956 Bordeaux, France |
1947 | Nominated the only time by L.Genevois.[303] | |
Leo Szilard | February 11, 1898 Budapest, Hungary |
May 30, 1964 San Diego, California, United States |
1947 | Nominated the only time by M.Polanyi and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[304] | |
J.R. Geigy SA (founded by J. R. Geigy-Merian)[305][306] | 1857 Basel, Switzerland |
1970 Basel, Switzerland |
1947 | Nominated jointly with P.Läuger the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886-1960) from the University of the Punjab. First and last company nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry[307] | |
Paul Läuger[308] | 1896 | 1959 | 1947 | Nominated jointly with J.R. Geigy SA the only time by Bawa Kartar Singh (1886-1960) from the University of the Punjab and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on DDT".[309][310] | |
Otto Robert Frisch | October 1, 1904 Vienna, Austria |
September 22, 1979 Cambridge, England |
1947, 1948 | Nominated jointly with L.Meitner by N.Bohr only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[311] | |
Edwin McMillan | September 18, 1907 Redondo Beach, California, United States |
September 7, 1991 El Cerrito, California, United States |
1948, 1951 | Won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Gl.Th.Seaborg.[312] | |
Philip Abelson | April 27, 1913 Tacoma, Washington, United States |
August 1, 2004 Bethesda, Maryland, United States |
1948 | Nominated jointly with Edw.McMillan the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893-1977) from the California Institute of Technology.[313] | |
Paul Lebeau | December 19, 1868 Boiscommun, France |
November 18, 1959 Massy, Essonne, France |
1948 | Nominated the only time by L.Hackspill.[314] | |
David Rittenberg | November 11, 1906 New York City, United States |
January 24, 1970 New York City, United States |
1948 | Nominated the only time by Egbert Havinga (1909-1988) from Leiden University and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. [315] | |
Alfred Mirsky | October 17, 1900 New York City, United States |
June 19, 1974 New York City, United States |
1948 | Nominated the only time by H.K.A.S.von Euler-Chelpin.[316] | |
Paul Rabe | August 24, 1869 Hoym, Germany |
August 28, 1952 Hamburg, Germany |
1948 | Nominated jointly with R.B.Woodward the only time by L.Zechmeister.[317] | |
Gerhard Dickel | October 28, 1913 Augsburg, Germany |
November 3, 2017 Augsburg, Germany |
1948 | Nominated jointly with Kl.Clusius the only time by H.Urey.[318] | |
Joseph William Kennedy | May 30, 1916 Nacogdoches, Texas, United States |
May 5, 1957 St. Louis, Missouri, United States |
1948 | Nominated jointly with Gl.T.Seaborg the only time by H.Urey.[319] | |
Pierre Armand Jacquet | April 7, 1906 Saint-Mandé, France |
September 6, 1967 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France |
1948, 1950 | Nominated jointly with Alb.Portevin and Ch.Dufraisse by G.-L.Chaudron only.[320] | |
Morris Selig Kharasch | August 24, 1895 Kremenets', Ukraine |
October 9, 1957 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 | [321] | |
Roger Adams | January 2, 1889 Boston, United States |
July 6, 1971 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
1948, 1949, 1952, 1957, 1959, 1960 | [322] | |
Arvid Hedvall | January 18, 1888 Skara, Sweden |
December 24, 1974 Gothenburg, Sweden |
1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962 | [323] | |
Hans Meerwein | May 20, 1879 Hamburg, Germany |
October 24, 1965 Marburg, Germany |
1948, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [324] | |
Chester Hamlin Werkman | June 17, 1893 Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States |
September 10, 1962 Ames, Iowa, United States |
1948, 1949, 1950, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Discovery of the carbon dioxide assimilation process in heterotrophic organisms."[325][326] | |
Albert Kluyver | June 3, 1888 Breda, Netherlands |
May 14, 1956 Delft, Netherlands |
1949 | Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman the only time by A.I.Virtanen.[327] | |
Harland Goff Wood | September 2, 1907 Delavan, Minnesota, United States |
September 12, 1991 Cleveland, United States |
1949, 1950, 1952 | Nominated jointly with Ch.H.Werkman only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Discovery of the carbon dioxide assimilation process in heterotrophic organisms."[325][328] | |
Alexander Robertus Todd | October 2, 1907 Glasgow, Scotland |
January 10, 1997 Oakington, England |
1949, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 | Won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[329] | |
Edward Calvin Kendall | March 8, 1886 South Norwalk, United States |
May 4, 1972 Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
1949 | Won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with T.Reichstein and Ph.Sh.Hench.[330] | |
Edwin Joseph Cohn | December 17, 1892 New York City, United States |
October 1, 1953 Boston, United States |
1949 | Nominated the only time by George Scatchard (1892-1973) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Fractionation of plasma proteins..."[331][332] | |
George William Heise[333] | June 27, 1888 Milwaukee, United States |
1972 United States |
1949 | Nominated the only time by Sherlock Swann Jr. (1900-1983) from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[334] | |
Karl Miescher | January 8, 1892 Naples, Italy |
April 14, 1974 Riehen, Switzerland |
1949 | Nominated the only time by L.Fieser.[335] | |
George Malcolm Dyson | April 5, 1902 London, England |
December 16, 1978 Loughborough, England |
1949 | Nominated jointly the only time by Ernest H. Huntress (1899-1970) from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[336][337] | |
Friedrich Richter[338] | September 1, 1896 Berlin, Germany |
November 22, 1961 Frankfurt, Germany |
1949 | ||
Domingo Giribaldo | January 25, 1860 Pando, Uruguay |
July 9, 1950 Montevideo, Uruguay |
1949 | First Latin American nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[339] | |
Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff | August 9, 1897 Geneva, New York, United States |
November 3, 1994 Tucson, Arizona, United States |
1949, 1952 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Electron microscopy of viruses, leading to knowledge of the nature and morphology of viruses and general insight into the structure and mechanism of crystallization of proteins."[340][341] | |
David Keilin | March 21, 1887 Moscow, Russia |
February 27, 1963 Cambridge, England |
1949, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1960 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Discovery of cytochromes"[342][343] | |
Karl August Folkers | September 1, 1906 Decatur, Illinois, United States |
December 7, 1997 New London, New Hampshire, United States |
1949, 1954, 1958, 1961, 1962 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the chemistry of streptomycin."[344][345] | |
Michael Heidelberger | April 29, 1888 New York City, United States |
June 25, 1991 New York City, United States |
1949, 1953, 1962 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Methods for measuring antigens, antibody and complement. Specifically, studies on the purification of Pneumococcus polysaccharides, leading to routines for immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia."[346][347] | |
Walter Reppe | July 29, 1892 Eisenach, Germany |
July 26, 1969 Heidelberg, Germany |
1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1966 | [348] | |
William Cumming Rose | April 4, 1887 Greenville, South Carolina, United States |
September 25, 1985 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
1949, 1950, 1957, 1959, 1962, 1966 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the amino acid requirements in humans."[349][350] |
1st nomination in 1950-1959[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Archer Martin | March 1, 1910 London, England |
July 28, 2002 Llangarron, England |
1950, 1951, 1952 | Won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly.[351][352] | |
Richard Laurence Millington Synge | October 28, 1914 Liverpool, England |
August 18, 1994 Norwich, England |
1950, 1951, 1952 | ||
Melvin Calvin | April 8, 1911 St. Paul, Minnesota, United States |
January 8, 1997 Berkeley, California, United States |
1950, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 | Won the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[353] | |
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin | May 12, 1910 Cairo, Egypt |
July 29, 1994 Ilmington, England |
1950, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 | Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[354] | |
Robert S. Mulliken | June 7, 1896 Newburyport, Massachusetts, United States |
October 31, 1986 Arlington, Virginia, United States |
1950, 1957, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1966 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[355] | |
Paul Flory | June 19, 1910 Sterling, Illinois, United States |
September 9, 1985 Big Sur, California, United States |
1950, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1964, 1965 | Won the 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[356] | |
Selman Waksman | July 22, 1888 Nova Pryluka, Ukraine |
August 16, 1973 Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States |
1950, 1951 | Won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[357] | |
Fritz Albert Lipmann | June 12, 1899 Königsberg, Germany |
July 24, 1986 Poughkeepsie, New York, United States |
1950, 1952 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[358] | |
George Beadle | October 22, 1903 Wahoo, Nebraska, United States |
June 9, 1989 Pomona, California, United States |
1950, 1954 | Won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edw.Tatum.[359] | |
Thérèse Tréfouël | June 19, 1892 Paris, France |
November 9, 1978 Paris, France |
1950 | Nominated the only time jointly with J.Tréfouël.[360][361] | |
Gladwin Albert Hurst Buttle[362] | April 11, 1899 Godstone, England |
May 3, 1983 Fulham, England |
1950 | ||
Arthur Wahl | September 8, 1917 Des Moines, Iowa, United States |
March 6, 2006 Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States |
1950 | Nominated jointly with Gl.Th.Seaborg and B.B.Cunningham the only time by Otto Hahn.[363][364][365][366][367][368][369] | |
John Warren Hamaker | October 25, 1917 Montreal, Canada |
June 13, 2000 Contra Costa County, California, United States |
1950 | ||
Glenn E. Sheline [370] | 1918 Flint, Michigan, United States |
March 24, 1989 San Mateo, California, United States |
1950 | ||
Wendell Mitchell Latimer | April 22, 1893 Garnett, Kansas, United States |
July 6, 1955 Berkeley, California, United States |
1950 | ||
Louis Werner | June 17, 1921 Idaho, United States |
May 20, 2007 San Francisco, United States |
1950 | ||
Isadore Perlman | April 12, 1915 Milwaukee, United States |
August 3, 1991 Los Alamitos, California, United States |
1950 | ||
Paul Kirk | May 9, 1902 Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States |
June 5, 1970 Alameda, California, United States |
1950 | ||
Raphael Consden[371] | 1911 England |
November, 1980 Taplow, England |
1950, 1951 | Nominated jointly with A.J.P.Martin only.[372][373] | |
Arthur Hugh Gordon | 1916 | 2003 Camden Town, England |
1950, 1951 | ||
Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang | November 29, 1896 Frederiksberg, Denmark |
May 25, 1959 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1950, 1953, 1956, 1958 | [374] | |
Edward Joseph Conway | July 3, 1894 Nenagh, Ireland |
December 29, 1968 Dublin, Ireland |
1950, 1959 | Nominated by Thomas S. Wheeler (1899-1962) from University College Dublin only and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on the permeability of the cell wall for ions, and ionic equilibrium."[375][376] | |
Hermann Irving Schlesinger | October 11, 1882 Milwaukee, United States |
October 3, 1960 Chicago, United States |
1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961 | [377] | |
Choh Hao Li | April 21, 1913 Guangzhou, China |
November 28, 1987 California, United States |
1950, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Isolation and study of the pituitary hormone."[378] First Chinese nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[379] | |
Burris Bell Cunningham | February 16, 1912 Springer, New Mexico, United States |
March 28, 1971 Berkeley, California, United States |
1950, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [380] | |
Willard Libby | December 17, 1908 Parachute, Colorado, United States |
September 8, 1980 Los Angeles, United States |
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960 | Won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[381] | |
Max Perutz | May 19, 1914 Vienna, Austria |
February 6, 2002 Cambridge, England |
1951, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | Won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.Kendrew.[382] | |
Rudolph Peters | April 13, 1889 Kensington, England |
January 29, 1982 Cambridge, England |
1951 | Nominated the only time by Geoffrey Arthur Dering Haslewood (1910-1993) from the Guy's Hospital Medical School and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Work on dimercaptopropanol and its importance in protection against poisoning by certain metals."[383][384] | |
Yasuhiko Asahina | April 16, 1881 Tokyo, Japan |
June 30, 1975 Tokyo, Japan |
1951, 1952 | [385] | |
Axel Edvin Lindh | January 10, 1888 Lund, Sweden |
August 14, 1960 Lund, Sweden |
1951, 1953 | Nominated by J.Stark only.[386] | |
Ian Heilbron | November 6, 1886 Glasgow, Scotland |
September 14, 1959 London, England |
1951, 1953 | [387] | |
Frederick Sanger | August 13, 1918 Rendcomb, England |
November 19, 2013 Cambridge, England |
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 | Sanger twice won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He won the 1958 and 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[388] | |
Frits Zernike | July 16, 1888 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
March 10, 1966 Amersfoort, Netherlands |
1952 | Won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics.[389] | |
Alexander Braunstein | May 26, 1902 Kharkiv, Ukraine |
July 1, 1986 Moscow, Russia |
1952 | Nominated the only time by E.Aubel and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. [390] | |
Claude Hudson | January 26, 1881 Atlanta, United States |
December 27, 1952 Los Angeles, United States |
1952 | [391] | |
Walther Kossel | January 4, 1888 Berlin, Germany |
May 22, 1956 Tübingen, Germany |
1952 | Nominated the only time by M.von Laue and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[392] | |
Erich Müller (probably Erwin Wilhelm Müller) |
? | ? | 1952 | [393] | |
Francis Simon | July 2, 1893 Berlin, Germany |
October 31, 1956 Oxford, England |
1952, 1954 | Nominated by W.Jost only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[394] | |
William Hume-Rothery | May 15, 1899 Worcester Park, England |
September 27, 1968 Oxford, England |
1952, 1957 | Nominated by C.St.Smith only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[395] | |
Lyman Craig | June 12, 1906 Palmyra Township, Warren County, Iowa, United States |
July 7, 1974 Iowa, United States |
1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Discoveries and development of new chemical separation methods based on "counter-current extraction and partition chromatography"."[396][397] | |
Marguerite Perey | October 19, 1909 Villemomble, France |
May 13, 1975 Louveciennes, France |
1952, 1958, 1961, 1965, 1966 | [398] | |
Walter Hieber | December 18, 1895 Stuttgart, Germany |
November 29, 1976 Munich, Germany |
1952, 1956, 1965, 1966 | [399] | |
Emilio Segrè | January 30, 1905 Tivoli, Lazio, Italy |
April 22, 1989 Lafayette, California, United States |
1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958 | Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics with O.Chamberlain.[400] | |
Øjvind Winge | May 19, 1886 Aarhus, Denmark |
April 5, 1964 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1953 | Nominated the only time by R.Fisher.[401] | |
Izaak Maurits Kolthoff | February 11, 1894 Almelo, Netherlands |
March 4, 1993 St. Paul, Minnesota, United States |
1953, 1963 | [402] | |
Edward Tatum | December 14, 1909 Boulder, Colorado, United States |
November 5, 1975 New York City, United States |
1954 | Won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with G.Beadle.[403] | |
Karl Ziegler | November 26, 1898 Helsa, Germany |
August 12, 1973 Mülheim, Germany |
1954, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | Won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly.[404][405] | |
Giulio Natta | February 26, 1903 Imperia, Italy |
May 2, 1979 Bergamo, Italy |
1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 160, 1961, 1962, 1963 | ||
George Porter | December 6, 1920 Stainforth, South Yorkshire, England |
August 31, 2002 Canterbury, England |
1955, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Eigen and R.G.Wr.Norrish.[406] | |
Lars Onsager | November 27, 1903 Kristiania, Norway |
October 6, 1976 Coral Gables, United States |
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[407] | |
Louis Fieser | April 7, 1899 Columbus, Ohio, United States |
July 25, 1977 Belmont, Massachusetts, United States |
1955 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Studies on vitamin K."[408][409] | |
Josef Mattauch | November 21, 1895 Ostrava, Czechia |
August 10, 1976 Klosterneuburg, Austria |
1955, 1959 | Nominated by Kl.Clusius only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[410] | |
Félix Trombe | March 19, 1906 Nogent-sur-Marne, France |
March 26, 1985 Ganties, France |
1955, 1961 | [411] | |
Martin Kamen | August 27, 1913 Toronto, Canada |
August 31, 2002 Montecito, California, United States |
1955, 1962, 1963, 1964 | [412] | |
Max Volmer | May 3, 1885 Hilden, Germany |
June 3, 1965 Potsdam, Germany |
1955, 1956, 1959, 1960, 1964, 1965 | [413] | |
John Clarke Slater | December 22, 1900 Oak Park, Illinois, United States |
July 25, 1976 Sanibel Island, Florida, United States |
1955, 1965, 1966 | [414] | |
Fritz Feigl | May 15, 1891 Vienna, Austria |
January 23, 1971 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
1955, 1957, 1962, 1963, 1966 | [415] | |
Severo Ochoa de Albornoz | September 24, 1905 Luarca, Spain |
November 1, 1993 Madrid, Spain |
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959 | Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with A.Kornberg.[416] | |
Georges Lemaître | July 17, 1894 Charleroi, Belgium |
June 20, 1966 Leuven, Belgium |
1956 | Nominated the only time by Don Merlin Lee Yost (1893-1977) from the California Institute of Technology and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too. Lemaître is the only priest nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. [417] | |
Ernest Gale | July 15, 1914 Luton, England |
March 7, 2005 Cambridge, England |
1956 | Nominated jointly the only time by J.H.Northrop.[418][419] | |
Joan P. Folkes | 1927 Staffordshire, England |
? | 1956 | ||
Boris Arbuzov | November 4, 1903 Pulawy, Poland |
November 6, 1991 Kazan, Russia |
1956 | Nominated jointly with Al.Arbuzov the only time by M.M.Dubinin.[420] | |
Aleksandr Arbuzov | October 12, 1877 Kazan, Russia |
January 22, 1968 Kazan, Russia |
1956, 1957, 1961, 1962 | [421] | |
Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat | July 29, 1910 Wrocław, Poland |
April 10, 1999 Oakland, California, United States |
1956, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963 | [422] | |
Jannik Bjerrum | April 5, 1909 Skærbæk, Denmark |
August 29, 1992 Copenhagen, Denmark |
1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [423] | |
Friedrich Emil Brauns | 1890 | 1982 | 1956 | Nominated jointly with K.Freudenberg and Er.Hägglund the only time by Joseph Risi (1899-1993) from Université Laval.[424] | |
Karl Freudenberg | January 29, 1886 Weinheim, Germany |
April 3, 1983 Weinheim, Germany |
1956, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1965, 1966 | [425] | |
Oswald Avery | October 21, 1877 Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada |
February 20, 1955 Nashville, Tennessee, United States |
1957 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "The role of DNA at pneumococcal type II to type III transition."[426][427] | |
Colin Munro MacLeod | January 28, 1909 Port Hastings, Canada |
February 11, 1972 London, England |
1957 | Nominated jointly with Osw.Avery the only time by J.H.Northrop.[428][429] | |
Maclyn McCarty | June 9, 1911 South Bend, Indiana, United States |
January 2, 2005 New York City, United States |
1957 | ||
Marietta Blau | April 29, 1894 Vienna, Austria |
January 27, 1970 Vienna, Austria |
1957 | Nominated the only time by Erw.Schrödinger and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[430] | |
Paul Charpentier | ? France |
? France |
1957 | Nominated the only time by G.Hugel from École nationale supérieure du pétrole et des combustibles liquides.[431] | |
Charles DuBois Coryell | February 21, 1912 Los Angeles, United States |
January 7, 1971 Lexington, Massachusetts, United States |
1957 | Nominated the only time by M.Perey.[432] | |
Maurice-Marie Janot | November 3, 1903 Plombières-les-Bains, France |
December 10, 1978 Paris, France |
1957 | Nominated the only time by G.Cauquil.[433] | |
Aleksandr Volodymyrovych Palladin | September 10, 1885 Moscow, Russia |
December 6, 1972 Kiev, Ukraine |
1957 | Nominated the only time by Al.Oparin.[434] | |
Georg Stadnikov | January 17, 1880 Vyazovok, Ukraine |
February 18, 1973 Russia |
1957 | Nominated the only time by W.Świętosławski.[435] | |
Eric Rideal | April 11, 1890 London, England |
September 25, 1974 London, England |
1957 | Nominated the only time by R.Barrer.[436] | |
Friedrich Hund | February 4, 1896 Karlsruhe, Germany |
March 31, 1997 Karlsruhe, Germany |
1957 | Nominated jointly with Er.Hückel and R.S.Mulliken the only time by Reinhard Mecke and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[437] | |
Erich Hückel | August 9, 1896 Berlin, Germany |
February 16, 1980 Marburg, Germany |
1957, 1965, 1966 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[438] | |
Bernard Leonard Horecker | October 31, 1914 Chicago, United States |
October 10, 2010 Cypress Cove Lodge, United States |
1957, 1961 | [439] | |
Carl Wagner | May 25, 1901 Leipzig, Germany |
December 10, 1977 Göttingen, Germany |
1957, 1958, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[440][441][442] | |
Luis Federico Leloir | September 9, 1906 Paris, France |
December 2, 1987 Buenos Aires, Argentina |
1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[443] | |
Gerhard Herzberg | December 25, 1904 Hamburg, Germany |
March 3, 1999 Ottawa, Canada |
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[444] | |
Vladimir Prelog | July 23, 1906 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
January 7, 1998 Zürich, Switzerland |
1958, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[445] | |
Georg Wittig | June 16, 1897 Berlin, Germany |
August 26, 1987 Heidelberg, Germany |
1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with H.Ch.Brown.[446] | |
Maria Goeppert Mayer | June 28, 1906 Kattowitz, Germany |
February 20, 1972 San Diego, California, Germany |
1958 | Won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly.[447][448] | |
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen | June 25, 1907 Hamburg, Germany |
February 11, 1973 Heidelberg, Germany |
1958 | ||
Bogdan Kamieński | March 14, 1897 Oswiecim, Poland |
August 9, 1973 Kraków, Poland |
1958 | Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[449] | |
Max Mousseron | May 30, 1902 Sorgues, France |
March 1, 1988 Montpellier, France |
1958 | Nominated the only time by Adrien Perret Gentil (1901-1962) from the University of Neuchâtel.[450] | |
Yoshiyuki Toyama | 1896 Tokyo, Japan |
? Japan |
1958 | Nominated the only time by I.Miyagawa from the Nagoya University.[451] | |
Yevgeny Zavoisky | September 28, 1907 Mohyliv-Podil's'kyi, Ukraine |
October 9, 1976 Moscow, Russia |
1958, 1960 | Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[452] | |
Gerold Schwarzenbach | March 15, 1904 Horgen, Switzerland |
May 20, 1978 Zürich, Switzerland |
1958, 1960, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [453] | |
Herman Francis Mark | May 3, 1895 Vienna, Austria |
April 6, 1992 Austin, Texas, United States |
1958, 1965 | [454][455] | |
Jean Brachet | March 19, 1909 Etterbeek, Belgium |
August 10, 1988 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium |
1958, 1966 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. [456] | |
John Kendrew | March 24, 1917 Oxford, England |
August 23, 1997 Cambridge, England |
1959, 1961, 1962, 1963 | Won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with M.Perutz.[457] | |
Arthur Kornberg | March 3, 1918 New York City, United States |
October 26, 2007 Palo Alto, United States |
1959 | Won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with S.Ochoa.[458] | |
Feodor Lynen | April 6, 1911 Munich, Germany |
August 6, 1979 Munich, Germany |
1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with K.Bloch.[459] | |
David Ezra Green | August 5, 1910 New York City, United States |
July 8, 1983 Madison, Wisconsin, United States |
1959 | Nominated jointly with F.Lynen the only time by Padubidri Subbaraya Sarma (1917-1970) from the University of Madras.[460] | |
Francis Owen Rice | May 20, 1890 Liverpool, England |
March 15, 1989 Indiana, United States |
1959 | Nominated the only time by Charles Alexander McDowell (1918-2001) from the University of British Columbia.[461] | |
Günter Scheibe | November 24, 1893 Munich, Germany |
May 31, 1980 Stuttgart, Germany |
1959 | Nominated the only time by Otto Neunhoeffer.[462] | |
Frederick Rossini | July 18, 1899 Monongahela, Pennsylvania, United States |
October 12, 1990 Juno Beach, Florida, United States |
1959 | Nominated jointly the only time by Edouard Jean-Pierre Calvet (1895-1966) from the Aix-Marseille University.[463][464] | |
M. Jean Chedin | ? | ? | 1959 | ||
Bror Alexander Ludvig Holmberg | July 30, 1881 Blekinge, Sweden |
September 7, 1966 Stockholm, Sweden |
1959 | Nominated jointly with W.Kuhn and H.Meerwein the only time by Karl Freudenberg.[465] | |
Michael Polanyi | March 11, 189 Budapest, Hungary |
February 22, 1976 Northampton, England |
1959, 1960 | Nominated jointly with H.Eyring only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[466] | |
Egon Wiberg | June 3, 1901 Güstrow, Germany |
November 24, 1976 Munich, Germany |
1959, 1965 | [467] | |
Walter Hans Schottsky | July 23, 1886 Zürich, Switzerland |
March 4, 1976 Pretzfeld, Germany |
1959, 1966 | Nominated jointly with Carl Wagner only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[468] | |
William Gardner Pfann | October 27, 1917 Brooklyn, United States |
October 22, 1982 New York, United States |
1959, 1960, 1965, 1966 | [469] |
1st nomination in 1960-1966[]
Picture | Name | Born | Died | Years Nominated | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Derek Barton | September 8, 1918 Gravesend, England |
March 16, 1998 College Station, Texas, United States |
1960, 1961, 1962, 163, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly.[470][471] | |
Odd Hassel | May 17, 1897 Oslo, Norway |
May 11, 1981 Oslo, Norway |
1960, 1963, 1965, 1966 | ||
Ilya Prigogine | January 25, 1917 Moscow, Russia |
May 28, 2003 Brussels, Belgium |
1960, 1966 | Won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[472] | |
James Watson | April 6, 1928 Chicago, United States |
1960, 1962 | Won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly.[473][474][475] | ||
Francis Crick | June 8, 1916 Weston Favell, England |
July 28, 2004 San Diego, United States |
1960, 1962 | ||
Maurice Wilkins | December 15, 1916 Pongaroa, New Zealand |
October 5, 2004 London, England |
1960, 1962 | ||
Alfred Hershey | December 4, 1908 Owosso, Michigan, United States |
May 22, 1997 Syosset, New York, United States |
1960 | Won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.Delbrück and S.Luria.[476] | |
Wilhelm Gerhard Burgers | August 16, 1897 Arnhem, Netherlands |
September 24, 1988 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
1960 | Nominated the only time by Ant.El. (Toos) Korvezee.[477] | |
Martin Deutsch | January 29, 1917 Vienna, Austria |
August 16, 2002 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1960 | Nominated the only time by W.Lamb and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[478] | |
Andrew Benson | September 24, 1917 Modesto, California, United States |
January 16, 2015 La Jolla, United States |
1960 | Nominated jointly with M.Calvin the only time by R.H.Burris and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. [479] | |
Howard Cary | May 3, 1908 Los Angeles, United States |
December 20, 1991 Orange, California, United States |
1960 | Nominated jointly the only time by Wouter (Wout) Berends (1914-1990) from the Delft_University_of_Technology.[480][481] | |
Arnold Orville Beckman | April 10, 1900 Cullom, Illinois, United States |
May 18, 2004 La Jolla, United States |
1960 | ||
Jo Engl | August 6, 1893 Munich, Germany |
April 8, 1942 New York City, United States |
1960 | Nominated jointly the only time by Albert Narath (1900-1974) from Technical University of Berlin.[482][483][484] | |
Joseph Massolle | March 24, 1889 Bielefeld, Germany |
April 2, 1957 Berlin, Germany |
1960 | ||
Hans Vogt | September 25, 1890 Rehau, Germany |
December 4, 1979 Obernzell, Germany |
1960 | ||
Roger John Williams | August 14, 1893 Ooty, India |
February 20, 1988 Austin, Texas, United States |
1960 | [485] | |
Martha Cowles Chase | November 30, 1927 Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
August 8, 2003 Lorain, Ohio, United States |
1960 | Nominated jointly with A.Hershey, A.Gierer, H.Fraenkel-Conrat and G.Schramm the only time by J.H.Northrop.[486] | |
Alfred Gierer | April 15, 1929 Berlin, Germany |
1960, 1962 | Nominated by J.H.Northrop only.[487] | ||
Gerhard Schramm | June 27, 1910 Kanagawa, Japan |
February 3, 1969 Tübingen, Germany |
1960, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [488] | |
John G. Aston | 1903 United States |
August 6, 1990 State College, Pennsylvania, United States[489] |
1960, 1966 | [490] | |
Manfred Eigen | May 9, 1927 Bochum, Germany |
February 6, 2019 Göttingen, Germany |
1960, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with G.Porter.[491][492] | |
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish | November 9, 1897 Cambridge, England |
June 7, 1978 Cambridge, England |
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966 | ||
Konrad Emil Bloch | January 21, 1912 Nysa, Poland |
October 15, 2000 Burlington, Massachusetts, United States |
1961, 1962, 1963, 1964 | Won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with F.Lynen.[493] | |
Torbjörn Caspersson | October 15, 1910 Motala, Sweden |
December 7, 1997 Stockholm, Sweden |
1961 | Nominated the only time by Víctor Alejandro Tapia Freses (b. 1905) from Lima and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "The role of nucleic acids, in particular RNA, in cellular protein synthesis"[494][495] | |
Leslie Orgel | January 12, 1927 London, England |
October 27, 2007 San Diego, United States |
1961 | Nominated the only time by H.Erlenmeyer.[496][497] | |
Pierre Van Rysselberghe | May 18, 1905 Brussels, Belgium |
1977 United States[498] |
1961 | Nominated the only time by Giuseppe Bianchi (1919-1996) from University of Milan.[499] | |
Efraim Racker | June 28, 1913 Nowy Sacz, Poland |
September 9, 1991 Syracuse, New York, United States |
1961 | Nominated jointly with L.F.Leloir and B.L.Horecker the only time by F.M.Haurowitz.[500] | |
Robert Corey | August 19, 1897 Springfield (Massachusetts), United States |
April 23, 1971 Pasadena, California, United States |
1961, 1962 | Nominated for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too.[501] | |
Georges Chaudron | April 29, 1891 Fontenay-sous-Bois, France |
March 4, 1976 Paris, France |
1961, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [502] | |
Bo Lars Gunnar Sillén | July 11, 1916 Stockholm, Sweden |
July 23, 1970 Stockholm, Sweden |
1961, 1964, 1965 | [503] | |
Britton Chance | July 24, 1913 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States |
November 16, 2010 Philadelphia, United States |
1961, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [504] | |
Johannes Martin Bijvoet | January 23, 1982 Amsterdam, Netherlands |
March 4, 1980 Winterswijk, Netherlands |
1961, 1964, 1966 | [505] | |
Harry George Drickamer | November 19, 1918 Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
May 6, 2002 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
1961, 1965, 1966 | [506] | |
Daniel Israel Arnon | November 14, 1910 Warsaw, Poland |
December 20, 1994 Berkeley, California, United States |
1961, 1962, 1965, 1966 | [507] | |
Ernst Otto Fischer | November 10, 1918 Munich, Germany |
July 23, 2007 Munich, Germany |
1962 | Won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wilkinson.[508] | |
Louis Néel | November 22, 1904 Lyon, France |
November 17, 2000 Brive-la-Gaillarde, France |
1962, 1964 | Won the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics.[509] | |
Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov | December 14, 1891 Janow Lubelski, Poland |
March 6, 1982 Moscow, Russia |
1962 | Nominated the only time by Arne Ölander and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[510] | |
Maurice Stacey | April 8, 1907 Shropshire, England |
October 9, 1994 Birmingham, England |
1962 | Nominated the only time by John Colin Tatlow (1923-2008) from the University of Birmingham.[511] | |
Tadeusz Urbanski | October 26, 1901 Krasnodar, Russia |
May 29, 1985 Warsaw, Poland |
1962 | Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[512] | |
Karl-Wolfgang Mundry | March 16, 1927 Hildesheim, Germany |
May 6, 2009 Stuttgart, Germany |
1962 | Nominated jointly with A.Gierer the only time by J.H.Northrop.[513] | |
Peter Pauson | July 30, 1925 Bamberg, Germany |
December 10, 2013 Glasgow, Scotland |
1962 | [514] | |
Clemens Josef Schöpf | August 12, 1899 Gersfeld, Germany |
December 17, 1970 Darmstadt, Germany |
1962 | [515] | |
Sanʼichirō Mizushima | March 21, 1899 Tokyo, Japan |
August 3, 1983 Tokyo, Japan |
1962, 1964 | [516] | |
Alexander Pavlovich Vinogradov | August 21, 1895 Tutayev, Russia |
November 16, 1975 Moscow, Russia |
1962, 1964, 1965 | [517] | |
Louis Plack Hammett | April 7, 1894 Wilmington, Delaware, United States |
February 9, 1987 Medford, New Jersey, United States |
1962, 1963, 1964, 1965 | [518] | |
Carl Djerassi | October 29, 1923 Vienna, Austria |
January 30, 2015 San Francisco, United States |
1962, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [519] | |
Herbert Charles Brown | May 22, 1912 London, England |
December 19, 2004 Lafayette, Indiana, United States |
1963, 1964, 1966 | Won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with G.Wittig.[520] | |
Har Gobind Khorana | January 9, 1922 Raipur, Pakistan |
November 9, 2011 Concord, Massachusetts, United States |
1963, 1965, 1966 | Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with M.W.Nirenberg and R.W.Holley.[521] | |
James Baddiley | May 15, 1918 Manchester, England |
November 17, 2008 Cambridge, England |
1963 | Nominated the only time by T.R.Seshadri.[522] | |
Wilhelm Ludwig August Geilmann | May 16, 1891 Unterrieden, Germany |
May 24, 1967 Mainz, Germany |
1963 | Nominated the only time by Fr.Strassmann.[523] | |
Dionýz Ilkovič | January 18, 1907 Šarišský Štiavnik, Slovakia |
August 3, 1980 Bratislava, Slovakia |
1963 | Nominated the only time by Pandarinath Bhuvanendra Janardhan (b.1921) from the University of Madras.[524] | |
Noel Bryan Slater | July 29, 1912 Blackburn, England |
January 31, 1973 London, England |
1963 | Nominated the only time by René Gibert (1908-1968) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques.[525] | |
Gunnar Blix | September 7, 1894 Lund, Sweden |
June 10, 1981 Uppsala, Sweden |
1963 | Nominated jointly the only time by Serge David (1921-2013) from École nationale supérieure des industries chimiques.[526][527] | |
Ernst Klenk | October 14, 1896 Pfalzgrafenweiler, Germany |
December 29, 1971 Cologne, Germany |
1963 | ||
John Monteath Robertson | July 24, 1900 Auchterarder, Scotland |
September 27, 1989 Inverness, Scotland |
1963 | Nominated jointly with D. Crowfoot Hodgkin the only time by R.Robinson.[528] | |
Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. | December 18, 1908 Gallatin, Tennessee, United States |
June 12, 1992 Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States |
1963 | Nominated jointly with R.S.Mulliken and G.Herzberg the only time by Per-Olov Löwdin.[529] | |
Stanley Bruckenstein | November 1, 1927 New York City, United States |
1963 | Nominated jointly with Iz.Kolthoff the only time by J.Koskikallio.[530] | ||
Alberte Bucher Pullman | August 26, 1920 Nantes, France |
January 7, 2011 Paris, France |
1963, 1965 | Only nominated jointly.[531][532] | |
Bernard Pullman | March 19, 1919 Wloclawek, Poland |
June 9, 1996 Paris, France |
1963, 1965 | ||
Fritz Arndt | July 6, 1885 Hamburg, Germany |
December 8, 1969 Hamburg, Germany |
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | Nominated by K.Freudenberg only.[533] | |
Neil Bartlett | September 15, 1932 Newcastle upon Tyne, England |
August 5, 2008 Walnut Creek, California, United States |
1963, 1964, 1965, 1966 | [534] | |
Alfred Valentin Champagnat | November 2, 1908 Marseille, France |
December 13, 1984 Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France |
1963, 1966 | [535] | |
Saul Winstein | October 8, 1912 Montreal, Canada |
November 23, 1969 Los Angeles, United States |
1963, 1966 | [536] | |
Charles Coulson | December 13, 1910 Dudley, England |
January 7, 1974 Oxford, England |
1964 | Nominated the only time by H.Erlenmeyer.[537] | |
Edmund Hirst | July 21, 1898 Lancashire, England |
October 29, 1975 Edinburgh, Scotland |
1964 | Nominated the only time by Wesley Cocker (1908-2007) from the Trinity College Dublin.[538] | |
Alexander Oparin | March 2, 1894 Uglich, Russia |
April 21, 1980 Moscow, Russia |
1964 | Nominated the only time by Ern.Kahane.[539] | |
Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran | October 8, 1922 Ernakulam, India |
April 7, 2001 Chennai, India |
1964 | Nominated the only time by C. V. Raman.[540] | |
Émile-Florent Terroine | January 21, 1882 Paris, France |
October 24, 1974 Paris, France |
1964 | Nominated the only time by Paul V. Creach from the University of Bordeaux.[541] | |
Paul Zamecnik | November 22, 1912 Cleveland, Ohio, United States |
October 27, 2009 Boston, United States |
1964 | Nominated the only time by V.Koningsberger.[542] | |
Georg-Maria Schwab | February 3, 1899 Berlin, Germany |
December 23, 1984 Munich, Germany |
1964 | Nominated jointly with C.Wagner the only time by Frank Matossi (1902-1968) from the University of Freiburg.[543] | |
František Šorm | February 28, 1913 Prague, Czechia |
November 18, 1980 Prague, Czechia |
1964 | [544] | |
Kaoru Yamafuji | 1933 Japan |
? Japan |
1964 | [545] | |
Arthur Holmes | January 14, 1890 Hebburn, England |
September 20, 1965 London, England |
1964, 1965 | Nominated jointly with Al.P.Vinogradov by N.N.Semenov only.[546] | |
John Gunnar Malm | June 24, 1921 Chicago, United States |
May 11, 1999 Naperville, Illinois, United States[547] |
1964, 1965 | Only nominated jointly.[548][549][550][551] | |
Howard H. Claassen | 1918 Hillsboro, Kansas, United States |
December 27, 2010 Tacoma, Washington, United States[552] |
1964, 1965, 1966 | ||
Henry H. Selig | 1927 Frankfurt, Germany |
October 21, 2014 [553] | 1964, 1965, 1966 | ||
Ephraim Katzir | May 16, 1916 Kiev, Ukraine |
May 30, 2009 Rehovot, Israel |
1964, 1966 | 4th President of the Israel (1973 – 1978).[554] | |
Bernd Theodor Matthias | June 8, 1918 Frankfurt, Germany |
October 27, 1980 La Jolla, United States |
1964, 1966 | Nominated by C.J.Gorter only and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[555] | |
John Warcup Cornforth Jr. | September 7, 1917 Sydney, Australia |
December 8, 2013 Sussex, England |
1965, 1966 | Won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[556] | |
Jacques Monod | February 9, 1910 Paris, France |
May 31, 1976 Cannes, France |
1965 | Won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with A.Lwoff.[557][558] | |
J Jacob | June 17, 1920 Nancy, France |
April 19, 2013 Paris, France |
1965 | ||
Paul Doughty Bartlett | August 14, 1907 Ann Arbor, United States |
October 11, 1997 Lexington, Massachusetts, United States |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Ch.C.Price, III.[559] | |
Erwin Chargaff | August 11, 1905 Chernivtsi, now Ukraine |
June 20, 2002 New York City, United States |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Warren Myron Sperry (1900-1990) from the New York State Psychiatric Institute.[560] | |
G. I. Arnon (prob. Daniel I. Arnon) |
? | ? | 1965 | [561] | |
Salomon Cohen (prob. Seymour S. Cohen) |
April 30, 1917 Brooklyn, USA | December 30, 2018 | 1965 | Nominated the only time by James Frederic Hazel (b.1905) from the University of Pennsylvania and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. [562] | |
Oganes K. Davtyan | April 15, 1911 Akhuryan, Armenia[563] |
December 28, 1990 Yerevan, Armenia |
1965 | Nominated the only time by W.Tomassi.[564] | |
Ulick Richardson Evans | March 31, 1889 London, England |
April 3, 1980 Cambridge, England |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Karl Gustaf (Gösta) Wranglén (b.1923) from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology.[565] | |
Stanley George Mason | March 20, 1914 Montreal, Canada |
April 21, 1987 Quebec, Canada |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Bruce Lionel Funt (1924-2013) from the University of Manitoba.[566] | |
Ivan Stranski | January 2, 1897 Sofia, Bulgaria |
June 19, 1979 Sofia, Bulgaria |
1965 | Nominated the only time by G.-M.Schwab.[567] | |
Geoffrey Ingram Taylor | March 7, 1886 London, England |
June 27, 1975 Cambridge, England |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Borut Marincek (1915-2004) from ETH Zurich and for the Nobel Prize in Physics too.[568] | |
Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh | October 23, 1888 Stockholm, Sweden |
November 19, 1969 Norrtälje, Sweden |
1965 | Nominated jointly with D.I.Arnon the only time by M.G.Stålfelt.[569] | |
Rudolf Hoppe | October 29, 1922 Wittenberge, Germany |
November 24, 2014 Giessen, Germany |
1965 | Nominated jointly with N.Bartlett, H.H.Claassen, H.H.Selig and J.G.Malm the only time by W.Klemm.[570] | |
Leonard (Len) E. Mortenson | 1928 Melrose, Massachusetts, United States |
October 30, 2017 Willow Street, Pennsylvania, United States[571] |
1965 | Nominated jointly the only time by C.Martius from ETH Zurich.[572][573][574] | |
Raymond Carlyle Valentine | 1936 | 1965 | |||
James Elliot Carnahan | January 26, 1920 Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States |
March 25, 1996 Stanton, Delaware, United States[575] |
1965 | ||
André Guinier | August 1, 1911 Nancy, France |
July 3, 2000 Paris, France |
1965 | Nominated the only time by Kratky.[576] | |
Otto Kratky | March 9, 1902 Vienna, Austria |
February 11, 1995 Graz, Austria |
1965 | [577] | |
Charles Prévost | March 20, 1899 Champlitte, France |
July 11, 1983 Paris, France |
1965, 1966 | [578] | |
Jean Roche | January 14, 1901 Sorgues, France |
May 24, 1992 Montpellier, France |
1965, 1966 | Nominated by C.Heymans only.[579] | |
Alan Walsh | December 19, 1916 Hoddlesden, England |
August 3, 1998 Melbourne, Australia |
1965, 1966 | Nominated by A.L.G.Rees only.[580] | |
George Joseph Popják | May 5, 1914 Kiskundorozsma, Hungary |
December 30, 1998 Westwood, Los Angeles, United States |
1965, 1966 | Nominated jointly with J.W.Cornforth Jr. only.[581] | |
Albert Eschenmoser | August 5, 1925 Erstfeld, Switzerland |
1965, 1966 | Nominated jointly with C.Djerassi by Secretary General of IUPAC Rudolf Morf only.[582] | ||
Alfred Rieche | April 28, 1902 Dortmund, Germany |
November 6, 2001 Berlin, Germany |
1965, 1966 | Nominated jointly with G.Wittig by K.Freudenberg only.[583][584] | |
Rudolf Criegee | May 23, 1902 Düsseldorf, Germany |
November 7, 1975 Karlsruhe, Germany |
1965, 1966 | ||
Marshall Warren Nirenberg | April 10, 1927 New York City, United States |
January 15, 2010 New York City, United States |
1965, 1966 | Won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly with H.G.Khorana.[585][586] | |
Robert William Holley | January 28, 1922 Urbana, Illinois, United States |
February 11, 1993 Los Gatos, California, United States |
1966 | ||
Stanford Moore | September 4, 1913 Chicago, United States |
August 23, 1982 New York City, United States |
1966 | Won the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly.[587][588] | |
William Howard Stein | June 25, 1911 New York City, United States |
February 2, 1980 New York City, United States |
1966 | ||
Richard Barrer | June 16, 1910 Wellington, New Zealand |
September 12, 1996 Chislehurst, England |
1966 | Nominated the only time by F.Polak.[589] | |
Bernard Halpern | November 2, 1904 Tarnoruda, now Ukraine |
September 23, 1978 Paris, France |
1966 | Nominated the only time by B.Pullman and for Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine too. "Synthetic antihistamine compounds"[590][591] | |
Kurt Bruno Hannig [592] | May 26, 1920 Liberec, Czechia |
January 20, 1993 | 1966 | Nominated the only time by R.L.M.Synge.[593] | |
James Franklin Hyde | March 11, 1903 Solvay, New York, United States |
October 11, 1999 Marco Island, Florida, United States |
1966 | Nominated the only time by E.G.Rochow.[594] | |
Arthur Lüttringhaus | July 6, 1906 Cologne, Germany |
May 27, 1992 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany |
1966 | Nominated the only time by P.Ad.Thiessen.[595] | |
Edwin Theodore Mertz | December 6, 1909 Missoula, Montana, United States |
February 1, 1999 Richardson, Texas, United States |
1966 | Nominated the only time by Gerard R. Pomerat (1901-1980) from the Rockefeller Foundation.[596] | |
Robert Schwyzer | December 8, 1920 Zürich, Switzerland |
September 29, 2015 Bülach, Switzerland |
1966 | Nominated the only time by P.Karrer.[597] | |
Thiruvengadam Rajendram Seshadri | February 3, 1900 Kulithalai, India |
September 27, 1975 New Delhi, India |
1966 | Nominated the only time by Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao (1916-1976) from Osmania University.[598] | |
Kenneth Pitzer | January 6, 1914 Pomona, California, United States |
December 26, 1997 Berkeley, California, United States |
1966 | Nominated jointly with John G. Aston the only time by Arne Fredga.[599] | |
Laurens Lambertus Marie van Deenen | August 14, 1928 Maastricht, Netherlands |
September 4, 1994 Bilthoven, Netherlands |
1966 | Nominated jointly the only time by Leonard Saunders from UCL School of Pharmacy.[600][601] | |
G. Horrëus de Haas[602] | September 20, 1931 The Hague, Netherlands |
November 26, 2006 Utrecht, Netherlands |
1966 | ||
Charles Louis Marie Claude Vernet | January 12, 1924 Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne, France |
March 31, 2015 Avignon, France |
1966 | Nominated jointly with Alfred V. Champagnat the only time by R.Schultze.[603][604][605] | |
Bernard Maurice Lainé | April 4, 1933 Paris, France |
January 13, 2013 Paris, France |
1966 | ||
Jean Antoine Filosa | 1966 | ||||
Sol Spiegelman | December 14, 1914 Brooklyn, United States |
January 20, 1983 New York City, United States |
1966 | Nominated jointly with J.L.A.Brachet only.[606] |
See also[]
- List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
- List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize
References[]
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Guide to Nobel Prize". Britannica. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Fischer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Fischer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Svante Arrhenius". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Moissan". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Zdenko Skraup". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marcellin Berthelot". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Pope". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Ramsay". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf von Baeyer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodore Richards". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Knietsch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Wislicenus". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wolcott Gibbs". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Morley". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Armand Gautier". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Armand Gautier". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harmon Morse". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Ostwald". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eduard Buchner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dmitri Mendeleev". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giacomo Ciamician". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Le Châtelier". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Wallach". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Werner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fredrik Kjellin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanislao Canizzaro". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sophus Jörgensen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Crookes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Caro". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolph Frank". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Eyde". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kristian Birkeland". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Curtius". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albin Haller". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Willstätter". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Soddy". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albrecht Kossel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf de Laval". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Lunge". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Hantzsch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund von Lippmann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Landolt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Schönherr". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Engler". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Senderens". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for G.Bertrand". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gabriel Bertrand". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Liebermann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walthère Spring". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Martin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir James Dewar". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marie Curie". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Ehrlich". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for P.Ehrlich&S.Hata". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sahachiro Hata". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Perkin Jr". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Angelo Angeli". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Tammann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Haber". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hilaire de Chardonnet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe Barbier". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Urbain". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Zsigmondy". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karol Olszewski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Zincke". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Küster&Marchlewski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Küster". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leon Marchlewski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Harries". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Recoura". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hahn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Tschirch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Walden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir William Henry Bragg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Moseley". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Galton Darwin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edouard Branly". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Die Dozenten der Universität Zürich (S.692) – Herzfeld Eugen" (PDF). archiv.uzh.ch (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eugen Herzfeld". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emanuele Paterno". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Emil Abderhalden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Abderhalden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Baptiste Perrin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Theodor Svedberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Bosch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emile Bourquelot". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frank Clarke". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Felix Ehrlich". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Eder". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Knut Jacob Beskow". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Ramén". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Philippe-Auguste Guye". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Amé Pictet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for H.Hamburger&S.P.L.Sørensen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hartog Hamburger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Mikhail Tsvet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Schlenk". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martinus Beijerinck". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Curtis Franklin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bohr". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Fischer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Noyes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Noelting". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ossian Aschan". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Moureu". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sören Sörensen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Freundlich". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Gomberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Sergei Winogradsky". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sergei Winogradsky". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Aston". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Holleman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Auer von Welsbach". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikodem Caro". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gilbert N. Lewis". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Siedentopf". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 48(4), July–August 2008, 550-553 "Frederick Belding Power 1853–1927: Pioneer pharmaceutical scientist"". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Power". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinrich Wieland". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans von Euler-Chelpin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George de Hevesy". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emich". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dirk Coster". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lise Meitner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – André Debierne". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for John Jacob Abel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Jacob Abel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Windaus". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Foerster". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Piero Ginori Conti". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giuseppe Oddo". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Casimir Funk". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Casimir Funk". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Pascal". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Irving Langmuir". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Petrus Debye". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Hopkins". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Baker". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Cohen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Olof Hammarsten". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Olof Hammarsten". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Julius Bredt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Peters". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Adolf Paneth". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Niels Bjerrum". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Robinson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Samuel Lind". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kasimir Fajans". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bruno Tacke". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Fischer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred F Hess". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Alfred Hess&Steenbock". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hess". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Harden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Bergius". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sir Walter Norman Haworth". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Warburg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for G.Barger&Ch.Harington". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Barger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Harington". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Bennewitz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes van Laar". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Stock". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Carl Neuberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Neuberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Swarts". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bodenstein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Ruff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Goldschmidt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Brönsted". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Dufraisse". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Percy Bridgman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl F. Schmidt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Eucken". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Friedrich O Bonhoeffer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leopold Ruzicka". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Staudinger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Werner Schulemann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Schulemann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl von Auwers". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Donnan". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Klason". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Irvine". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Werner Kuhn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Karrer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Kuhn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Diels". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Gustav Embden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustav Embden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Noddack". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ida Noddack". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Artturi Virtanen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Späth". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emil Votocek". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Adolf Butenandt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jaroslav Heyrovský". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harold Clayton Urey". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Washburn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Maillard". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fritz Kögl". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Kögl". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erik Hägglund". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frédéric Joliot". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Irène Joliot-Curie". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Enrico Fermi". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Curme". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Phoebus Levene". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Phoebus Levene". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "The Electrochemical Society – Colin G. Fink". electrochem.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Fink". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Bergmann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Giauque". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kurt Alder". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Arthur Bone". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Heslinga". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri ter Meulen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Hönigschmid". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jens Möller". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Umetaro Suzuki". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Umetaro Suzuki". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wojciech Swiętosławski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hugo Theorell". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marc Tiffeneau". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Binz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Curt Räth". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Christoph de Haen X-ray Contrast Agent Technology: A Revolutionary History, p. 62 (CRC Press and Taylor&Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida 2019)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Franz Fischer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Hofmann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gustaf Komppa". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Harteck". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz London". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Stanley". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacob Böeseken". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Harkins". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Victor Henri". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Ipatieff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Arthur Stoll". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Stoll". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Fr.Bawden&N.Pirie". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Bawden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Norman Pirie". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Bredig". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Job". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Piettre". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francesco Giordani". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Wrinch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Conrad Elvehjem". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Conrad Elvehjem". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Fourneau". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Robley Cook Williams". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robley Cook Williams". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Linus Pauling". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Weigert". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Christopher Kelk Ingold". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Howard Northrop". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Sumner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Moses Kunitz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Moses Kunitz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolf Schoenheimer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Schoenheimer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Niggli". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Donald Van Slyke". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Donald Van Slyke". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Portevin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – René Wurmser". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for J.W.Cook&E.L.Kennaway". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Lawrence Kennaway". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Wilfred Cook". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Heinrich Heitler". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Reichstein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Vincent du Vigneaud". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harry Steenbock". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Dodds". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Dodds". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Klaus Clusius". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Paul Link". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Paul Link". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henry Eyring". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Westgren". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn Theodore Seaborg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Adolf Krebs". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Burns Woodward". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Doering". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hugh Taylor". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Frumkin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arne Tiselius". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4 76-77 (Princeton University Press, 1971)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henri Devaux". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leo Szilard". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Science Museum Group – J R Geigy SA". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ciba-Geigy AG (Swiss pharmaceutical company)". britannica.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – S A Geigy". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Base de données des élites suisses – Läuger, Paul". unil.ch (in French). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Paul Läuger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Läuger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Robert Frisch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin McMillan". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Philip Abelson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Lebeau". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Rittenberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Misrky". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Rabe". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Dickel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Kennedy". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Armand Jacquet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Morris Kharasch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Adams". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johan Arvid Hedvall". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Lebrecht Meerwein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ch.Werkman&H.G.Wood". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Chester Werkman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – A J Kluyver". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harland Wood". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Robertus Todd". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Kendall". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edwin Joseph Cohn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Joseph Cohn". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "The Electrochemical Society – George W. Heise". electrochem.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Heise". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Miescher". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Dyson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Richter". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Kunststoffe 52(1) 59 (1962)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Domingo Giribaldo". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Ralph Walter Wyckoff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ralph Walter Wyckoff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for David Keilin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Keilin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Karl Folkers". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Folkers". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Michael Heidelberger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Heidelberger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Reppe". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for William Rose". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Rose". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Archer Martin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Synge". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Melvin Calvin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Sanderson Mulliken". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Flory". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Selman Waksman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Lipmann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Wells Beadle". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Thérèse Tréfouël". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gladwyn Buttle". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ British Medical Journal 286(6379) 1758 (1983)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Wahl". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Hamaker". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Glenn E Sheline". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wendell Latimer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Werner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Isadore Perlman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Kirk". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "University of California: In Memoriam, 1991 – Glenn E. Sheline". texts.cdlib.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 40(2) 213 (1981)
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Raphael Consden". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Gordon". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Edward Joseph Conway". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Joseph Conway". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Irving Schlesinger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Choh Hao Li". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Choh Hao Li". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Burris Bell Cunningham". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Willard Frank Libby". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Ferdinand Perutz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Rudolph Peters". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolph Peters". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Yasuhiko Asahina". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Axel Lindh". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ian Morris Heilbron". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Sanger". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frits Zernike". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Braunstein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Claude Hudson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walther Kossel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Müller". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Simon". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Hume-Rothery". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Lyman Craig". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lyman Craig". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marguerite Perey". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Hieber". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Emilio Segrè". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Öjvind Winge". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Izaak Kolthoff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edward Lawrie Tatum". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Ziegler". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Giulio Natta". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – George Porter". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Onsager". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Louis Fieser". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Fieser". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Mattauch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Félix Trombe". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martin David Kamen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Volmer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Clarke Slater". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Feigl". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Severo Ochoa". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Lemaître". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernest Gale". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joan Folkes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Boris Arbuzov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Arbuzov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Heinz Fraenckel-Conrat". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jannik Bjerrum". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Emil Brauns". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl Johann Freudenberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Oswald Theodore Avery". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Oswald Theodore Avery". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Colin Munro MacLeod". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maclyn McCarty". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marietta Blau". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Charpentier". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coryell". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice-Marie Janot". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexandre Vladimiravitche Palladine". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G L Stadnikov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Eric Keightley Rideal". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Friedrich Hund". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erich Hückel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Horecker". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Wagner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Wagner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – C Wagner". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Luis Federico Leloir". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Herzberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Vladimir Prelog". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georg Wittig". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maria Goeppert-Mayer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bogdan Kamienski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Max Mousseron". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Yoshiyuki Toyama". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerold Karel Schwarzenbach". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herman Mark". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hermann Mark". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Brachet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Kendrew". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Kornberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Feodor Lynen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – David Green". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Owen Rice". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gunter Scheibe". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frederick Rossini". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – M J Chedin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bror Holmberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Michael Polanyi". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Egon Wiberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Walter Schottky". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William Pfann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Derek Harold Richard Barton". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Odd Hassel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ilya Prigogine". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Watson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Francis Crick". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Wilkins". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Hershey". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Wilhelm Gerhard Burgers". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martin Deutsch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Andrew Benson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Cary". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arnold Orville Beckman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Josef Engl". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Joseph Massolle". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Hans Vogt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Roger Williams". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Martha Chase". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Grierer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gerhard Schramm". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "New York Times – John Aston, 87, Dies; Pioneer in Cryogenics". nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Aston". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Manfred Eigen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Konrad Bloch". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Torbjörn Caspersson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Torbjörn Caspersson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Both Em.Erlenmeyer and Fr.G.C.Em.Erlenmeyer had died before 1961 and this nomination has been obviously done by their descendant H.Erlenmeyer.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Leslie Orgel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Stanford University – Pierre Van Rysselberghe". chemistry.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Pierre Van Rysselberghe". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Racker". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Corey". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Georges Léon Chaudron". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Lars Gunnar Sillén". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Britton Chance". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Johannes Bijvoet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Harry George Drickamer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Daniel Arnon". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Otto Fischer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Néel". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Maurice Stacey". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Tadeusz Urbanski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Karl-Wolfgang Mundry". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Peter Pauson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Clemens Schöpf". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sanichiro Mizushima". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Vinogradov". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Louis Plack Hammett". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Carl Djerassi". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Herbert Brown". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Har Gobind Khorana". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Baddiley". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ludwig August Wilhelm Geilmann". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Dionyz Ilkovic". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Noel Slater". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gunnar Blix". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ernst Klenk". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Monteath Robertson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edgar Bright Wilson Jr". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanley Bruckenstein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alberte Pullman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Pullman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Fritz Arndt". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Neil Bartlett". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Champagnat". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Saul Winstein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Coulson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edmund Hirst". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alexander Ivanovich Oparin". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – E F Terroine". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – P C Zamecnik". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G M Schwab". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Frantisek Sorm". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – K Yamafuji". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Holmes". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Chicago Tribune – JOHN G. MALM". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J Malm". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Claassen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Howard Classen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – H Selig". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "ASA/CSCA Member Obituaries – Howard H. Claassen". asa3.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Journal of Fluorine Chemistry – Henry Selig-Obituary" (PDF). journals.elsevier.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Efraim Katchalski-Kazir". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernd Theodor Matthias". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – John Warcup Cornforth Jr". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jacques Monod". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J Jacob". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Paul Doughty Bartlett". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Erwin Chargaff". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G I Arnon". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Salomon Cohen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Russian Journal of Electrochemistry – To the Centenary of O.K. Davtyan". link.springer.com. doi:10.1134/S1023193512660019. S2CID 93777377. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – O K Davtjan". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Ulick Richardson Evans". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – S G Mason". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Iwan Nikolov Stranski". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Henrik Gunnar Lundegårdh". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Hoppe". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Chemical & Engineering News – Obituary: Leonard Mortenson". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – L E Mortenson". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – R C Valentine". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J E Carnahan". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Cape Gazette – James E. Carnahan, retired research chemist". CapeGazette.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – A Guinier". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Otto Kratky". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Charles Prévost". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Jean Roche". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alan Walsh". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G Popjak". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Albert Eschenmoser". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Alfred Rieche". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Rudolf Criegee". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Marshall Warren Nirenberg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert William Holley". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Stanford Moore". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – William H Stein". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Richard Barrer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Motivation for Bernard Halpern". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Bernard Halpern". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Sudetendeutsche Akademieder Wissenschaften und Künste – Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Kurt Hannig". sudetendeutsche-akademie.eu (in German). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – K Hannig". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – James Franklin Hyde". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Arthur Lüttringhaus". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Edwin Theodore Mertz". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Robert Schwyzer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – T R Seshadri". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Kenneth Pitzer". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Laurens L M van Deenen". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – G H de Haas". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Catalogus Professorum – Prof.dr. G. Horrëus de Haas". profs.library.uu.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – C L Vernet". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – B Lainé". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – J Filosa". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Nomination Archive – Sol Spiegelman". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
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