List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901 (as of 2020, 930 individual laureates in total).^[1] This list considers Nobel laureates as equal individuals and does not consider their various prize shares or if they received the prize more than once.^[2] It does not include Nobel-winning organizations (as of 2020, 25 such organizations) or any individuals affiliated with those organizations. In this list, universities are presented in descending order, beginning with those affiliated with most Nobel Prize winners.

The university affiliations in this list are all official academic affiliations such as degree programs and official academic employment, including academic positions at research organizations formally affiliated with or operated by a university. Non-academic affiliations such as advisory committee and administrative staff are generally excluded. The official academic affiliations fall into three categories: 1) Alumni (graduates and attendees), 2) Long-term academic staff, and 3) Short-term academic staff. Graduates are defined as those who hold Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate or equivalent degrees from a university, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in degree programs at a university but did not complete the programs; thus, honorary degrees, posthumous degrees, summer attendees, exchange students and auditing students are excluded. The category of "Long-term academic staff" consists of tenure or tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while that of "Short-term academic staff" consists of lecturers (without tenure), postdoctoral researchers, visiting professors or scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At any university, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on "visitors" under "Short-term academic staff" are now presented. 1) All informal or personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching or research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; 3) for award-based visiting positions, this list includes the positions as affiliations only if the laureates were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching or research) or the laureates specifically classified the visiting positions as "appointment" or similar in reliable sources such as their curriculum vitae. To be specific, some award-based visiting positions such as the "Morris Loeb Short-term Lectureship" at Harvard University and Guggenheim Fellowship are awards/honors without employment-level duty;^[3]^[4] attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars are not employment-level duties. On the other hand, positive award-based examples include "Morris Loeb Long-term Lectureship" at Harvard University (teaching duty), "Visiting Miller Professorship" at UC Berkeley (research duty) and Fulbright Scholarship.^[4]^[5]^[6] Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Nobel-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years; the same rule applies to extension schools of universities.

In this list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at the institution (including emeritus staff) containing that asterisk. A name underlined implies that this person has been listed for a same institution previously (i.e., multiple affiliations). If a person had multiple positions under one category, only the position with highest rank is listed.

Different universities adopt different criteria—from generous to conservative—for claiming Nobel affiliates, which may not encompass all types of affiliations in this list.^[7] The University Counts (Univ Counts), which are published by the universities themselves, are thus shown as comparison below. Finally, this list, together with the List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation and the List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation, presents the university affiliation of people who have won highest honors in fundamental academic disciplines.

Abbreviations: UG (Undergraduate), Grad (Graduate), Med (Medical), Atten (Attendee), Prof (Professor), Assoc (Associate), Asst (Assistant), Adj (Adjunct), PSD (Postdoc), Lect (Lecturer), Inst (Instructor), Res (Research/Researcher), Sci (Scientist), Fel (Fellow), Sch (Scholar), Vis (Visiting/Visitor).

Summary of results[]

Top 30 universities worldwide since 1901[]

According to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is impossible in Wikipedia to assign various weights to different types of affiliations. Hence, all types of affiliations count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

By subject

Rank	University	Total	SCI Total^{[Note 1]}	PHY	CHE	P/M	ECO	LI	PE
1	Harvard University	161	113	32	38	43	33	7	8
2	University of Cambridge	121	98	37	30	31	15	5	3
3	University of California, Berkeley	110	82	34	31	17	25	3	1^{[Note 2]}
4	University of Chicago	100	62	32	19	11	33	3	2
5	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	97	62	34	16	12	34	0	1
6	Columbia University	96	69	32	15	22	15	6	6
7	Stanford University	84	54	25	13	16	27	3	1^{[Note 2]}
8	California Institute of Technology	76	70	31	17	22	6	0	1^{[Note 2]}
9	University of Oxford	72	53	15	19	19	9	5	6^{[Note 2]}
10	Princeton University	69	42	29	9	4	21	5	1
11	Yale University	65	34	8	12	14	23	5	3
12	Cornell University	61	50	23	12	15	5	4	2
13	Humboldt University of Berlin	57	49	14	23	12	1	4	3
14	University of Paris^{[Note 3]}	51	34	15	10^{[Note 4]}	10	4	6	7
15	University of Göttingen	44	42	18	16	8	0	1	1
16	University of Munich	43	42	14	19	9	0	1	1^{[Note 2]}
17	Johns Hopkins University	39	30	4	8	18	5	1	3
17	University of Copenhagen	39	34	19	7	8	3	2	1^{[Note 2]}
19	New York University	38	20	3	5	12	14	2	2
19	Rockefeller University	38	38	1	11	26	0	0	0
21	University of Pennsylvania	36	25	4	10	11	11	0	0
22	University College London	34	31	5	7	19	2	1	0
23	ETH Zurich	32	32	11	17	4	0	0	0
24	University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign	30	27	11	5	11	3	0	0
24	University of Minnesota	30	15	7	4	4	12	2	1
26	University of California, San Diego	27	24	5	9	10	3	0	1^{[Note 2]}
26	University of Heidelberg	27	24	11	8	5	0	1	2
28	University of Michigan	26	18	9	3	6	6	2	0
28	University of Wisconsin–Madison	26	23	6	7	10	2	1	0
30	University of California, Los Angeles	25	13	2	8	3	9	1	2
	University of Manchester	25	22	11	9	2	3	0	0
	Washington University in St. Louis	25	24	1	5	18	1	0	0

By affiliation type

Rank	University	Total	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff	showOverlap^{[Note 5]}
1	Harvard University	161	80	55	78	-52
2	University of Cambridge	121	71	45	55	-50
3	University of California, Berkeley	110	34	42	52	-18
4	University of Chicago	100	34	49	39	-22
5	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	97	40	37	39	-19
6	Columbia University	96	44	33	38	-19
7	Stanford University	84	14	48	34	-12
8	California Institute of Technology	76	24	21	48	-17
9	University of Oxford	72	30	20	34	-12
10	Princeton University	69	20	27	31	-9
11	Yale University	65	22	31	24	-12
12	Cornell University	61	18	19	28	-4
13	Humboldt University of Berlin	57	33	21	14	-11
14	University of Paris	51	42	21	7	-19
15	University of Göttingen	44	20	12	17	-5
16	University of Munich	43	28	13	10	-8
17	Johns Hopkins University	39	16	15	16	-8
17	University of Copenhagen	39	12	9	25	-7
19	New York University	38	10	13	18	-3
19	Rockefeller University	38	3	27	14	-6
21	University of Pennsylvania	36	8	14	15	-1
22	University College London	34	9	12	14	-1
23	ETH Zurich	32	12	9	14	-3
24	University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign	30	11	10	14	-5
24	University of Minnesota	30	10	14	6	0
26	University of California, San Diego	27	3	16	8	0
26	University of Heidelberg	27	15	10	6	-4
28	University of Michigan	26	9	6	13	-2
28	University of Wisconsin–Madison	26	13	7	8	-2
30	University of California, Los Angeles	25	7	11	10	-3
	University of Manchester	25	9	13	5	-2
	Washington University in St. Louis	25	4	15	9	-3

Top 20 universities worldwide since 2000[]

According to Wikipedia policies on no original research and objectivity/neutrality, it is impossible in Wikipedia to assign various weights to different types of affiliations. Hence, all types of affiliations count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

By subject

Rank	University	Total	SCI Total^{[Note 1]}	PHY	CHE	P/M	ECO	LI	PE
1	Harvard University	66	38	12	16	10	21	2	5
2	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	45	21	10	6	5	23	0	1
3	University of California, Berkeley	40	27	9	12	6	13	0	0
4	Stanford University	39	20	4	8	8	17	2	0
5	Yale University	34	16	4	9	3	16	1	1
6	Princeton University	33	16	11	4	1	16	1	0
6	University of Cambridge	33	25	6	9	10	6	1	1
8	California Institute of Technology	29	24	9	9	6	5	0	0
9	University of Chicago	25	11	7	3	1	12	1	1
10	Columbia University	22	12	2	6	4	4	2	4
11	University of Oxford	19	14	5	4	5	3	1	1
12	Cornell University	18	15	8	3	4	3	0	0
13	University of Pennsylvania	17	10	2	5	3	7	0	0
14	New York University	15	5	0	3	2	9	0	1
15	Johns Hopkins University	13	12	2	4	6	0	1	0
15	Kyoto University	13	12	5	4	3	1	0	0
17	Northwestern University	12	3	0	3	0	9	0	0
17	University of Paris	12	9	4	3	2	2	1	0
19	Hebrew University	11	5	1	4	0	6	0	0
19	University of Minnesota	11	1	0	1	0	9	1	0

By affiliation type

Rank	University	Total	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff	showOverlap
1	Harvard University	66	37	16	34	-21
2	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	45	23	19	14	-11
3	University of California, Berkeley	40	13	17	15	-5
4	Stanford University	39	10	18	19	-8
5	Yale University	34	10	20	12	-8
7	Princeton University	33	8	12	17	-4
7	University of Cambridge	33	17	8	18	-10
8	California Institute of Technology	29	9	5	21	-6
9	University of Chicago	25	7	14	10	-6
10	Columbia University	22	8	10	7	-3
11	University of Oxford	19	9	5	8	-3
12	Cornell University	18	6	4	9	-1
13	University of Pennsylvania	17	3	9	6	-1
14	New York University	15	3	5	8	-1
15	Johns Hopkins University	13	4	6	5	-2
15	Kyoto University	13	5	3	7	-2
17	Northwestern University	12	0	5	7	0
17	University of Paris	12	9	3	2	-2
19	Hebrew University	11	5	2	6	-2
19	University of Minnesota	11	4	5	2	0

Top 5 universities by region since 1901[]

Rank	Africa		Asia			Europe
Rank	University	Total	University		Total	University	Total
1	University of Cape Town	5	Kyoto University		19	University of Cambridge	121
2	University of the Witwatersrand	4	University of Tokyo		17	University of Oxford	72
3	Cairo University	3	Hebrew University		15	Humboldt University of Berlin	57
4	Many (not displayed)	1	Nagoya University Weizmann Institute of Science		6	University of Paris	51
5			-	-	-	University of Göttingen	44

Rank	Latin America		Rank	North America		Oceania
Rank	University	Total	Rank	University	Total	University		Total
1	University of Buenos Aires	5	1	Harvard University	161	Australian National University University of Melbourne		8
1	University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras	5	1	Harvard University	161	Australian National University University of Melbourne		8
3	National Autonomous University of Mexico	3	2	University of California, Berkeley	110	-	-	-
4	University of Chile	2	3	University of Chicago	100	University of Adelaide		5
5	Many (not displayed)	1	4	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	97	University of Sydney		4
5	Many (not displayed)	1	5	Columbia University	96	University of Canterbury		3

Harvard University (1st)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Harvard University, United States
Total: 161 (Univ Count: 51)^[8] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Harvard's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Harvard University's official count is not exhaustive and only presents a selection of Nobel laureates. It also includes Henry Cadbury who represented the American Friends Service Committee to receive the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize, and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War which won 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. They are both excluded from the following list. 3) Affiliates of Radcliffe College ("Harvard Annex", 1879–1999) are not included in this list.^[9] 4) "Morris Loeb Short-term Lectureship" (M.L.S Lecturer), "Lee Historical Lectureship" and "Charles Eliot Norton Professorship" are award-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list; on the other hand, "Morris Loeb Long-term Lectureship" (M.L.L Lecturer) usually carries teaching duty.^[10]^[11]
Physics	David Wineland^[12] (PhD) - 2012 Adam Riess^[13] (PhD) - 2011 Brian Schmidt^[14] (PhD) - 2011 Saul Perlmutter^[15] (AB) - 2011 Roy Glauber^[16] (AB, PhD) - 2005 David Politzer^[17] (PhD) - 2004	Roy Glauber^[16] (Prof) - 2005* Riccardo Giacconi^[18] (Prof) - 2002	John M. Kosterlitz^[19] (Vis Prof) - 2016 Serge Haroche^[20] (Vis Prof) - 2012 Brian Schmidt^[14] (PSD) - 2011 David Gross^[21] (Jr. Fel) - 2004 David Politzer^[17] (Jr. Fel) - 2004 Frank Wilczek^[22] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Anthony Leggett^[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003
Chemistry	Jennifer Doudna^[24] (PhD) - 2020 George P. Smith^[25] (PhD) - 2018 Martin Karplus^[26] (AB) - 2013 Thomas Steitz^[27] (PhD) - 2009 Martin Chalfie^[28] (AB, PhD) - 2008 Roger Y. Tsien^[29] (AB) - 2008 Roger Kornberg^[30] (AB) - 2006 Richard Schrock^[31] (PhD) - 2005 William Standish Knowles^[32] (AB) - 2001	Martin Karplus^[26] (Prof) - 2013* Roger Kornberg^[30] (Asst Prof) - 2006 Roderick MacKinnon^[33] (Prof) - 2003	Jennifer Doudna^[24] (PSD) - 2020 Arieh Warshel^[34] (PSD) - 2013 Robert Lefkowitz^[35] (Teaching Fel) - 2012 Thomas Steitz^[27] (PSD) - 2009 Roger Kornberg^[30] (Jr. Fel) - 2006 Aaron Ciechanover^[36] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Roderick MacKinnon^[33] (PSD) - 2003 Barry Sharpless^[37] (PSD) - 2001 Ryoji Noyori^[38] (PSD) - 2001 William S. Knowles^[32]^[39] (PSD) - 2001
Physiology or Medicine	Gregg L. Semenza^[40] (AB) - 2019 James Rothman^[41] (PhD) - 2013 Ralph Steinman^[42] (MD) - 2011 Mario Capecchi^[43] (PhD) - 2007 Craig Mello^[44] (PhD) - 2006 Robert Horvitz^[45] (AM, PhD) - 2002 Eric Kandel^[46] (AB) - 2000	William Kaelin Jr.^[47] (Prof) - 2019* Jack Szostak^[48] (Prof) - 2009* Linda Buck^[49] (Prof) - 2004	William Kaelin Jr.^[47] (PSD) - 2019
Economics	Robert B. Wilson^[50] (AB, MBA, DBA) - 2020 Abhijit Banerjee^[51] (PhD) - 2019 Michael Kremer^[52] (AB, PhD) - 2019 Lloyd Shapley^[53] (AB) - 2012 Christopher Sims^[54] (AB, PhD) - 2011 Thomas Sargent^[55] (PhD) - 2011 Eric Maskin^[56] (AB, AM, PhD) - 2007 Roger Myerson^[57] (AB, PhD) - 2007 Thomas Schelling^[58] (PhD) - 2005 Vernon L. Smith^[59] (PhD) - 2002 Michael Spence^[60] (PhD) - 2001	Abhijit Banerjee^[51] (Asst Prof) - 2019 Michael Kremer^[52] (Prof) - 2019* Oliver S. Hart^[61] (Prof) - 2016* Alvin Roth^[62] (Prof) - 2012* Christopher Sims^[54] (Asst Prof) - 2011 Eric Maskin^[56] (Prof) - 2007 Thomas Schelling^[58] (Prof) - 2005 Michael Spence^[60] (Prof) - 2001	Abhijit Banerjee^[51] (Vis Asst Prof) - 2019 Michael Kremer^[52] (Res) - 2019 Jean Tirole^[63] (Taussig Res Prof) - 2014 Lars P. Hansen^[64] (Vis Prof) - 2013 Robert Shiller^[65] (Vis Sch) - 2013 Christopher Sims^[54] (Inst) - 2011 Thomas Sargent^[55] (Vis Prof) - 2011 Chris Pissarides^[66] (Vis) - 2010 Peter Diamond^[67] (Vis) - 2010 Oliver Williamson^[68] (Taussig Res Prof) - 2009 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Daniel Kahneman^[70] (Lect) - 2002
Literature			Mario Vargas Llosa^[71] (Vis Prof) - 2010 J. M. Coetzee^[72]^[73] (Vis Prof) - 2003
Peace	Juan Santos^[74] (AM) - 2016 Ellen Sirleaf^[75] (AM) - 2011 Barack Obama^[76] (JD) - 2009 Al Gore^[77] (AB) - 2007		Kim Dae-jung^[78]^[79] (Vis Fel) - 2000

University of Cambridge (2nd)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Total: 121 (Univ Count: 110)^[80] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Cambridge's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) The official Fellows at various Colleges of Cambridge University are long-term academic staff with teaching/research duties.^[81]^[82] On the contrary, the "Overseas Fellowship" in Churchill College and other similar visiting/honorary fellowships at the Colleges are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.^[83]^[84]^[85] 3) Official academic affiliates of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (MRC LMB) are not considered as affiliates of the university starting May 28, 1962, when MRC LMB officially moved out of the Cavendish Laboratory to become a relatively independent department from the university.^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89] 4) The Master of Arts degree at Cambridge is an academic rank instead of an academic qualification. Graduates convert their BA (which was awarded to all who completed undergraduate studies regardless of discipline) to an MA with no further studies or examination. They lose their BA in the process.^[90]
Physics	Roger Penrose^[91] (PhD) - 2020 David Thouless^[92] (MA) - 2016 Duncan Haldane^[93] (MA, PhD) - 2016 John M. Kosterlitz^[19] (MA) - 2016	Didier Queloz^[94] (Prof) - 2019*	Michel Mayor^[95] (Res) - 2019 David Thouless^[92] (Lect) - 2016
Chemistry	Greg Winter^[96] (MA, PhD) - 2018 Richard Henderson^[97] (PhD) - 2017 Michael Levitt^[98] (PhD) - 2013 Roger Tsien^[29] (PhD) - 2008 Alan MacDiarmid^[99] (PhD) - 2000	Greg Winter^[96] (Fel, Trinity) - 2018* Richard Henderson^[97] (Fel, Darwin) - 2017 Venki Ramakrishnan^[100] (Fel, Trinity) - 2009	Greg Winter^[96] (PSD) - 2018 Joachim Frank^[101] (Sr. Res Asst) - 2017 Thomas Steitz^[102] (LMB PSD) - 2009 Roger Tsien^[29] (PSD) - 2008 Richard Schrock^[31] (PSD) - 2005
Physiology or Medicine	Peter J. Ratcliffe^[103] (M.B, M.D) - 2019 Elizabeth Blackburn^[104] (PhD) - 2009 Martin Evans^[105] (MA) - 2007 John Sulston^[106] (MA, PhD) - 2002 Tim Hunt^[107] (MA, PhD) - 2001	John Gurdon^[108] (Prof) - 2012* Robert G. Edwards^[109] (Prof) - 2010* Martin Evans^[110] (Fel, St Edmund's) - 2007 Sydney Brenner^[111] (Fel, King's) - 2002	William Cecil Campbell^[112] (Vis Res) - 2015 Robert G. Edwards^[109] (Ford Res Fel) - 2010 Paul Greengard^[113] (PSD) - 2000
Economics	Oliver S. Hart^[61] (MA) - 2016 Angus Deaton^[114] (MA, PhD) - 2015 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Grad Atten) - 2001		William Nordhaus^[116] (Sr. Vis) - 2018 Oliver S. Hart^[61] (Lect) - 2016 Angus Deaton^[114] (Overseas Fel, Churchill) - 2015 Peter Diamond^[67] (Overseas Fel, Churchill) - 2010 Eric Maskin^[56] (Res Fel, Jesus) - 2007 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Tapp Res Fel) - 2001
Literature			Mario Vargas Llosa^[117] (Simón Bolívar Prof) - 2010
Peace			Kim Dae-jung^[118]^[119] (Vis Fel, Clare Hall) - 2000

University of California, Berkeley (3rd)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of California, Berkeley, United States
Total: 110 (Univ Count: 50)^[120] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For the complete list, please refer to the main article of Berkeley's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) The University Count of UC Berkeley is not exhaustive, as it only includes alumni, current faculty members, and deceased faculty who retired at Berkeley, once per person. 3) Official academic affiliates of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) before 1971 are included in the following list.^{[Note 6]}^[121]^[122]^[123] 4) Official academic affiliates of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) from 1947 to 1952 are included in the following list; war-time affiliates (Manhattan project) are excluded.^{[Note 7]}^[124]^[125]^[126] 5) The "Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list.^[127] 6) The "Visiting Miller Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries research duty.^[5]
Physics	Barry Barish^[128] (B.A, PhD) - 2017 David Wineland^[12] (B.S) - 2012 Saul Perlmutter^[15] (PhD) - 2011 John C. Mather^[129] (PhD) - 2006 David Gross^[21] (PhD) - 2004	Reinhard Genzel^[130] (Prof) - 2020* Saul Perlmutter^[15] (Prof) - 2011* George Smoot^[131] (Prof) - 2006*	Reinhard Genzel^[130] (Miller Fel) - 2020 Barry Barish^[128] (Res Fel) - 2017 David Thouless^[132] (PSD) - 2016 Adam Riess^[13] (Miller Fel) - 2011
Chemistry	Frances Arnold^[133] (PhD) - 2018 Alan Heeger^[134] (PhD) - 2000	Jennifer Doudna^[24] (Prof) - 2020* Paul Modrich^[135] (Asst Prof) - 2015 Eric Betzig^[136] (Prof) - 2014 Thomas Steitz^[137] (Asst Prof) - 2009 Roger Tsien^[29] (Prof) - 2008	Frances Arnold^[133] (PSD) - 2018 Joachim Frank^[101] (PSD) - 2017 Richard Henderson^[97] (Vis Miller Prof) - 2017 Aziz Sancar^[138] (Vis Miller Prof) - 2015 Gerhard Ertl^[139] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Kurt Wüthrich^[140] (PSD & Vis Miller Prof) - 2002
Physiology or Medicine	Carol Greider^[141] (PhD) - 2009 Andrew Fire^[142] (B.A) - 2006	James P. Allison^[143] (Prof) - 2018 Randy Schekman^[144] (Prof) - 2013* Elizabeth Blackburn^[104] (Prof) - 2009	Sydney Brenner^[145] (PSD) - 2002
Economics	Christopher Sims^[54] (Grad Atten) - 2011 Thomas Sargent^[55] (B.A) - 2011 Thomas Schelling^[58] (B.A) - 2005 Daniel Kahneman^[70] (PhD) - 2002	Paul Romer^[146] (Prof) - 2018 Peter Diamond^[67] (Prof) - 2010 Oliver Williamson^[68] (Prof) - 2009* Daniel Kahneman^[70] (Prof) - 2002 George Akerlof^[147] (Prof) - 2001* Daniel McFadden^[148] (Prof) - 2000*	Paul Milgrom^[149]^[150] (Ford Vis Res Prof) - 2020 Chris Pissarides^[66] (Vis) - 2010 Oliver Williamson^[68] (Vis Prof) - 2009 Leonid Hurwicz^[69]^[151] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Robert Aumann^[152] (Ford Vis Res Prof) - 2005

University of Chicago (4th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Chicago, United States
Total: 100 (Univ Count: 93)^[153] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Chicago's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Official academic affiliates of Marine Biological Laboratory starting 1 July 2013 are included in the list (e.g., Eric Betzig was a lecturer from 1 to 10 May 2013, and is thus not included).^[154] 3) Official academic affiliates of Argonne National Laboratory (since 1946) are included in the list.^[155]^[156] 4) Official academic affiliates of Fermilab are not included in this list, for it is not directly affiliated with or operated by UChicago. It is managed by Fermi Research Alliance LLC (since 2007), a partnership of the UChicago and Universities Research Association, a consortium of 89 research universities.^[157] 5) Official academic affiliates of Cowles Foundation by 1955 are included in the list.^[158]
Physics	George E. Smith^[159] (PhD) - 2009 Frank Wilczek^[22] (B.S) - 2004	Yoichiro Nambu^[160] (Prof) - 2008* Alexei A. Abrikosov^[161] (Argonne) - 2003 Masatoshi Koshiba^[162] (Assoc Prof) - 2002	Kip Thorne^[163] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 2017 Peter Grünberg^[164] (Argonne Vis) - 2007 Masatoshi Koshiba^[162] (Res Assoc) - 2002
Chemistry	John B. Goodenough^[165] (M.S, PhD) - 2019 Irwin Rose^[166] (B.S, PhD) - 2004		Ada Yonath^[167] (Vis Sci) - 2009
Physiology or Medicine	Bruce Beutler^[168] (M.D) - 2011
Economics	Paul Romer^[146] (B.S, M.A, PhD) - 2018 Eugene Fama^[169] (M.B.A, PhD) - 2013	Michael Kremer^[170] (Prof) - 2019 Paul Romer^[146] (Prof) - 2018 Richard Thaler^[171] (Prof) - 2017* Eugene Fama^[169] (Prof) - 2013* Lars P. Hansen^[64] (Prof) - 2013* Thomas Sargent^[55] (Prof) - 2011 Roger Myerson^[57] (Prof) - 2007* Edward Prescott^[172] (Prof) - 2004 James Heckman^[173] (Prof) - 2000*	Michael Kremer^[52] (Vis Asst Prof) - 2019 Bengt Holmström^[174] (Vis Prof) - 2016 Thomas Sargent^[55] (Vis Prof) - 2011 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Res Assoc) - 2007 Edward Prescott^[172] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Daniel McFadden^[148] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 2000
Literature		J. M. Coetzee^[175] (Prof) - 2003*
Peace		Barack Obama^[176] (Sr. Lect) - 2009

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (5th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States
Total: 97 (Univ Count: 95)^[177] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of MIT's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Official academic affiliates of MIT Radiation Laboratory and MIT Lincoln Laboratory are generally included in the list, excluding those who held military positions (non-academic) in the lab and those who participated only in military projects.^[178] 3) The "Arthur D. Little Visiting Professorship/Lectureship" at the MIT Chemistry Department is an award/honor-based position without employment-level duty.^[179]^[180]
Physics	Andrea M. Ghez^[181] (B.S) - 2020 Rainer Weiss^[182] (B.S, PhD) - 2017 Adam Riess^[13] (B.S) - 2011 George Smoot^[131] (B.S, PhD) - 2006 Carl Wieman^[183] (B.S) - 2001 Eric Cornell^[184] (PhD) - 2001	Rainer Weiss^[182] (Prof) - 2017* Frank Wilczek^[22] (Prof) - 2004* Wolfgang Ketterle^[185] (Prof) - 2001*	Didier Queloz^[186] (Vis) - 2019 Serge Haroche^[20] (Vis) - 2012
Chemistry	Paul Modrich^[135] (B.S) - 2015	John B. Goodenough^[165] (Lincoln) - 2019 Richard Schrock^[31] (Prof) - 2005* Barry Sharpless^[37] (Prof) - 2001	Ada Yonath^[167] (PSD) - 2009 Aaron Ciechanover^[36] (PSD) - 2004
Physiology or Medicine	Michael Rosbash^[187] (PhD) - 2017 Andrew Fire^[142] (PhD) - 2006 Robert Horvitz^[45] (B.S) - 2002 Leland Hartwell^[188] (PhD) - 2001	Robert Horvitz^[45] (Prof) - 2002*	James Rothman^[41] (PSD) - 2013
Economics	Esther Duflo^[189] (PhD) - 2019 Paul Romer^[146] (Grad Atten) - 2018 William Nordhaus^[116] (PhD) - 2018 Jean Tirole^[63] (PhD) - 2014 Robert Shiller^[65] (M.S, PhD) - 2013 Peter Diamond^[67] (PhD) - 2010 Oliver Williamson^[68] (B.S) - 2009 Paul Krugman^[190] (PhD) - 2008 Robert Aumann^[152] (M.S, PhD) - 2005 George Akerlof^[147] (PhD) - 2001 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (PhD) - 2001	Esther Duflo^[189] (Prof) - 2019* Abhijit Banerjee^[51] (Prof) - 2019* Michael Kremer^[52] (Prof) - 2019 Bengt Holmström^[174] (Prof) - 2016* Oliver S. Hart^[61] (Prof) - 2016 Jean Tirole^[63] (Prof) - 2014 Peter Diamond^[67] (Prof) - 2010* Paul Krugman^[190] (Prof) - 2008 Eric Maskin^[56] (Prof) - 2007 Robert Engle^[191] (Assoc Prof) - 2003 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Asst Prof) - 2001 Daniel McFadden^[148] (Prof) - 2000	Michael Kremer^[52] (PSD) - 2019 Richard Thaler^[171] (Vis Prof) - 2017 Jean Tirole^[63] (Vis Prof) - 2014 Lars P. Hansen^[64] (Vis Prof) - 2013 Robert Shiller^[65] (Vis Prof) - 2013 Christopher Sims^[54] (Vis Prof) - 2011 Paul Krugman^[190] (Vis Asst Prof) - 2008 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Res Asst) - 2007 Edmund Phelps^[192] (Vis Assoc Prof) - 2006
Peace	Kofi Annan^[193] (M.S) - 2001

Columbia University (6th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Columbia University, United States
Total: 96 (Univ Count: 84)^[194] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Columbia's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Official academic affiliates of Barnard College after 1900 (inclusive) and affiliates of Bard College by 1944 are included in the following list.^[195]^[196] 3) The "Ingeborg Rennert Professorship", the "Global Fellowship" (SIPA) and the "Earnest Kempton Adams (EKA) Lectureship" are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.^[197]^[198]^[199]
Physics	Arthur Ashkin^[200] (B.A) - 2018		John C. Mather^[129] (Lect) - 2006
Chemistry	Robert Lefkowitz^[201] (B.A, M.D) - 2012 Robert Grubbs^[202] (PhD) - 2005 William S. Knowles^[32] (PhD) - 2001	Joachim Frank^[101] (Prof) - 2017* Martin Karplus^[203] (Prof) - 2013 Martin Chalfie^[28] (Prof) - 2008*
Physiology or Medicine	Richard Axel^[204] (B.A) - 2004	James Rothman^[41] (Prof) - 2013 Richard Axel^[204] (Prof) - 2004* Eric Kandel^[205] (Prof) - 2000*	Linda Buck^[49] (PSD) - 2004
Economics	Alvin Roth^[62] (B.S) - 2012	Edmund Phelps^[192] (Prof) - 2006* Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Prof) - 2001* James Heckman^[173] (Assoc Prof) - 2000	Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Stern Vis Prof) - 2001
Literature	Louise Glück^[206] (UG Atten) - 2020	Orhan Pamuk^[207] (Prof) - 2006	Orhan Pamuk^[207] (Vis Sch) - 2006
Peace	Barack Obama^[76] (B.A) - 2009		Leymah Gbowee^[208] (Fel, Barnard) - 2011 Liu Xiaobo^[209] (Vis Sch) - 2010 Al Gore^[210] (Vis Prof) - 2007

Stanford University (7th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Stanford University, United States
Total: 84 (Univ Count: 51)^[211] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Stanford's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Official academic affiliates of Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (1962–2008) and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (2008– ) are included in this list.^[212]^[213] 3) Official academic affiliates of the Hoover Institution and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (since 2008) are included in the list.^[214]
Physics	Carl Wieman^[183] (PhD) - 2001 Eric Cornell^[184] (B.S) - 2001	Theodor Hänsch^[215] (Prof) - 2005 Carl Wieman^[216] (Prof) - 2001	Serge Haroche^[20] (PSD) - 2012
Chemistry	Paul Modrich^[135] (PhD) - 2015 Roger Kornberg^[30] (PhD) - 2006 Barry Sharpless^[37] (PhD) - 2001	William Moerner^[217] (Prof) - 2014* Michael Levitt^[98] (Prof) - 2013* Brian Kobilka^[218] (Prof) - 2012* Roger Kornberg^[30] (Prof) - 2006* Barry Sharpless^[37] (Prof) - 2001	M. Stanley Whittingham^[219] (PSD) -2019 Robert Grubbs^[202] (PSD) - 2005 Barry Sharpless^[37] (PSD) - 2001
Physiological or Medicine	Randy Schekman^[144] (PhD) - 2013	James Rothman^[41] (Prof) - 2013 Thomas Südhof^[220] (Prof) - 2013* Andrew Fire^[142] (Prof) - 2006*	James P. Allison^[143] (Vis Sch) - 2018 Michael W. Young^[221] (PSD) - 2017 Paul Lauterbur^[222] (Res) - 2003 Leland Hartwell^[188] (Vis) - 2001
Economics	Paul Milgrom^[150] (MS, PhD) - 2020 Bengt Holmström^[174] (M.S, PhD) - 2016 Alvin Roth^[62] (M.S, PhD) - 2012 Oliver Williamson^[68] (M.B.A) - 2009	Robert B. Wilson^[50] (Prof) - 2020* Paul Milgrom^[150] (Prof) - 2020* Paul Romer^[146] (Prof) - 2018 Alvin Roth^[62] (Prof) - 2012 Thomas Sargent^[55] (Prof) - 2011 Paul Krugman^[190] (Prof) - 2008 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Prof) - 2001 Michael Spence^[60] (Prof) - 2001*	Richard Thaler^[171] (Res Fel) - 2017 Bengt Holmström^[174] (Vis Prof) - 2016 Jean Tirole^[63] (Vis Sch) - 2014 Lars P. Hansen^[64] (Vis Prof) - 2013 Thomas Sargent^[55] (Vis Sch) - 2011 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Robert Aumann^[152] (Vis Prof) - 2005 Finn Kydland^[223] (National Fel) - 2004 Vernon L. Smith^[59] (Vis Prof) - 2002
Literature			Louise Glück^[224] (Vis Prof) - 2020 J. M. Coetzee^[225] (Vis Prof) - 2003
Peace

California Institute of Technology (8th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
California Institute of Technology, United States
Total: 76 (Univ Count: 40)^[226] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Caltech's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) The University Count of Caltech does not include short-term academic staff. 3) Official academic affiliates of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) are included in the following list.^[227] 4) The "Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Visiting Scholar" and "Gordon Moore Distinguished Scholar" are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty.^[228]^[229]
Physics	Andrea M. Ghez^[181] (PhD) - 2020 Kip Thorne^[230] (B.S) - 2017 Arthur B. McDonald^[231] (PhD) - 2015	Barry Barish^[128] (Prof) - 2017* Kip Thorne^[230] (Prof) - 2017* David Politzer^[17] (Prof) - 2004*	Didier Queloz^[232] (JPL Vis) - 2019 Barry Barish^[128] (Res Fel) - 2017 Roy Glauber^[16] (Lect) - 2005 Theodor Hänsch^[215] (Moore Sch) - 2005 David Politzer^[17] (Vis Assoc) - 2004 Masatoshi Koshiba^[162] (Fairchild Sch) - 2002
Chemistry	Eric Betzig^[233] (B.S) - 2014 Martin Karplus^[26] (PhD) - 2013	Frances Arnold^[133] (Prof) - 2018* Robert Grubbs^[202] (Prof) - 2005*	Frances Arnold^[133] (PSD) - 2018 Joachim Frank^[101] (PSD) - 2017 Thomas Steitz^[27]^[234] (Fairchild Sch) - 2009 Gerhard Ertl^[139] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Richard Schrock^[235]^[236] (Fairchild Sch) - 2005 Kurt Wüthrich^[140] (Vis Assoc) - 2002
Physiology or Medicine	Charles M. Rice^[237] (PhD) - 2020 Michael Rosbash^[187] (B.S) - 2017 Leland Hartwell^[188] (B.S) - 2001		Charles M. Rice^[237] (PSD) - 2020 Jeffrey C. Hall^[238] (PSD) - 2017 John Gurdon^[108] (PSD) - 2012 Robert G. Edwards^[109] (PSD) - 2010
Economics	Vernon L. Smith^[59] (B.S) - 2002		Lloyd Shapley^[53] (Sr. Res Fel) - 2012 Dale Mortensen^[239] (Vis Prof) - 2010 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Vernon L. Smith^[59] (Vis Prof) - 2002 Daniel McFadden^[148] (Fairchild Sch) - 2000

University of Oxford (9th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Total: 72 (Univ Count: 54)^[240] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Oxford's Nobel laureates (link above). The University count of Oxford does not include affiliates who came to Oxford after receiving their Nobel Prize. 2) The official Fellows at the various colleges of Oxford University are long-term academic staff with teaching/research duties. On the other hand, various visiting fellowships and honorary fellowships are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list. 3) The "Sanjay Lall Visiting Professorship" and "Christensen Fellowships" at Oxford are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.^[241]^[242] On the other hand, the "George Eastman Visiting Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries teaching duty;^[243]^[244] and, the "Newton Abraham Visiting Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries employment-level duties (Fellow of Lincoln College).^[245] 4) The Master of Arts (MA) degree at Oxford is an academic rank rather than an academic qualification. The BA is awarded to all who complete undergraduate studies, regardless of discipline. This is later converted to an MA with no further studies or examination. Academics in the Congregation are conferred the MA in order to obtain the right to vote.^[246] The Doctor of Philosophy degree at Oxford is styled as "DPhil" instead of "PhD".^[247]
Physics	John M. Kosterlitz^[19] (DPhil) - 2016 Anthony Leggett^[23] (MA, DPhil) - 2003	Roger Penrose^[91] (Prof) - 2020*	Arthur B. McDonald^[231] (Vis) - 2015 Frank Wilczek^[22] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Anthony Leggett^[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003
Chemistry	M. Stanley Whittingham^[219] (MA, DPhil) - 2019	John B. Goodenough^[165] (Prof) - 2019	Stefan Hell^[248] (Vis Sci) - 2014 Martin Karplus^[26] (PSD) - 2013
Physiology or Medicine	John Gurdon^[108] (MA, DPhil) - 2012 Oliver Smithies^[249] (MA, DPhil) - 2007 Sydney Brenner^[145] (DPhil) - 2002	Peter J. Ratcliffe^[103] (Prof) - 2019* Paul Nurse^[250] (Prof) - 2001	John Gurdon^[108] (Lect) - 2012
Economics	Michael Spence^[60] (MA) - 2001	Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Prof) - 2001	Peter Diamond^[67] (Vis) - 2010 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Vis Fel, St. Catherine's) - 2001
Literature	V. S. Naipaul^[251] (MA) - 2001
Peace	Malala Yousafzai^[252] (BA) - 2014

Princeton University (10th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Princeton University, United States
Total: 69 (Univ Count: 44)^[253] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Princeton's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Princeton's University Count only includes alumni and academic staff who "have performed their award-winning work at Princeton, were employed by Princeton when they received their award, or are currently working at the University".^[253] 3) Unlike the "Long-term Visiting Fellow" program, the "Belknap Visitor" and the "Short-term Visiting Fellow" programs of Council of Humanities at Princeton are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.^[254]
Physics	Jim Peebles^[255] (PhD) - 2019 Kip Thorne^[230] (M.A, PhD) - 2017 Frank Wilczek^[22] (M.A, PhD) - 2004	Jim Peebles^[255] (Prof) - 2019* Duncan Haldane^[93] (Prof) - 2016* Arthur B. McDonald^[231] (Prof) - 2015 David Gross^[21] (Prof) - 2004	Roger Penrose^[91] (Res Fel, Vis Prof) - 2020 Donna Strickland^[256] (Res) - 2018 Kip Thorne^[230] (PSD) - 2017 Rainer Weiss^[182] (PSD) - 2017 John M. Kosterlitz^[19] (Vis Prof) - 2016 Riccardo Giacconi^[18] (Res Assoc) - 2002
Chemistry	Frances Arnold^[133] (B.S) - 2018	John B. Fenn^[257] (Prof) - 2002	Tomas Lindahl^[258] (PSD) - 2015 Osamu Shimomura^[259] (Res) - 2008
Physiology or Medicine		James Rothman^[41] (Prof) - 2013
Economics	Oliver S. Hart^[61] (PhD) - 2016 Lloyd Shapley^[53] (PhD) - 2012 Michael Spence^[60] (B.A) - 2001 James Heckman^[173] (M.A, PhD) - 2000	Abhijit Banerjee^[51] (Asst Prof) - 2019 Angus Deaton^[114] (Prof) - 2015* Christopher Sims^[54] (Prof) - 2011* Paul Krugman^[260] (Prof) - 2008* Daniel Kahneman^[70] (Prof) - 2002* Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Prof) - 2001	Esther Duflo^[189] (Vis) - 2019 Angus Deaton^[114] (Vis Prof) - 2015 Jean Tirole^[63] (Vis Sch) - 2014 Lloyd Shapley^[53] (Fine Inst) - 2012 Thomas Sargent^[261] (Vis Prof) - 2011 Chris Pissarides^[66] (Vis) - 2010 Eric Maskin^[56] (Vis Lect) - 2007 Robert Aumann^[152] (Res Assoc) - 2005
Literature			Mario Vargas Llosa^[262] (Vis Prof) - 2010
Peace

Yale University (11th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Yale University, United States
Total: 65 Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Yale's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Official academic affiliates of Cowles Foundation after 1955 are included in this list (when the Foundation moved to Yale).^[263]
Physics	Raymond Davis Jr.^[264] (PhD) - 2002	David Thouless^[92] (Prof) - 2016 Serge Haroche^[20] (Prof) - 2012	Charles Kao^[265] (Adj Prof) - 2009
Chemistry	John B. Goodenough^[165] (B.A) - 2019 Brian Kobilka^[218] (M.D) - 2012 John B. Fenn^[257] (PhD) - 2002	Jennifer Doudna^[24] (Prof) - 2020 Thomas Steitz^[27] (Prof) - 2009* Irwin Rose^[166] (Prof) - 2004 John B. Fenn^[257] (Prof) - 2002	Richard Henderson^[97] (PSD) - 2017 Aziz Sancar^[266] (PSD) - 2015 Venki Ramakrishnan^[100] (PSD) - 2009
Physiology or Medicine	James Rothman^[41] (B.A) - 2013	James Rothman^[41] (Prof) - 2013* Paul Greengard^[113] (Prof) - 2000	Elizabeth Blackburn^[104] (PSD) - 2009
Economics	William Nordhaus^[116] (B.A, M.A) - 2018 Peter Diamond^[67] (B.A) - 2010 Paul Krugman^[260] (B.A) - 2008 Edmund Phelps^[192] (PhD) - 2006 George Akerlof^[147] (B.A) - 2001	Paul Milgrom^[150] (Prof) - 2020 William Nordhaus^[116] (Prof) - 2018* Bengt Holmström^[174] (Prof) - 2016 Robert Shiller^[65] (Prof) - 2013* Christopher Sims^[54] (Prof) - 2011 Oliver Williamson^[68] (Prof) - 2009 Paul Krugman^[260] (Asst Prof) - 2008 Edmund Phelps^[192] (Assoc Prof) - 2006 Thomas Schelling^[58] (Prof) - 2005 Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Prof) - 2001 James Heckman^[173] (Prof) - 2000	Paul Milgrom^[150] (Vis Prof) - 2020 Christopher Sims^[54] (Vis Prof) - 2011 Chris Pissarides^[66] (Vis) - 2010 Robert Aumann^[152] (Vis Prof) - 2005 Daniel McFadden^[148] (Irving Fisher Prof) - 2000 James Heckman^[173] (Vis Prof) - 2000
Literature		Louise Glück^[267] (Adj Prof) – 2020
Peace			Wangari Maathai^[268] (McCluskey Vis Fel) - 2004

Cornell University (12th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Cornell University, United States
Total: 61 (Univ Count: 50)^[269] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Cornell's Nobel laureates (link above). The University Count of Cornell does not include short-term academic staff (Fritz Lipmann being an exception). 2) The "Baker Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list.^[270] 3) The "A.D White Professorship-at-Large (A.D.W Professor)" at Cornell is an academic appointment which has a definite duration of appointment (six years). This is similar to adjunct professorship instead of usual visiting professorship (note that the University Count considers the A.D White Professors as full-time academic staff).^[271]
Physics	Arthur Ashkin^[200] (PhD) - 2018 David Thouless^[92] (PhD) - 2016	François Englert^[272] (Asst Prof) - 2013	Roger Penrose^[91]^[273] (Vis Res) - 2020 Kip Thorne^[230] (A.D.W Prof) - 2017 John M. Kosterlitz^[19] (PSD) - 2016 François Englert^[272] (Res Assoc) - 2013 Anthony Leggett^[23] (Vis Prof) - 2002 Carl Wieman^[274] (A.D.W Prof) - 2001
Chemistry	Eric Betzig^[233] (PhD) - 2014 William Moerner^[217] (M.S, PhD) - 2014		Joachim Frank^[101] (PSD) - 2017
Physiology or Medicine	Jack Szostak^[48] (PhD) - 2009	Charles M. Rice^[275] (Adj Prof) - 2020 James P. Allison^[143] (Prof) - 2018	Paul Greengard^[269] (A.D.W Prof) - 2000
Economics	Robert Engle^[191] (M.S, PhD) - 2003	Richard Thaler^[171] (Prof) - 2017	Dale Mortensen^[239] (Vis Prof) - 2010

Humboldt University of Berlin (13th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
Total: 57 (Univ Count: 29)^[276] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of HU Berlin's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) The majority of "Honorary Professorships" in Germany are awards/honors without employment-level duties, and are thus excluded from the list, unless the laureates indicate that their positions are official academic affiliations/carry employment-level duties.
Chemistry		Emmanuelle Charpentier^[277] (Hon Prof) - 2020*

University of Paris (14th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Paris, France
Total: 51 Notes: 1) The original University of Paris dissolved into 13 successors (University of Paris I-XIII) in 1970, and there has been another round of systematic reorganization since 2010, with a new University of Paris established in 2019.^[278] Currently, this list considers official academic affiliates of the still existing successors (of I-XIII) as well as their successors, if any, including the new University of Paris (V & VII), Sorbonne University (IV & VI) and Paris-Saclay University (XI). However, affiliates of Paris Dauphine University (IX) after 2019 are not considered here since it became a constituent college of Paris Sciences et Lettres University which was established as a university in 2019. 2) Official academic affiliates of École Normale Supérieure (ENS) between 10 November 1903 and 3 February 1953 are included below.^[279] 3) Léon Jouhaux was only taking courses at several universities including the Sorbonne while self-studying, instead of enrolling in any degree-program. He is thus excluded from the list.^[280]^[281]
Physics	Gérard Mourou^[282] (PhD) - 2018 Serge Haroche^[20] (PhD) - 2012 Albert Fert^[283] (PhD) - 2007 Pierre de Gennes^[284] (PhD) - 1991 Louis Néel^[285] (ENS B.A) - 1970 Alfred Kastler^[286] (ENS B.A, ENS PhD) - 1966 Louis de Broglie^[287] (B.S, PhD) - 1929 Jean Perrin^[288] (PhD) - 1926 Gabriel Lippmann^[289] (PhD) - 1908 Marie Curie^[290] (PhD) - 1903 Pierre Curie^[291] (PhD) - 1903	Serge Haroche^[20] (Prof) - 2012 Albert Fert^[283] (Prof) - 2007* George Smoot^[131] (Prof) - 2006 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji^[292] (Prof) - 1997 Louis de Broglie^[287] (Prof) - 1929* Jean Perrin^[288] (Prof) - 1926* Gabriel Lippmann^[289] (Prof) - 1908* Marie Curie^[290] (Prof) - 1903 Pierre Curie^[291] (Prof) - 1903	Murray Gell-Mann^[293] (Vis Prof) - 1969 Alfred Kastler^[286] (Res) - 1966 Charles Townes^[294] (Vis) - 1964
Chemistry	Emmanuelle Charpentier^[277] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 2020 Gerhard Ertl^[139] (UG Atten) - 2007 Frédéric Joliot-Curie^[295] (PhD) - 1935 Irène Joliot-Curie^[296] (B.S, PhD) - 1935 Marie Curie^[290] (PhD) - 1911 Henri Moissan^[297] (PhD) - 1906 Jacobus Hoff^[298] (Atten) - 1901	Frédéric Joliot-Curie^[295] (Prof) - 1935* Irène Joliot-Curie^[296] (Prof) - 1935* Marie Curie^[290] (Prof) - 1911* Henri Moissan^[297] (Prof) - 1906*	Michael Levitt^[98] (Vis) - 2013 Jaroslav Heyrovský^[299]^[300] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1959
Physiology or Medicine	Françoise Barré-Sinoussi^[301] (B.S, PhD) - 2008 Luc Montagnier^[302] (M.D) - 2008 Bert Sakmann^[303] (UG Atten) - 1991 Jean Dausset^[304]^[305] (M.D) - 1980 André Lwoff^[306] (M.D, PhD) - 1965 François Jacob^[307] (M.D, PhD) - 1965 Jacques Monod^[308] (PhD) - 1965 André Cournand^[309] (B.S, M.D) - 1956 Charles Nicolle^[310] (Med Atten) - 1928 Charles Richet^[311] (M.D, PhD) - 1913	Jean Dausset^[304] (Prof) - 1980* André Lwoff^[306] (Prof) - 1965 Jacques Monod^[308] (Prof) - 1965 Charles Richet^[311] (Prof) - 1913*
Economics	Jean Tirole^[63] (PhD) - 2014 Maurice Allais^[312] (D.Eng) - 1988 Gérard Debreu^[313] (PhD) - 1983	Maurice Allais^[312] (Prof) - 1988	Oliver Williamson^[68] (Vis Prof) - 2009
Literature	Patrick Modiano^[314] (UG Atten) - 2014 Jean-Paul Sartre^[315] (B.A, M.A) - 1964 Giorgos Seferis^[316] (LLB) - 1963 T.S. Eliot^[317] (Grad Atten) - 1948 Henri Bergson^[318] (PhD) - 1927 Romain Rolland^[319] (PhD) - 1915	Romain Rolland^[320]^[321] (Prof) - 1915
Peace	René Cassin^[322] (DCL) - 1968 Albert Schweitzer^[323] (Grad Atten) - 1952 Ferdinand Buisson^[324] (B.A) - 1927 Léon Bourgeois^[325] (DCL) - 1920 Louis Renault^[326] (DCL) - 1907 Charles Gobat^[327] (Law Atten) - 1902	René Cassin^[322] (Prof) - 1968 Ferdinand Buisson^[324] (Prof) - 1927 Louis Renault^[326] (Prof) - 1907*	Auguste Beernaert^[328] (Vis Fel) - 1909

University of Göttingen (15th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Göttingen, Germany
Total: 44 (Univ Count: 45,^[329] or 44^[330]^[331]) Notes: 1) The affiliations of several laureates in the University Count are actually affiliations with the city of Göttingen instead of with the university. 2) Members of Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities are not included in the list, for the organization has no affiliation with the university.^[332] 3) Officially, the University of Göttingen claims 45 affiliates today, but its website still retains a historical document (the statistics of which may not be updated) about its 44 Nobel Prize affiliates up to 2002 for the purpose of perpetuating a memorial exhibition held in that year.
Physics	Herbert Kroemer^[333] (B.A, PhD) - 2000 Hans Dehmelt^[334] (B.A, PhD) - 1989 Maria Mayer^[335] (PhD) - 1963 Max Born^[336] (PhD) - 1954 Werner Heisenberg^[337] (Grad Atten) - 1932 Gustav Hertz^[338] (UG Atten) - 1925 Max Laue^[339] (UG Atten) - 1914 Wilhelm Wien^[340] (UG Atten) - 1911	Max Born^[336] (Prof) - 1954 James Franck^[341] (Prof) - 1925* Max Laue^[339] (Prof) - 1914	Hans Dehmelt^[334] (Res Assoc) - 1989 Wolfgang Paul^[342] (Lect) - 1989 Nevill Mott^[343] (PSD) - 1977 Eugene Wigner^[344] (Res Asst) - 1963 Patrick Blackett^[345] (Vis Fel) - 1948 Wolfgang Pauli^[346] (Res Asst) - 1945 Paul Dirac^[347]^[348] (PSD) - 1933 Enrico Fermi^[349] (PSD) - 1938 Robert Millikan^[350] (PSD) - 1923 Johannes Stark^[351] (Lect) - 1919
Chemistry	Manfred Eigen^[352] (PhD) - 1967 Adolf Butenandt^[353] (PhD) - 1939 Norman Haworth^[354] (PhD) - 1937 Irving Langmuir^[355] (PhD) - 1932 Otto Wallach^[356] (PhD) - 1910	Stefan Hell^[248] (Prof) - 2014 Peter Debye^[357] (Prof) - 1936 Adolf Windaus^[358] (Prof) - 1928* Richard Zsigmondy^[359] (Prof) - 1925* Walther Nernst^[360] (Prof) - 1920 Otto Wallach^[356] (Prof) - 1910*	Thomas Steitz^[27]^[234] (Macy Fel) - 2009 Dudley Herschbach^[361] (Vis Prof) - 1986 Gerhard Herzberg^[362] (PSD) - 1971 Lars Onsager^[363] (Vis Gauss Prof) - 1968 Hans Euler-Chelpin^[364] (Res) - 1929 Theodore W. Richards^[365]^[366] (Res) - 1914
Physiology or Medicine	Thomas Südhof^[220] (PhD) - 2013 Bert Sakmann^[303] (M.D) - 1991 Max Delbrück^[367]^[368] (PhD) - 1969 Hans A. Krebs^[369] (Med Atten) - 1953 Robert Koch^[370] (M.D) - 1905	Bert Sakmann^[303] (Prof) - 1991 Erwin Neher^[371] (Prof) - 1991 Paul Ehrlich^[372]^[331] (Prof) - 1908*	Élie Metchnikoff^[373] (Res) - 1908
Literature	Rudolf Eucken^[374]^[330] (PhD) - 1908
Peace	Ludwig Quidde^[375] (PhD) - 1927

University of Munich (16th)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Munich, Germany
Total: 43 (Univ Count: 14)^[376] Notes: 1) The majority of "Honorary Professorships" in Germany are awards/honors without employment-level duties, and are thus excluded from the list, unless the laureates indicate that their positions are official academic affiliations/carry employment-level duties.
Physics	Wolfgang Ketterle^[185] (PhD) - 2001 Hans Bethe^[377] (PhD) - 1967 Wolfgang Pauli^[346] (PhD) - 1945 Werner Heisenberg^[337] (PhD) - 1932 Gustav Hertz^[338] (UG Atten) - 1925 Johannes Stark^[351] (PhD) - 1919 Max Planck^[378] (PhD) - 1918 Max Laue^[339] (Grad Atten) - 1914	Reinhard Genzel^[130] (Hon Prof) - 2020* Theodor Hänsch^[215] (Prof) - 2005* Wilhelm Wien^[340] (Prof) - 1911 Wilhelm Röntgen^[379] (Prof) - 1901*	Nico Bloembergen^[380] (Vis Prof) - 1981 Hans Bethe^[377] (Lect) - 1967 Isidor Rabi^[381] (Res Fel) - 1944 Max Laue^[339] (Privatdozent) - 1914
Chemistry	Joachim Frank^[101] (M.S) - 2017 Gerhard Ertl^[139] (UG Atten) - 2007 Hartmut Michel^[382] (Grad Atten) - 1988 Odd Hassel^[383] (Grad Atten) - 1969 Hermann Staudinger^[384]^[385] (UG Atten) - 1953 Otto Hahn^[386] (UG Atten) - 1944 Richard Kuhn^[387] (PhD) - 1938 Peter Debye^[357] (PhD) - 1936 Hans Fischer^[388] (M.D) - 1930 Heinrich Wieland^[389] (PhD) - 1927 Richard Zsigmondy^[359] (PhD) - 1925 Richard Willstätter^[390] (PhD) - 1915 Eduard Buchner^[391] (PhD) - 1907	Gerhard Ertl^[139] (Prof) - 2007 Ernst Otto Fischer^[392] (Prof) - 1973 Adolf Butenandt^[353] (Prof) - 1939 Heinrich Wieland^[389] (Prof) - 1927* Richard Willstätter^[390] (Prof) - 1915* Adolf von Baeyer^[393] (Prof) - 1905* Emil Fischer^[394] (Assoc Prof) - 1902	Linus Pauling^[395] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1954 Wendell Stanley^[396] (NRC Fel) - 1946 Hans Fischer^[388] (Lect) - 1930 Eduard Buchner^[391] (Lect) - 1907
Physiology or Medicine	Günter Blobel^[397] (UG Atten) - 1999 Bert Sakmann^[303] (M.D) - 1991 Feodor Lynen^[398] (PhD) - 1964 Fritz Lipmann^[399] (UG Atten) - 1953 Otto Loewi^[400] (Med Atten) - 1936 Hans Spemann^[401]^[402] (UG Atten) - 1935	Karl von Frisch^[403] (Prof) - 1973* Feodor Lynen^[398] (Prof) - 1964	Haldan Hartline^[404]^[405] (Res Fel) - 1967 Philip Hench^[406]^[407] (Vis) - 1950
Literature	Thomas Mann^[408]^[409] (UG Atten) - 1929
Peace			Linus Pauling^[395] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1962

Johns Hopkins University (17th, Tie)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Johns Hopkins University, United States
Total: 39 (Univ Count: 29)^[410] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Johns Hopkins' Nobel laureates (link above).
Physics		Adam Riess^[13] (Prof) - 2011* Riccardo Giacconi^[18] (Prof) - 2002
Chemistry	Aziz Sancar^[266] (Grad Atten) - 2015 Peter Agre^[411] (M.D) - 2003	Peter Agre^[411] (Prof) - 2003*	Daniel Shechtman^[412] (Vis Res) - 2011 Kurt Wüthrich^[140] (Sch in Residence) - 2002
Physiology or Medicine	Richard Axel^[204] (M.D) - 2004 Paul Greengard^[113] (PhD) - 2000	Gregg L. Semenza^[40] (Prof) - 2019* Carol Greider^[141] (Prof) - 2009* Andrew Fire^[142] (Prof) - 2006	Gregg L. Semenza^[40] (PSD) - 2019 William Kaelin Jr.^[47] (Med Res) - 2019
Literature			J.M. Coetzee^[73] (Hinkley Prof) - 2003

University of Copenhagen (17th, Tie)[]

	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Total: 39 (Univ Count: 9)^[413] Notes: 1) The following table only shows laureates since 2000. For complete list, please refer to the main article of Copenhagen's Nobel laureates (link above). 2) Official academic affiliates of the Niels Bohr Institute (formerly, the Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics) are included in this list.
Physics		Andre Geim^[414] (PSD) - 2010 David Gross^[415] (Vis Prof) - 2004
Economics	William Nordhaus^[116] (Adj Prof) - 2018

New York University (19th, Tie)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
New York University, United States
Total: 38 (Univ Count: 24)^[416] Notes: 1) Rudolf Eucken was a Deem Lecturer giving public lectures at the University.^[374] He is thus excluded from the list. 2) Wole Soyinka, being Scholar-in-Residence for a series of public lectures, is excluded from the list.^[417] 3) Shimon Peres's "education" at NYU was not likely a degree program (as his program at Harvard), and is not included in the list until further confirmation.^[418]
Physics	Frederick Reines^[419] (PhD) - 1995 Martin Perl^[420] (B.S) - 1995 Clifford Shull^[421] (PhD) - 1994
Chemistry		Rudolph Marcus^[422] (Prof) - 1992 Robert Mulliken^[423] (Asst Prof) - 1966	Emmanuelle Charpentier^[277] (Asst Res) - 2020 Avram Hershko^[424] (Adj Prof) - 2004 Irwin Rose^[166] (PSD) - 2004
Physiology or Medicine	John O'Keefe^[425] (UG Atten) - 2014 Eric Kandel^[205] (M.D) - 2000 Gertrude Elion^[426] (M.S) - 1988 Julius Axelrod^[427] (M.A) - 1970 George Wald^[428] (B.S) - 1967	Eric Kandel^[205] (Assoc Prof) - 2000 Baruj Benacerraf^[429] (Prof) - 1980 Severo Ochoa^[430] (Prof) - 1959* Otto Loewi^[400] (Res Prof) - 1936	George Palade^[431] (PSD) - 1974 John C. Eccles^[432] (Vis Prof) - 1963 Francis Crick^[433] (PSD) - 1962 Arthur Kornberg^[434] (Res) - 1959
Economics		Paul Romer^[146] (Prof) - 2018* Thomas Sargent^[55] (Prof) - 2011* Edmund Phelps^[192] (Prof) - 2006 Robert Engle^[191] (Prof) - 2003* Michael Spence^[435] (Prof) - 2001 Wassily Leontief^[436] (Prof) - 1973	Paul Romer^[146] (Henry Kaufman Vis Prof) - 2018 Dale Mortensen^[239] (Morgenstern Vis Prof) - 2010 Robert Aumann^[152] (Morgenstern Vis Prof) - 2005 Edward Prescott^[172] (Shinsei Bank Vis Prof) - 2004 James Heckman^[173] (Adj Asst Prof) - 2000 Tjalling Koopmans^[437] (Lect) - 1975 Friedrich Hayek^[438] (PSD) - 1974 Gunnar Myrdal^[439] (Vis Prof) - 1974 Paul Samuelson^[440] (Sendai Bank Vis Prof) - 1970
Literature		Joseph Brodsky^[441]^[442] (Prof) - 1987	Saul Bellow^[443] (Vis Lect) - 1976
Peace	Mohamed ElBaradei^[444] (J.S.D) - 2005 Elihu Root^[445] (J.D) - 1912		Mohamed ElBaradei^[444] (Adj Prof) - 2005

Rockefeller University (19th, Tie)[]

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Rockefeller University, United States
Total: 38 (Univ Count: 26)^[446] Notes: 1) The University Count does not include short-term academic staff.
Physics			Martinus Veltman^[447] (Vis) - 1999
Chemistry		Roderick MacKinnon^[33] (Prof) - 2003* Bruce Merrifield^[448] (Prof) - 1984* Stanford Moore^[449] (Prof) - 1972* William H. Stein^[450] (Prof) - 1972* John H. Northrop^[451] (Prof) - 1946* Wendell Stanley^[396] (Prof) - 1946*	Emmanuelle Charpentier^[277] (PSD) - 2020 Tomas Lindahl^[258] (PSD) - 2015 Aaron Ciechanover^[36] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Michael Smith^[452] (Vis) - 1993 Lars Onsager^[363] (Vis Prof) - 1968
Physiology or Medicine	Daniel Nathans^[453]^[454] (Grad Atten) - 1978 David Baltimore^[455] (PhD) - 1975 Gerald Edelman^[456] (PhD) - 1972	Charles M. Rice^[237] (Prof) - 2020* Michael W. Young^[221] (Prof) - 2017* Bruce Beutler^[168] (Asst Prof) - 2011 Ralph Steinman^[42] (Prof) - 2011* Paul Nurse^[457] (Prof) - 2001 Paul Greengard^[113] (Prof) - 2000* Günter Blobel^[458] (Prof) - 1999* Torsten Wiesel^[459] (Prof) - 1981 David Baltimore^[455] (Prof) - 1975 Albert Claude^[460] (Prof) - 1974* Christian de Duve^[461] (Prof) - 1974* George Palade^[431] (Prof) - 1974 Gerald Edelman^[456] (Prof) - 1972* Haldan Hartline (Prof) - 1967* Peyton Rous^[462] (Prof) - 1966* Edward Tatum^[463] (Prof) - 1958* Joshua Lederberg^[464] (Prof) - 1958 Fritz Lipmann^[399] (Prof) - 1953 Herbert Gasser^[465] (Prof) - 1944* Karl Landsteiner^[466] (Prof) - 1930* Alexis Carrel^[467] (Prof) - 1912*	Yoshinori Ohsumi^[468] (PSD) - 2016 Bruce Beutler^[168] (PSD) - 2011 Ralph Steinman^[469] (PSD) - 2011 Günter Blobel^[458] (PSD) - 1999 George Palade^[431] (PSD) - 1974 Ragnar Granit^[470] (Vis Prof) - 1967 Alan Hodgkin^[471] (Res) - 1963 Henrik Dam^[472] (Res Assoc) - 1943

21st–30th[]

21st

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Pennsylvania, United States
Total: 36 (Univ Count: 26)^[473] Notes: 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania. 2) Martin Luther King Jr. only audited classes at the University but did not enroll in a degree program.^[474] He is thus excluded from the list.
Physics	George E. Smith^[159] (B.S) - 2009	Raymond Davis Jr.^[264] (Prof) - 2002* John Schrieffer^[475] (Prof) - 1972*	Robert Hofstadter^[476] (Inst) - 1961
Chemistry	Ei-ichi Negishi^[477] (PhD) - 2010 Ahmed Zewail^[478] (PhD) - 1999 Chris Anfinsen^[479] (M.S) - 1972	Irwin Rose^[480] (Prof) - 2004 Alan Heeger^[134] (Prof) - 2000 Alan MacDiarmid^[99] (Prof) - 2000*	Hideki Shirakawa^[481] (PSD) - 2000 Walter Kohn^[482] (Vis Sch) - 1998 Vincent du Vigneaud^[483] (Res Asst) - 1955 Richard Kuhn^[387] (Vis Prof) - 1938
Physiology or Medicine	Gregg L. Semenza^[40] (M.D, PhD) - 2019 Stanley Prusiner^[484] (B.A, M.D) - 1997 Michael S. Brown^[485] (B.A, M.D) - 1985 Gerald Edelman^[456] (M.D) - 1972	Baruch Blumberg^[486] (Prof) - 1976	William Cecil Campbell^[112]^[487] (Adj Prof) - 2015 Harald zur Hausen^[488] (Res Fel) - 2008 Haldan Hartline^[404]^[405] (Res) - 1967 Ragnar Granit^[470] (Res Fel) - 1967 Howard Florey^[489] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1945 Otto Meyerhof^[490]^[491] (Res Prof) - 1922
Economics		Robert Shiller^[65] (Prof) - 2013 Thomas Sargent^[55] (Assoc Prof) - 2011 Oliver Williamson^[68] (Prof) - 2009 Edmund Phelps^[192] (Prof) - 2006 Edward Prescott^[172] (Asst Prof) - 2004 Harry Markowitz^[492] (Prof) - 1990 Lawrence Klein^[493] (Prof) - 1980* Simon Kuznets^[494] (Prof) - 1971	Oliver S. Hart^[61] (Vis Lect) - 2016 Edward Prescott^[172] (Lect) - 2004 Robert Engle^[191] (Fel) - 2003 Robert Mundell^[495] (Richard Fox Prof) - 1999

22nd

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University College London, United Kingdom
Total: 34 (Univ Count: 29)^[496] Notes: 1) 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with University College London. 2) Francis Crick Institute (UKCMRI), founded in 2010, has no direct affiliation with University College London and thus its affiliates are not counted as affiliates of UCL.^[497] However, the founding director Paul Nurse is included in the following list since the university is a founding partner of the institute.
Physics	Roger Penrose^[91] (B.S) - 2020 Charles Kao^[265] (PhD) - 2009 Owen Richardson^[498]^[499] (PhD) - 1928	William H. Bragg^[500] (Prof) - 1915*	Peter Higgs^[501] (Res Fel) - 2013
Chemistry	Jaroslav Heyrovský^[502] (B.S, PhD) - 1959	Robert Robinson^[503] (Prof) - 1947 William Ramsay^[504] (Prof) - 1904*	George Porter^[505] (Vis Prof) - 1967 Vincent du Vigneaud^[483] (NRC Fel) - 1955 Otto Hahn^[386] (Res) - 1944 Frederick Soddy^[506] (Res) - 1921
Physiology or Medicine	Martin Evans^[105] (PhD) - 2007 Francis Crick^[433] (B.S) - 1962 Frederick Hopkins^[507] (B.S) - 1929	John O'Keefe^[425] (Prof) - 2014* James Rothman^[508] (Prof) - 2013 Paul Nurse^[509] (UKCMRI) - 2001 James W. Black^[510] (Prof) - 1988 Bernard Katz^[511] (Prof) - 1970* Andrew Huxley^[512] (Prof) - 1963* Peter Medawar^[513] (Prof) - 1960* Archibald Hill^[514] (Prof) - 1922*	Edvard Moser^[515] (PSD) - 2014 John O'Keefe^[425] (PSD) - 2014 May-Britt Moser^[516]^[517] (PSD) - 2014 Bert Sakmann^[303] (British Council Fel) - 1991 Ulf von Euler^[496]^[518] (Vis) - 1970 Herbert Gasser^[519] (Res) - 1944 Corneille Heymans^[520] (Res) - 1938 Henry H. Dale^[521] (PSD) - 1936 Otto Loewi^[400]^[496] (Res) - 1936
Economics	Trygve Haavelmo^[522] (Grad Atten) - 1989	James Heckman^[173] (Prof) - 2000
Literature	Rabindranath Tagore^[523] (UG Atten) - 1913

23rd

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Total: 32 (Univ Count: 21)^[524] Notes: 1) See also: List of ETH Zurich people#Nobel Prize winners. 2) Konrad Bloch was a Guggenheim Fellow at ETH in 1953, but he is excluded from the list because he does not classify the award-based visiting position as an appointment.^[525]^[526]
Physics	Georg Bednorz^[527] (PhD) - 1987 K. Alex Müller^[528] (PhD) - 1987 Heinrich Rohrer^[529] (B.S, PhD) - 1986 Felix Bloch^[530] (UG Atten) - 1952 Albert Einstein^[531] (B.A) - 1921 Charles Guillaume^[532] (PhD) - 1920 Gustaf Dalén^[533] (Grad Atten) - 1912 Wilhelm Röntgen^[379] (B.S) - 1901	Wolfgang Pauli^[346] (Prof) - 1945 Albert Einstein^[531] (Prof) - 1921	Isidor Rabi^[381] (Res Fel) - 1944 Otto Stern^[534] (Privatdozent) - 1943
Chemistry	Richard R. Ernst^[535] (PhD) - 1991 Alfred Werner^[536] (B.S) - 1913	Kurt Wüthrich^[140] (Prof) - 2002* Richard R. Ernst^[535] (Prof) - 1991* Vladimir Prelog^[537] (Prof) - 1975* Leopold Ružička^[538] (Prof) - 1939* Richard Kuhn^[387] (Prof) - 1938 Peter Debye^[357] (Prof) - 1936 Richard Willstätter^[390] (Prof) - 1915	William Moerner^[217] (Vis Prof) - 2014 Richard Heck^[539] (PSD) - 2010 Walter Kohn^[482] (Vis Sch) - 1998 Jean-Marie Lehn^[540] (Vis Prof) - 1987 Lars Onsager^[363] (Res) - 1968 Hermann Staudinger^[384] (Lect) - 1953 Artturi Virtanen^[541] (PSD) - 1945 George de Hevesy^[542] (Res) - 1943 Fritz Haber^[543] (Res) - 1918
Physiology or Medicine	Werner Arber^[544] (B.S) - 1978 Tadeus Reichstein^[545] (B.S, PhD) - 1950		Max Delbrück^[546] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1969 Gobind Khorana^[547] (PSD) - 1968 Tadeus Reichstein^[545] (Lect) - 1950

24th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, United States
Total: 30 (Univ Count: 23)^[548] Notes: 1) The University Count includes Philip W. Anderson and James Tobin as affiliates only because they graduated from University Laboratory High School - Urbana. These two laureates are thus excluded from the list. 2) Murray Gell-Mann was a research associate at UIUC in the summer terms of 1951 and 1953. His collaboration with Francis E. Low resulted in Gell-Mann and Low theorem.^[549] Thus he is included in the list.
Physics	Jack Kilby^[550] (B.S) - 2000 John Schrieffer^[475] (M.S, PhD) - 1972 Polykarp Kusch^[551] (M.S, PhD) - 1955	Anthony Leggett^[23] (Prof) - 2003* John Bardeen^[552] (Prof) - 1956, 1972 John Schrieffer^[475] (Assoc Prof) - 1972	Anthony Leggett^[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003 Zhores Alferov^[553] (Vis) - 2000 Norman Ramsey^[554] (Res Assoc Prof) - 1989 Brian Josephson^[555] (PSD) - 1973 Leon Cooper^[556] (Res Assoc) - 1972 Murray Gell-Mann^[293] (Res Assoc) - 1969 Emilio Segrè^[557] (Vis Prof) - 1959
Chemistry	Vincent du Vigneaud^[483] (B.S, M.S) - 1955 Wendell Stanley^[396] (M.S, PhD) - 1946	Rudolph Marcus^[422] (Prof) - 1992 Elias Corey^[558] (Prof) - 1990	Martin Karplus^[26] (Inst) - 2013 Vincent du Vigneaud^[483]^[559] (Res Assoc) - 1955
Physiology or Medicine	Phillip Sharp^[560] (PhD) - 1993 Edwin Krebs^[561] (B.S) - 1992 Hamilton O. Smith^[562] (UG Atten) - 1978 Rosalyn Yalow^[563] (M.A, PhD) - 1977 Robert W. Holley^[564] (B.A) - 1968 Edward Doisy^[565] (B.A, M.S) - 1942	Paul Lauterbur^[222] (Prof) - 2003* Salvador Luria^[566] (Prof) - 1969	Peter Mansfield^[567] (Res Assoc) - 2003 Martin Rodbell^[568] (PSD) - 1994 Otto H. Warburg^[569]^[570] (Res) - 1931
Economics		Alvin Roth^[62] (Prof) - 2012 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Prof) - 2007 Franco Modigliani^[571] (Prof) - 1985	Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Vis Prof) - 2007
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Minnesota, United States
Total: 30 (Univ Count: 25)^[572] Notes: 1) This list considers laureates of the original University of Minnesota (University of Minnesota, Twin Cities) as well as its affiliated institutions. Other member universities in the University of Minnesota system are considered separately once they became independent from the campus of Twin Cities.
Physics	Walter Brattain^[573] (PhD) - 1956 Ernest Lawrence^[574] (M.A) - 1939	John van Vleck^[575] (Prof) - 1977 John Bardeen^[552] (Asst Prof) - 1956, 1972	Hans D. Jensen^[576]^[577] (Vis Prof) - 1963 Polykarp Kusch^[551] (Res Asst) - 1955 Arthur Compton^[578] (Inst) - 1927
Chemistry	Brian Kobilka^[218] (B.S) - 2012 Melvin Calvin^[579] (PhD) - 1961	Paul D. Boyer^[580]^[581] (Prof) - 1997 William Lipscomb^[582]^[583] (Prof) - 1976
Physiology or Medicine	Louis Ignarro^[584] (PhD) - 1998 Edward B. Lewis^[585] (B.A) - 1995	Edward C. Kendall^[586] (Prof) - 1950* Philip Hench^[406] (Prof) - 1950*
Economics	Lars P. Hansen^[64] (PhD) - 2013 Daniel McFadden^[148] (B.S, PhD) - 2000	Robert Shiller^[65] (Asst Prof) - 2013 Christopher Sims^[54] (Prof) - 2011 Thomas Sargent^[55] (Prof) - 2011 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Prof) - 2007* Edward Prescott^[172] (Prof) - 2004 George Stigler^[587] (Asst Prof) - 1982 Milton Friedman^[588] (Assoc Prof) - 1976	Robert Aumann^[152] (Vis) - 2005 Finn Kydland^[223] (Vis Sch) - 2004 James Tobin^[589] (Vis Prof) - 1981
Literature	Bob Dylan^[590] (UG Atten) - 2016	Saul Bellow^[591]^[443] (Assoc Prof) - 1976
Peace	Norman Borlaug^[592] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 1970

26th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of California, San Diego, United States
Total: 27 (Univ Count: 5)^[593] Notes: 1) UCSD University Count only includes faculty members who are currently at UCSD.
Physics		Duncan Haldane^[93] (Prof) - 2016 Hannes Alfvén^[594] (Prof) - 1970 Maria Mayer^[335] (Prof) - 1963*	David M. Lee^[595] (Vis Prof) - 1996 Hans D. Jensen^[576]^[596] (Vis Prof) - 1963
Chemistry	Venki Ramakrishnan^[100] (Grad Atten) - 2009	William Moerner^[217] (Prof) - 2014 Roger Tsien^[29] (Prof) - 2008* Walter Kohn^[482] (Prof) - 1998 Mario Molina^[597] (Prof) - 1995 Paul Crutzen^[598] (Prof) - 1995 Linus Pauling^[599] (Prof) - 1954 Harold Urey^[600] (Prof) - 1934	Lars Onsager^[363] (Vis Prof) - 1968
Physiology or Medicine	Bruce Beutler^[168] (B.A) - 2011 Susumu Tonegawa^[601] (PhD) - 1987	Renato Dulbecco^[602] (Prof) - 1975 George Palade^[431] (Prof) - 1974 Francis Crick^[603]^[604] (Adj Prof) - 1962	Randy Schekman^[144] (PSD) - 2013 Sydney Brenner^[605] (Adj Prof) - 2002 Robert Furchgott^[606] (Vis Prof) - 1998 Rolf Zinkernagel^[607] (Adj Assoc Prof) - 1975 Robert W. Holley^[564] (Adj Prof) - 1968
Economics		Clive Granger^[608] (Prof) - 2003* Robert Engle^[191] (Prof) - 2003 Harry Markowitz^[492] (Adj Prof) - 1990
Peace		Linus Pauling^[599] (Prof) - 1962
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Heidelberg, Germany
Total: 27 (Univ Count: 33)^[609] Notes: 1) The University Count includes 4 honorary doctors and some affiliates with research institutes in City of Heidelberg. They are excluded from the following list. 2) Harald zur Hausen has been an honorary professor at the university since 1988. This is an honor-based position, which is not classified as an "appointment" in Hausen's C.V.^[488]^[610] Thus, he is excluded from the following list, contrary to the University Count.
Physics	Theodor Hänsch^[215] (B.A, PhD) - 2005 Wolfgang Ketterle^[185] (B.A) - 2001 Max Born^[611] (UG Atten) - 1954 James Franck^[341]^[612] (UG Atten) - 1925 Heike Onnes^[613] (Grad Atten) - 1913 Albert Michelson^[614]^[609] (Grad Atten) - 1907 Philipp Lenard^[615] (PhD) - 1905	Hans D. Jensen^[576] (Prof) - 1963* Walther Bothe^[616] (Prof) - 1954* Philipp Lenard^[615] (Prof) - 1905	Wolfgang Ketterle^[185] (Res Sci) - 2001 Hans Dehmelt^[617] (Vis Res) - 1989 Gabriel Lippmann^[289] (Vis) - 1908
Chemistry	Stefan Hell^[248] (PhD) - 2014 Fritz Haber^[543] (UG Atten) - 1918 Adolf von Baeyer^[393] (Atten) - 1905	Georg Wittig^[618] (Prof) - 1979* Karl Ziegler^[619]^[620] (Assoc Prof) - 1963 Richard Kuhn^[387] (Prof) - 1938* Carl Bosch^[621] (Prof) - 1931* Friedrich Bergius^[622] (Prof) - 1931*	Stefan Hell^[248] (Adj Prof) - 2014 Karl Ziegler^[619] (Lect) - 1963
Physiology or Medicine	Hans Spemann^[401] (UG Atten) - 1935 Otto H. Warburg^[623] (M.D) - 1931 Otto Meyerhof^[490] (M.D) - 1922	Bert Sakmann^[303] (Prof) - 1991 Albrecht Kossel^[624] (Prof) - 1910*
Literature	Carl Spitteler^[625] (UG Atten) - 1919
Peace	Charles Gobat^[327] (J.D) - 1902		Auguste Beernaert^[328] (Vis Fel) - 1909

28th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Michigan, United States
Total: 26
Physics	David Politzer^[17] (B.S) - 2004 Samuel Ting^[626] (B.S, PhD) - 1976	Gérard Mourou^[282] (Prof) - 2018* Carl Wieman^[183] (Asst Prof) - 2001 Martinus Veltman^[447] (Prof) - 1999 Martin Perl^[420] (Assoc Prof) - 1995 Donald Glaser^[627] (Prof) - 1960	Norman Ramsey^[554] (Vis Prof) - 1989 Wolfgang Pauli^[346] (Vis Prof) - 1945
Chemistry	Richard Smalley^[628] (B.S) - 1996 Jerome Karle^[629] (PhD) - 1985		Walter Kohn^[482] (Vis Sch) - 1998 Jerome Karle^[629] (Res) - 1985
Physiology or Medicine	Stanley Cohen^[630] (PhD) - 1986 Marshall Nirenberg^[631] (PhD) - 1968 Thomas H. Weller^[632] (B.A, M.S) - 1954		Hamilton O. Smith^[562] (PSD) - 1978 Charles Huggins^[633] (Inst) - 1966 Peyton Rous^[462] (Inst) - 1966
Economics	Paul Milgrom^[150] (B.A) - 2020 Robert Shiller^[65] (B.A) - 2013		Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Daniel Kahneman^[70] (Vis Sci) - 2002 James Tobin^[634] (Vis Prof) - 1981 Lawrence Klein^[635] (Lect) - 1980
Literature		Joseph Brodsky^[636] (Prof) - 1987	Joseph Brodsky^[636] (Poet-in-Residence) - 1987 Czesław Miłosz (Vis Prof) - 1980
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Wisconsin–Madison, United States
Total: 26 (Univ Count: 19)^[637] Notes: 1) The University Count does not include short-term academic staff.
Physics	Jack Kilby^[550] (M.S) - 2000 John van Vleck^[575] (B.A) - 1977 John Bardeen^[552] (B.S, M.S) - 1956, 1972	John van Vleck^[575] (Prof) - 1977 Eugene Wigner^[344] (Prof) - 1963	Paul Dirac^[638]^[639] (Vis Prof) - 1933 Hans D. Jensen^[576]^[577] (Vis Prof) - 1963
Chemistry	Alan MacDiarmid^[99] (M.S) - 2000 Paul D. Boyer^[580] (PhD) - 1997 Stanford Moore^[449] (PhD) - 1972		George P. Smith^[25] (PSD) - 2018 John E. Walker^[640] (PSD) - 1997 Michael Smith^[452] (PSD) - 1993 Peter Debye^[641]^[642] (Vis) - 1936
Physiology or Medicine	William Cecil Campbell^[112] (PhD) - 2015 Günter Blobel^[458] (PhD) - 1999 Erwin Neher^[371] (M.S) - 1991 Edward Tatum^[463] (M.S, PhD) - 1958 Herbert Gasser^[465] (B.A, M.A) - 1944	Oliver Smithies^[249] (Prof) - 2007 Howard Temin^[643] (Prof) - 1975* Gobind Khorana^[547] (Prof) - 1968* Joshua Lederberg^[464] (Prof) - 1958* Joseph Erlanger^[644] (Prof) - 1944	Oliver Smithies^[249] (PSD) - 2007
Economics	Theodore Schultz^[645] (PhD) - 1979		Milton Friedman^[588] (Vis Prof) - 1976
Literature	Saul Bellow^[591] (Grad Atten) - 1976

30th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of California, Los Angeles, United States
Total: 25 (Univ Count: 15)^[646]^[647]
Physics		Andrea M. Ghez^[181] (Prof) - 2020* Julian Schwinger^[648] (Prof) - 1965	Julian Schwinger^[648] (Vis Prof) - 1965
Chemistry	Richard Heck^[539] (B.A, PhD) - 2010 Bruce Merrifield^[448]^[649] (B.A, PhD) - 1984 Glenn Seaborg^[650] (B.A) - 1951	Fraser Stoddart^[651] (Prof) - 2016 Paul D. Boyer^[580] (Prof) - 1997* Donald Cram^[652] (Prof) - 1987* Willard Libby^[653] (Prof) - 1960*	Fraser Stoddart^[651] (Sr. Vis Fel) - 2016 Richard Heck^[539] (PSD) - 2010 Ahmed Zewail^[478] (Vis Sch) - 1999
Physiology or Medicine	Randy Schekman^[144] (B.A) - 2013	Louis Ignarro^[584] (Prof) - 1998*	Robert Furchgott^[606] (Vis Prof) - 1998
Economics	Elinor Ostrom^[654] (B.A, M.A, PhD) - 2009 William F. Sharpe^[655] (B.A, PhD) - 1990	Lloyd Shapley^[53] (Prof) - 2012* Harry Markowitz^[492] (Prof) - 1990 James M. Buchanan^[656] (Prof) - 1986	Eugene Fama^[169] (Vis Prof) - 2013 Chris Pissarides^[66] (Vis) - 2010 Milton Friedman^[588] (Vis Prof) - 1976 Friedrich Hayek^[438]^[657] (Vis Prof) - 1974
Literature		Bertrand Russell^[658] (Prof) - 1950
Peace	Ralph Bunche^[659] (B.A) - 1950		Al Gore^[660] (Lect) - 2007
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Manchester, United Kingdom
Total: 25 (Univ Count: 25)^[661]
Physics	John Cockcroft^[662] (M.S) - 1951 James Chadwick^[663] (B.S, M.S) - 1935 Charles T. R. Wilson^[664] (UG Atten) - 1927 J. J. Thomson^[665] (UG Atten) - 1906	Andre Geim^[414] (Prof) - 2010* Konstantin Novoselov^[666] (Prof) - 2010* Patrick Blackett^[345] (Prof) - 1948* Niels Bohr^[667] (Prof) - 1922 Lawrence Bragg^[668] (Prof) - 1915*	Nevill Mott^[343] (Lect) - 1977 Hans Bethe^[377] (Lect) - 1967
Chemistry	Michael Smith^[452] (B.S, PhD) - 1993 John Polanyi^[669]^[670] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 1986 Robert Robinson^[503] (B.S, PhD) - 1947 Norman Haworth^[354] (B.S, DSc) - 1937 Arthur Harden^[671] (B.S) - 1929	Lord Todd^[672] (Prof) - 1957 Robert Robinson^[503] (Prof) - 1947 Ernest Rutherford^[673] (Prof) - 1908*	Melvin Calvin^[579] (PSD) - 1961 George de Hevesy^[542] (Res) - 1943 Arthur Harden^[671] (Lect) - 1929
Physiology or Medicine		John Sulston^[674] (Prof) - 2002 Archibald Hill^[514] (Prof) - 1922
Economics		Joseph Stiglitz^[115] (Prof) - 2001 W. A. Lewis^[675] (Prof) - 1979 John Hicks^[676] (Prof) - 1972
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Washington University in St. Louis, United States
Total: 25 (Univ Count: 25)^[677] Notes: 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis.
Physics		Arthur Compton^[578] (Prof) - 1927
Chemistry	William Moerner^[217] (B.A, B.S) - 2014	Paul Berg^[678] (Prof) - 1980	Brian Kobilka^[218] (Med Resident) 2012 Aaron Ciechanover^[36] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Paul Berg^[678] (PSD) - 1980 Luis Leloir^[679] (Res Asst) - 1970
Physiology or Medicine	Edwin Krebs^[561] (M.D) - 1992 Earl Sutherland^[680] (M.D) - 1971 Daniel Nathans^[453] (M.D) - 1954	Charles M. Rice^[237] (Professor) - 2020 Robert Furchgott^[681] (Asst Prof) - 1998 Rita Levi-Montalcini^[682] (Prof) - 1986* George D. Snell^[683] (Asst Prof) - 1980 Earl Sutherland^[680] (Assoc Prof) - 1971 Alfred Hershey^[684] (Prof) - 1969 Arthur Kornberg^[685] (Prof) - 1959 Carl Cori^[686]^[687] (Prof) - 1947* Gerty Cori^[688] (Prof) - 1947* Herbert Gasser^[465] (Prof) - 1944 Joseph Erlanger^[644] (Prof) - 1944* Edward Doisy^[565] (Assoc Prof) - 1943	Stanley Cohen^[630] (PSD) - 1986 Hamilton O. Smith^[677] (Med Intern) - 1978 Christian de Duve^[689] (Rockefeller Fel) 1974 Arthur Kornberg^[434] (Res) - 1959 Severo Ochoa^[430] (Res Assoc) - 1959
Economics		Douglass North^[690] (Prof) - 1993*

33rd–50th[]

33rd

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Zurich, Switzerland
Total: 23 (Univ Count: 12)^[691]
Physics	Max Born^[611] (UG Atten) - 1954 Albert Einstein^[531] (PhD) - 1921 Wilhelm Röntgen^[379] (PhD) - 1901	K. Alex Müller^[528] (Prof) - 1987 Erwin Schrödinger^[692] (Prof) - 1933 Albert Einstein^[531] (Prof) - 1921 Max Laue^[339] (Prof) - 1914
Chemistry	Paul Karrer^[693] (PhD) - 1937 Walther Nernst^[360] (UG Atten) - 1920 Alfred Werner^[536] (PhD) - 1913	Paul Karrer^[693] (Prof) - 1937* Peter Debye^[357] (Prof) - 1936 Alfred Werner^[536] (Prof) - 1913*	Jean-Pierre Sauvage^[694] (Vis Prof) - 2016 Linus Pauling^[695]^[599] (Res) - 1954 Leopold Ružička^[696] (Lect) - 1939
Physiology or Medicine	Walter R. Hess^[697] (M.D) - 1949	Rolf Zinkernagel^[607] (Prof) - 1996* Walter R. Hess^[697] (Prof) - 1949*	Eric Wieschaus^[698] (PSD) - 1995 Hamilton O. Smith^[562] (Guggenheim Fel) - 1978 George Wald^[428] (NRC Fel) - 1967 Henrik Dam^[472] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1943 Karl Landsteiner^[466] (Res) - 1930 Emil Kocher^[699]^[700] (Vis) - 1909
Literature	Carl Spitteler^[625] (UG Atten) - 1919	Theodor Mommsen^[701] (Prof) - 1902
Peace			Linus Pauling^[695]^[599] (Res) - 1962

34th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Northwestern University, United States
Total: 22
Chemistry		Fraser Stoddart^[651] (Prof) - 2016* John Pople^[702] (Prof) - 1998*	Jean-Pierre Sauvage^[694] (Vis Sch) - 2016 Aaron Ciechanover^[36] (Vis Adj Prof) - 2004 Ilya Prigogine^[703] (Vis Prof) - 1977
Physiology or Medicine	Robert Furchgott^[606] (PhD) - 1998	John Eccles^[704] (Prof) - 1963	Ferid Murad^[705] (Adj Prof) - 1998
Economics	George Stigler^[587] (M.B.A) - 1982	Paul Milgrom^[150] (Assoc Prof) - 2020 Bengt Holmström^[174] (Assoc Prof) - 2016 Dale Mortensen^[239] (Prof) - 2010* Roger Myerson^[57] (Prof) - 2007 Franco Modigliani^[706] (Prof) - 1985	Lars P. Hansen^[64] (Nemmers Vis Prof) - 2013 Oliver Williamson^[68] (Vis Prof) - 2009 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (Vis Prof) - 2007 Robert Aumann^[152] (Nemmers Vis Prof) - 2005 Edward Prescott^[172] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Robert Lucas Jr^[707] (Vis Prof) - 1995
Literature	Saul Bellow^[591] (B.S) - 1976
Peace			Ralph Bunche^[659] (PSD) - 1950
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Freiburg, Germany
Total: 22 (Univ Count: 10)^[708] Notes: 1) Dudley Herschbach was a Guggenheim Fellow at Freiburg, but he is excluded because he does not classify this award-based visiting position as an appointment.^[361]
Physics	Reinhard Genzel^[709] (UG Atten) - 2020 Hans D. Jensen^[576] (UG Atten) - 1963
Chemistry	Joachim Frank^[101] (B.S) - 2017 Mario Molina^[597] (M.S) - 1995 George de Hevesy^[542] (PhD) - 1943 Adolf Windaus^[358] (PhD) - 1928	Georg Wittig^[618] (Assoc Prof) - 1979 Hermann Staudinger^[384] (Prof) - 1953* George de Hevesy^[542] (Prof) - 1943 Heinrich Wieland^[389] (Prof) - 1927	Adolf Windaus^[358] (Lect) - 1928
Physiology or Medicine	Bert Sakmann^[710] (UG Atten) - 1991 Georges Köhler^[711] (PhD) - 1984 Hans A. Krebs^[369] (UG Atten) - 1953 Otto H. Warburg^[569] (UG Atten) - 1931 Otto Meyerhof^[490] (Med Atten) - 1922 Paul Ehrlich^[372] (Med Atten) - 1908	Harald zur Hausen^[488] (Prof) - 2008 Hans Spemann^[401] (Prof)- 1935*	Christiane Volhard^[712] (PSD) - 1995 Philip Hench^[406]^[407] (Vis) - 1950 Henrik Dam^[472] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1943 Robert Bárány^[713] (Vis) - 1914
Economics		Friedrich Hayek^[438] (Prof) - 1974

36th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
City University of New York, United States
Total: 21 (Univ Count: 13)^[714] Notes: 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York. The University Count only includes graduates (no attendees). 2) The following laureates have unclear visiting positions at the university and will not be counted for now: Gerald Edelman.^[456]
Physics	Leon Lederman^[715] (B.S) - 1988 Arno Penzias^[716] (B.S) - 1978 Robert Hofstadter^[476] (B.S) - 1961		Robert Hofstadter^[476] (Inst) - 1961
Chemistry	Herbert Hauptman^[717] (B.S) - 1985 Jerome Karle^[629] (B.S) - 1985 Paul Berg^[678] (UG Atten) - 1980
Physiology or Medicine	John O'Keefe^[425] (B.A) - 2014 Gertrude Elion^[426] (B.S) - 1988 Stanley Cohen^[630] (B.S) - 1986 Rosalyn Yalow^[563] (B.S) - 1977 Julius Axelrod^[427] (B.S) - 1970 Arthur Kornberg^[685] (B.S) - 1959	Luc Montagnier^[718] (Prof) - 2008	Rosalyn Yalow^[719] (Lect) - 1977
Economics	Robert Aumann^[152] (B.S) - 2005 Kenneth Arrow^[720] (B.A) - 1972	Paul Krugman^[721] (Prof) - 2008 Harry Markowitz^[492] (Prof) - 1990*	Lawrence Klein^[635] (Distinguished Vis Prof) - 1980
Literature			Joseph Brodsky^[636] (Vis Prof) - 1987
Peace	Henry Kissinger^[722] (UG Atten) - 1973	Elie Wiesel^[723] (Prof) - 1986
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Collège de France, France
Total: 21 Notes: 1) Collège de France is a constituent college of Paris Sciences et Lettres University (PSL), which became a university in 2019. Currently, this list considers official academic affiliates of Collège de France independently. 2) The following laureates have unclear visiting positions at Collège de France and will not be counted for now: Gerald Edelman.^[456]
Physics	Georges Charpak^[724] (PhD) - 1992	Serge Haroche^[20] (Prof) - 2012 Pierre de Gennes^[284] (Prof) - 1991*	Roy Glauber^[16] (Vis Prof) - 2005 Steven Chu^[725] (Vis Prof) - 1997 Nico Bloembergen^[726] (Vis Prof) - 1981 Murray Gell-Mann^[293] (Vis Prof) - 1969 Albert Michelson^[614] (Vis) - 1907
Chemistry	Paul Sabatier^[727] (PhD) - 1912	Jean-Marie Lehn^[540] (Prof) - 1987* Frédéric Joliot-Curie^[295] (Prof) - 1935	Ahmed Zewail^[478] (Vis Prof) - 1999 Alfred Werner^[536] (Res) - 1913
Physiology or Medicine		Jean Dausset^[304] (Prof) - 1980* François Jacob^[307] (Prof) - 1965 Jacques Monod^[308] (Prof) - 1965 Charles Nicolle^[310] (Prof) - 1928	Stanley Prusiner^[484] (Vis Prof) - 1997 Roger Guillemin^[728]^[729] (Res) - 1977 Corneille Heymans^[520] (Res) - 1938
Literature		Henri Bergson^[318] (Prof) - 1927
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
École Normale Supérieure, France
Total: 21 (Univ Count: 13)^[730] Notes: 1) École Normale Supérieure (ENS) is a constituent college of Paris Sciences et Lettres University (PSL), which became a university in 2019. Currently, this list considers official academic affiliates of ENS independently. 2) Samuel Beckett is included in the following list but not the University list.
Physics	Serge Haroche^[20] (B.A) - 2012 Albert Fert^[283] (B.A) - 2007 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji^[292] (B.A, PhD) - 1997 Pierre de Gennes^[284] (B.A) - 1991 Louis Néel^[285] (B.A) - 1970 Alfred Kastler^[286] (B.A, PhD) - 1966 Jean Perrin^[288] (B.A) - 1926 Gabriel Lippmann^[289] (UG Atten) - 1908	Serge Haroche^[20] (Prof) - 2012* Alfred Kastler^[286] (Prof) - 1966*	Theodor Hänsch^[215] (Vis Prof) - 2005 William D. Phillips^[731] (Vis Prof) - 1997 Richard E. Taylor^[732]^[733] (Vis Sch) - 1990 Nico Bloembergen^[726] (Vis Prof) - 1981
Chemistry	Paul Sabatier^[727] (B.A) - 1912		Ahmed Zewail^[478] (Vis Prof) - 1999 Walter Kohn^[734] (Vis Sch) - 1998
Economics	Esther Duflo^[189] (B.A) - 2019 Gérard Debreu^[313] (UG Atten) - 1983
Literature	Jean-Paul Sartre^[315] (B.A, M.A) - 1964 Henri Bergson^[318] (B.A) - 1927 Romain Rolland^[319] (B.A) - 1915		Samuel Beckett^[735] (Lect) - 1969 Henri Bergson^[318] (Lect) - 1927
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Vienna, Austria
Total: 21 (Univ Count: 9)^[736]
Physics	Erwin Schrödinger^[737] (PhD) - 1933	Victor Hess^[738] (Asst Prof) - 1936 Erwin Schrödinger^[737] (Asst Prof) - 1933
Chemistry	Max Perutz^[739] (B.S) - 1962 Richard Kuhn^[387] (UG Atten) - 1938 Richard Zsigmondy^[359] (UG Atten) - 1925	Emmanuelle Charpentier^[277] (Assoc Prof) - 2020 Hans Fischer^[388] (Prof) - 1930
Physiology or Medicine	Karl von Frisch^[403] (PhD) - 1973 Konrad Lorenz^[740] (M.D, PhD) - 1973 Karl Landsteiner^[466] (M.D) - 1930 Julius Wagner-Jauregg^[741] (M.D) - 1927 Robert Bárány^[713] (M.D) - 1914 Allvar Gullstrand^[742]^[743] (Med Atten) - 1911	Otto Loewi^[400] (Prof) - 1936 Karl Landsteiner^[466] (Prof) - 1930 Robert Bárány^[713] (Prof) - 1914*	Carl Cori^[686] (PSD) - 1947 Corneille Heymans^[520] (Res) - 1938 George Whipple^[744] (Vis) - 1934
Economics	Friedrich Hayek^[438] (PhD) - 1974
Literature	Elfriede Jelinek^[745] (UG Atten) - 2004 Elias Canetti^[746] (PhD) - 1981 Ivo Andric^[747] (UG Atten) - 1961
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Washington, United States
Total: 21
Physics		David Thouless^[92] (Prof) - 2016* Hans Dehmelt^[334] (Prof) - 1989*	Arthur B. McDonald^[231] (Vis) - 2015 David Wineland^[12] (PSD) - 2012 Hans Dehmelt^[334] (Vis Asst Prof) - 1989 William A. Fowler^[748] (Walker-Ames Vis Prof) - 1983 Hans Bethe^[377] (Vis Prof) - 1967 Arthur Compton^[749] (Walker-Ames Vis Prof) - 1927
Chemistry			Walter Kohn^[482] (Vis Sch) - 1998
Physiology or Medicine	Jeffrey C. Hall^[238]^[750] (M.S, PhD) - 2017 Linda Buck^[49] (B.S) - 2004 Martin Rodbell^[568] (PhD) - 1994 George Hitchings^[751] (B.S) - 1988	Linda Buck^[49] (Prof) - 2004 Leland Hartwell^[188] (Prof) - 2001 Edmond H. Fischer^[752] (Prof) - 1992* Edwin Krebs^[561] (Prof) - 1992* Donnall Thomas^[753] (Prof) - 1990	Harvey J. Alter^[754] (Medical Res) - 2020 Joseph L. Goldstein^[755] (Special NIH Fel) - 1985
Economics	George Stigler^[587] (B.A) - 1982	Douglass North^[690] (Prof) - 1993 William F. Sharpe^[655] (Prof) - 1990

41st

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Carnegie Mellon University, United States
Total: 20 (Univ Count: 20)^[756] Notes: 1) CMU University Count includes Edward S. Rubin who was a coordinating lead author on organization IPCC, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Rubin is thus excluded from the following list. 2) Thomas Sargent is included in the following list but not the University list.
Physics	John L. Hall^[757] (B.S, PhD) - 2005 Clifford Shull^[421] (B.S) - 1994	Otto Stern^[534] (Prof) - 1943* Clinton Davisson^[758] (Asst Prof) - 1937
Chemistry		John Pople^[702] (Prof) - 1998 Walter Kohn^[482] (Prof) - 1998	Ada Yonath^[167] (PSD) - 2009 Paul Flory^[759] (Res) - 1974
Physiology or Medicine			Paul Lauterbur^[222] (Res) - 2003
Economics	Dale Mortensen^[239] (PhD) - 2010 Oliver Williamson^[68] (PhD) - 2009 Edward Prescott^[172] (PhD) - 2004 Finn Kydland^[760] (PhD) - 2004 John F. Nash^[761] (B.S, M.S) - 1994	Lars P. Hansen^[64] (Assoc Prof) - 2013 Edward Prescott^[172] (Prof) - 2004 Finn Kydland^[223] (Prof) - 2004* Robert Lucas Jr^[707] (Prof) - 1995 Merton Miller^[762] (Prof) - 1990 Franco Modigliani^[571] (Prof) - 1985 Herbert A. Simon^[763] (Prof) - 1978*	Thomas Sargent^[55] (Res Assoc) - 2011 Finn Kydland^[223] (Vis Fel) - 2004
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Goethe University Frankfurt (University of Frankfurt), Germany
Total: 20 (Univ Count: 18)^[764]
Physics	Peter Grünberg^[164] (B.A) - 2007 Horst Störmer^[765] (B.A) - 1998 Gerd Binnig^[766] (B.A, PhD) - 1986	Max Born^[336] (Prof) - 1954 Max Laue^[339] (Prof) - 1914*	Hans Bethe^[377] (Inst) - 1967 Otto Stern^[534] (Privatdozent) - 1943
Chemistry	Lord Todd^[672] (PhD) - 1957		Hartmut Michel^[382] (Adj Prof) - 1988 Jean-Marie Lehn^[540] (Heinrich Hertz Vis Prof) - 1987 Karl Ziegler^[619] (Lect) - 1963 Paul Karrer^[693] (Res) - 1937
Physiology or Medicine	Günter Blobel^[397] (UG Atten) - 1999 Christiane Volhard^[712] (UG Atten) - 1995	Niels Jerne^[767] (Prof) - 1984 Paul Ehrlich^[764] (Prof) - 1908	Ulf von Euler^[518]^[768] (Rockefeller Fel) - 1970 Otto Loewi^[400] (Res) - 1936 Robert Bárány^[713] (Vis) - 1914
Economics	Reinhard Selten^[769] (B.A, PhD) - 1994
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Total: 20 (Univ Count: 14)^[770] Notes: 1) Seel also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London. Peter Higgs and Charles Kao are included in the following list but not the University Count. 2) Konrad Bloch was a Guggenheim Fellow at Imperial College London in 1961, but he is excluded because he does not classify this award-based position as appointment.^[526]
Physics		Abdus Salam^[771] (Prof) - 1979* Dennis Gabor^[772] (Prof) - 1971 Patrick Blackett^[345] (Prof) - 1948 George P. Thomson^[773] (Prof) - 1937*	Peter Higgs^[501] (Res Fel) - 2013 Charles Kao^{[citation needed]} (Vis Prof) - 2009 Steven Weinberg^[774] (Vis) - 1979
Chemistry	Geoffrey Wilkinson^[775] (B.S, PhD) - 1973 Derek Barton^[776] (B.S, PhD) - 1969	Geoffrey Wilkinson^[775] (Prof) - 1973* Derek Barton^[776] (Prof) - 1969* George Porter^[777]^[778] (Prof) - 1967	Greg Winter^[96] (PSD) - 2018 Walter Kohn^[482] (Vis Sch) - 1998 Cyril Hinshelwood^[779] (Sr. Res Fel) - 1956 Norman Haworth^[354] (Demonstrator) - 1937
Physiology or Medicine	Alexander Fleming^[780] (B.S, M.B) - 1945 Frederick Hopkins^[781] (UG Atten) - 1929	Rodney Porter^[782] (Prof) - 1972 Alexander Fleming^[780] (Prof) - 1945* Ernest Chain^[783] (Prof) - 1945	Stanley Prusiner^[484] (Leverhulme Vis Prof) - 1997 Andrew Huxley^[770] (Fel) - 1963
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
Total: 20 (Univ Count: 18)^[784] Notes: 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the London School of Economics. Óscar Arias and Harry Markowitz are included in the following list but not the University Count.
Economics	Chris Pissarides^[66] (PhD) - 2010 Leonid Hurwicz^[69] (UG Atten) - 2007 Robert Mundell^[785] (UG Atten) - 1999 Ronald Coase^[786] (B.Com) - 1991 W. A. Lewis^[675] (B.S, PhD) - 1979	Oliver S. Hart^[61] (Prof) - 2016 Chris Pissarides^[66] (Prof) - 2010* George Akerlof^[147] (Prof) - 2001 Amartya Sen^[787] (Prof) - 1998 Ronald Coase^[786] (Reader) - 1991 James Meade^[788] (Prof) - 1977 Friedrich Hayek^[438] (Prof) - 1974	Paul Krugman^[789] (Assoc) - 2008 Harry Markowitz^[492] (Vis Prof) - 1990 Merton Miller^[762] (Vis Asst Lect) - 1990 Sir John Hicks^[676] (Lect) - 1972
Literature		G. Bernard Shaw^[784] (Founder) - 1925	Bertrand Russell^[658]^[784] (Lect) - 1950
Peace	Juan Santos^[790] (M.S) - 2016 Óscar Arias^[791] (M.A) - 1987	Philip Noel-Baker^[784] (Prof) - 1959	Ralph Bunche^[659] (PSD) - 1950

45th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Kyoto University, Japan
Total: 19 (Univ Count: 11)^[792]^[793] Notes: 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Kyoto University.
Physics	Isamu Akasaki^[794] (B.S) - 2014 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga^[795] (B.S) - 1965 Hideki Yukawa^[796] (B.S) - 1949	Toshihide Maskawa^[797] (Prof) - 2008* Hideki Yukawa^[796] (Prof) - 1949*	Makoto Kobayashi^[798] (Res Assoc) - 2008 Theodor Hänsch^[215] (Vis Prof) - 2005 Anthony Leggett^[23] (Res Assoc) - 2003 Willis Lamb^[799] (Vis Prof) - 1955
Chemistry	Akira Yoshino^[800] (B.S, M.S) - 2019 Ryoji Noyori^[38] (B.S, M.S, PhD) - 2001 Kenichi Fukui^[801] (B.S) - 1981	Kenichi Fukui^[801] (Prof) - 1981*	Aaron Ciechanover^[36] (Vis Prof) - 2004 Ryoji Noyori^[38] (Inst) - 2001 Alan MacDiarmid^[99]^[802] (Vis Prof) - 2000
Physiology or Medicine	Tasuku Honjo^[803] (M.D, PhD) - 2018 Yoshinori Ohsumi^[804] (Grad Atten) - 2016 Susumu Tonegawa^[601] (B.S) - 1987	Tasuku Honjo^[803] (Prof) - 2018* Shinya Yamanaka^[805] (Prof) - 2012*
Economics			Oliver Williamson^[68] (Vis Prof) - 2009
Peace			Aung Suu Kyi^[806] (Vis Sch) - 1991
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Total: 19 (Univ Count: 19)^[807] Notes: 1) See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Edinburgh.
Physics	Igor Tamm^[808] (UG Atten) - 1958	Peter Higgs^[501] (Prof) - 2013* Max Born^[336] (Prof) - 1954* Charles Barkla^[809] (Prof) - 1917*
Chemistry	Richard Henderson^[97] (B.S) - 2017 Fraser Stoddart^[651] (B.S, PhD) - 2016	Peter D. Mitchell^[810] (Prof) - 1978	Kurt Wüthrich^[140] (Vis Prof) - 2002 Lord Todd^[672] (Res) - 1957 Vincent du Vigneaud^[483] (NRC Fel) - 1955
Physiology or Medicine	Robert G. Edwards^[109] (PhD) - 2010 Peter C. Doherty^[811] (PhD) - 1996	Hermann J. Muller^[812] (Prof) - 1946	Michael Rosbash^[187] (PSD) - 2017 Edvard Moser^[515] (PSD) - 2014 May-Britt Moser^[516] (PSD) - 2014 Robert G. Edwards^[109] (PSD) - 2010 Paul Nurse^[457] (PSD) - 2001
Economics	James Mirrlees^[813] (M.A) - 1996
Peace			Joseph Rotblat^[814] (Montague Vis Prof) - 1995
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Strasbourg, France
Total: 19 Notes: 1) This count includes affiliates of predecessor institutions before their reunification in 2009.
Physics	Louis Néel^[285] (PhD) - 1970 Max Laue^[339] (UG Atten) - 1914	Louis Néel^[285] (Prof) - 1970 Karl Ferdinand Braun^[815] (Prof) - 1909* Wilhelm Röntgen^[379] (Prof) - 1901	Pieter Zeeman^[816] (PSD) - 1902
Chemistry	Jean-Marie Lehn^[540] (B.S, PhD) - 1987 Emil Fischer^[394] (PhD) - 1902	Jean-Pierre Sauvage^[694] (Prof) - 2016* Martin Karplus^[26] (Prof) - 2013* Jean-Marie Lehn^[540] (Prof) - 1987* Adolf von Baeyer^[393] (Prof) - 1905	Hermann Staudinger^[384] (Lect) - 1953 Hans Euler-Chelpin^[364]^[817] (Vis) - 1929
Physiology or Medicine	Jules Hoffmann^[818] (B.S, PhD) - 2011 Otto Loewi^[400] (M.D) - 1936 Otto Meyerhof^[490] (Med Atten) - 1922 Albrecht Kossel^[624] (Med Atten) - 1910 Paul Ehrlich^[372] (Med Atten) - 1908 Alphonse Laveran^[819] (M.D) - 1907	Jules Hoffmann^[818] (Prof) - 2011*	Albrecht Kossel^[624] (Lect) - 1910
Peace	Albert Schweitzer^[820] (M.D, PhD) - 1952 Ludwig Quidde^[375] (UG Atten) - 1927

48th

	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Case Western Reserve University, United States
Total: 18 (Univ Count: 15)^[821] Notes: 1) Corneille Heymans is included in the following list but not the University Count.
Physics	Donald Glaser^[627] (B.S) - 1960 Polykarp Kusch^[551] (B.S) - 1955	Frederick Reines^[419] (Prof) - 1995 Albert Michelson^[822] (Prof) - 1907
Chemistry	Paul Berg^[678] (PhD) - 1980	George Olah^[823]^[824] (Prof) - 1994	Irwin Rose^[166] (PSD) - 2004 Peter Agre^[411] (Med Trainee) - 2003
Physiology or Medicine	Paul Lauterbur^[825] (B.S) - 2003 Ferid Murad^[705] (M.D, PhD) - 1998 Alfred G. Gilman^[826] (M.D, PhD) - 1994	Earl Sutherland^[680] (Prof) - 1971 Frederick Robbins^[827] (Prof) - 1954* John J. R. Macleod^[828] (Prof) - 1923	George Hitchings^[751] (PSD) - 1988 Corneille Heymans^[520] (Res) - 1938
Economics	Richard Thaler^[171] (B.A) - 2017 Edward Prescott^[172] (M.A) - 2004
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
Technical University of Munich, Germany
Total: 18 (Univ Count: 17)^[408] Notes: 1) Eduard Buchner is included in the following list but not the University Count.
Physics	Wolfgang Ketterle^[185] (M.A) - 2001 Wolfgang Paul^[342] (UG Atten) - 1989 Ernst Ruska^[829] (Atten) - 1986 Rudolf Mössbauer^[830] (B.A, PhD) - 1961	Klaus von Klitzing^[831] (Prof) - 1985 Rudolf Mössbauer^[830] (Prof) - 1961* Gustav Hertz^[338]^[832] (Director) - 1925
Chemistry	Joachim Frank^[101] (PhD) - 2017 Gerhard Ertl^[139] (PhD) - 2007 Johann Deisenhofer^[833] (M.S, PhD) - 1988 Robert Huber^[834] (B.S, PhD) - 1988 Ernst Otto Fischer^[392] (B.A, PhD) - 1973 Eduard Buchner^[391]^[835] (UG Atten) - 1907	Ernst Otto Fischer^[392] (Prof) - 1973* Hans Fischer^[388] (Prof) - 1930* Heinrich Wieland^[389] (Prof) - 1927	Gerhard Ertl^[139] (Lect) - 2007 Rudolph Marcus^[422] (Distinguished Adj Prof) - 1992 Robert Huber^[834] (Apl. Prof) - 1988
Physiology or Medicine	Erwin Neher^[371] (PhD) - 1991 Konrad Bloch^[525] (B.S) - 1964
Literature	Thomas Mann^[408] (UG Atten) - 1929
	Alumni	Long-term academic staff	Short-term academic staff
University of Leipzig (Karl Marx University), Germany
Total: 18
Physics	Felix Bloch^[530] (PhD) - 1952	Werner Heisenberg^[337] (Prof) - 1932* Gustav Hertz^[832] (Prof) - 1925	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga^[795] (PSD) - 1965 Felix Bloch^[530] (Privatdozent) - 1952 Isidor Rabi^[381] (Res Fel) - 1944
Chemistry	Carl Bosch^[621] (PhD) - 1931 Friedrich Bergius^[622] (PhD) - 1931	Peter Debye^[357] (Prof) - 1936 Wilhelm Ostwald^[836] (Prof) - 1909*	Fritz Pregl^[837]^[838] (Vis) - 1923 Walther Nernst^[360] (Res) - 1920 Theodore W. Richards^[365]^[366] (Vis) - 1914
Physiology or Medicine	Bernard Katz^[511] (M.D) - 1970		Haldan Hartline^[404]^[405] (Res Fel) - 1967 John J. R. Macleod^[828] (Anderson Res Fel) - 1923
Literature		Theodor Mommsen^[701] (Prof) - 1902
Peace	Gustav Stresemann^[839] (PhD) - 1926	Nathan Söderblom^[840] (Prof) - 1930

Other universities (51st–)[]

See List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation II.

Notes[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b The total number of laureates in natural sciences: Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Linus Pauling won a Nobel Chemistry Prize and a Nobel Peace Prize.
^ The original University of Paris dissolved into thirteen universities in 1970, and since 2010 there has been another round of reorganization with a new University of Paris established in 2019. Currently, official academic affiliates of all the thirteen successor universities—except Paris Dauphine University after 2019, when it became a constituent college of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University—as well as their successors, if any, are here taken into consideration.
^ Marie Curie won a Nobel Physics Prize and a Nobel Chemistry Prize.
^ Overlap of affiliates among the three columns.
^ From 1931 to 1971 the lab was named "University of California Radiation Laboratory" (1931-1958) and "Lawrence Radiation Laboratory" (1958-1971), and was widely regarded as a part of the University of California, Berkeley. In 1971, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley Lab" with its Livermore branch becoming a separate lab "Lawrence Livermore Lab", both of which were counted as a part of the University of California. In 1995, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley National Lab" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy, being officially managed by the University of California.
^ Even though the laboratory (as Project Y) was officially managed by University of California, Berkeley after its establishment in 1943, the initial appointments in the lab were for military purposes only and were not academic appointments. After the Manhattan Project the lab was renamed "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory" on January 1, 1947, and in 1952 the lab became officially managed by the University of California when the latter was separated from UC Berkeley. In 1981, the lab was renamed "Los Alamos National Laboratory" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy.

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^ "Louise Glück 2020 Winner of Nobel Prize in Literature". Columbia - School of the Arts. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Orhan Pamuk - CU Global ThoughtCU Global Thought". cgt.columbia.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "Liu Xiaobo - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "Columbia News ::: Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
^ "Stanford Nobel laureates". Stanford University. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
^ "SLAC Overview". SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "Stanford Linear Accelerator Center". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
^ "History | Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences". casbs.stanford.edu. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CV (Theodor W. Hänsch)" (PDF).
^ "People - Wieman GroupWieman Group". wiemangroup.stanford.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (William E. Moerner)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Brian K. Kobilka - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (M. Stanley Whittingham)".
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Thomas C. Südhof - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Michael W. Young - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Paul C. Lauterbur - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Positions | Finn Kydland". www.finnkydland.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "Louise Glück, part of Creative Writing Program, wins Nobel Prize". news.stanford.edu. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
^ "Nobel laureate Coetzee returning to campus to teach writing". news.stanford.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Caltech Nobel Recipients". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ "History". www.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "The Fairchild Scholars Program" (PDF). Caltech.
^ Caltech. "Moore Scholars" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Kip S. Thorne: Curriculum Vitae". www.its.caltech.edu. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Arthur B. McDonald)" (PDF).
^ "CV (Didier Queloz)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Eric Betzig - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Thomas Steitz | The Steitz Lab". steitzlab.yale.edu. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ Schrock, Richard. "Nobel Lecture (MULTIPLE METAL-CARBON BONDS FOR CATALYTIC METATHESIS REACTIONS)" (PDF). Nobel Prize.
^ Schrock, R. R.; Feldman, J.; Cannizzo, L. F.; Grubbs, R. H. (1987). "Ring-opening polymerization of norbornene by a living tungsten alkylidene complex". Macromolecules. 20 (5): 1169–1172. Bibcode:1987MaMol..20.1169S. doi:10.1021/ma00171a053.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Charles M. Rice, Ph.D." The Rockefeller University.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Jeffrey C. Hall" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Dale T. Mortensen)" (PDF).
^ "Oxford - Nobel Laureates". Retrieved 16 December 2013.
^ "Visiting Professorship | Sanjaya Lall". www.sanjayalall.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "Visiting Fellowships at St Catherine's College, Oxford | www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk". www.stcatz.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "The Association of American Rhodes Scholars: Eastman Professorship". www.americanrhodes.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "University of Oxford George Eastman Visiting Professor Program 2019, UK". armacad.info. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "S. Jonathan Singer elected to Newton-Abraham Visiting Professorship in Medical, Biological and Chemical Sciences at the University of Oxford" (PDF).
^ "Graduation". Oriel College. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ "What is a DPhil?". uni-of-oxford.custhelp.com. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Stefan W. Hell)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Oliver Smithies)" (PDF).
^ "Sir Paul Nurse - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ "V. S. Naipaul - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Malala Yousafzai, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Starts at Oxford". The New York Times. 9 October 2012. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Honors & Awards". Princeton University. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ "Visiting Fellowships — Princeton University Humanities Council". humanities.princeton.edu. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Princeton's James Peebles receives Nobel Prize in Physics". Princeton University. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
^ "Donna T. Strickland". www.osa.org. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "John B. Fenn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Tomas Lindahl - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ "Osamu Shimomura - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Professor Paul Krugman visiting the Department in Trinity Term 2014". Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^ "Thomas J. Sargent wins the 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics!". Princeton University Press Blog. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "Princeton Distinguished Visitor Vargas Llosa wins Nobel in literature -- UPDATED 11:06 A.M." Princeton University. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "About Us | Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics". cowles.yale.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Davis, Raymond, 1914-2006". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; Steensma, David P. (August 2011). "Charles K. Kao—Father of Fiber Optics". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 86 (8): e45. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0363. ISSN 0025-6196. PMC 3146387. PMID 21919227.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Aziz Sancar - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ Gonzalez, Susan (8 October 2020). "Louise Glück awarded 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature". YaleNews. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
^ "Wangari Maathai - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Nobel Laureates Affiliated with Cornell University | Cornell Chronicle". news.cornell.edu. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
^ "CCB Announces the 2017 Baker Symposium | Chemistry & Chemical Biology Cornell Arts & Sciences". chemistry.cornell.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Andrew D. White Professors-at-Large | Program for". adwhiteprofessors.cornell.edu. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (François Englert)" (PDF).
^ "Structure of space-time (Roger Penrose)". INSPIRE.
^ "Six A.D. White Professors-at-Large elected". Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ "Weill Professor Wins Nobel Prize in Medicine For Hepatitis C Treatment". www.cornellsun.com. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
^ "Short History - Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Emmanuelle Charpentier)". www.mpg.de. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
^ "Université de Paris". Université de Paris. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Hummel, Pascale, ed. (3 May 2013). "Principaux textes législatifs et règlementaires relatifs à l'école normale supérieure". Pour une histoire de l'École normale supérieure : Source d'archives 1794-1993. Histoire de l'ENS. Paris: Éditions Rue d'Ulm. pp. 183–186. ISBN 9782821829695.
^ Leach, Henry Goddard (1940). Forum and Century. The Forum Publishing Co.
^ "Léon Jouhaux - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "G. Mourou (Biography)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ARTIFICA. "Albert Fert, curriculum vitae - CNRS Web site - CNRS". www2.cnrs.fr (in French). Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Pierre-Gilles de Gennes - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Louis Néel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Alfred Kastler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Broglie, Louis de, 1892-1987". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Jean Baptiste Perrin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gabriel Lippmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Curie, Marie, 1867-1934". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Curie, Pierre, 1859-1906". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Cohen-Tannoudji Claude". www.phys.ens.fr. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Murray Gell-Mann)" (PDF).
^ "Townes, Charles H." history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Frédéric Joliot - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Irène Joliot-Curie - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Henri Moissan - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Jacobus H. van 't Hoff - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Jaroslav Heyrovský a Spojené státy americké (Jaroslav Heyrovsky and the United States of America)" (PDF).
^ "Heyrovsky— Nobel Prizewinner in Chemistry". Analytical Chemistry. 31 (12): 51A–74A. 1959. doi:10.1021/ac60156a721.
^ "CV (Françoise Barré-Sinoussi)" (PDF).
^ "Luc Montagnier - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CV (Bert Sakmann)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Jean Dausset - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Dicke, William (22 June 2009). "Jean Dausset, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 92". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "André Lwoff (1902 - 1994)".
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "François Jacob - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Jacques Monod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ "André F. Cournand - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Charles Nicolle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Charles Richet - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Maurice Allais - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Gerard Debreu - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Patrick Modiano - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Jean-Paul Sartre - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Giorgos Seferis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "T.S. Eliot - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Lawlor, Leonard; Moulard Leonard, Valentine (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine ... Scribner & Company. 1913.
^ "Romain Rolland - Oxford Reference". Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Who is Romain Rolland? | Radical Reference". radicalreference.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "René Cassin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Schweitzer, Albert (2009). Albert Schweitzer's Ethical Vision: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195377897.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ferdinand Buisson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Léon Bourgeois - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Louis Renault - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Albert Gobat - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Auguste Beernaert - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Nobel Prize Laureates from Göttingen". Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (in German). Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Das Göttinger Nobelpreiswunder". Retrieved 14 February 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Göttingen and its Nobel Prize Laureates" (PDF).
^ "About us: Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities (AdW)". adw-goe.de. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
^ "Kroemer, Herbert, 1928-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Dehmelt, Hans". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906-1972". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Born, Max, 1882-1970". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Gustav Hertz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Max von Laue - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Wilhelm Wien - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Franck, James, 1882-1964". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Wolfgang Paul - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Sir Nevill F. Mott - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Blackett, P. M. S., Baron Blackett (Patrick Maynard Stuart), 1897-1974". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Wolfgang Pauli - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ "Dirac, P. A. M. (Paul Adrien Maurice), 1902-1984". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "Dirac biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "Fermi, Enrico, 1901-1954". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Johannes Stark - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Manfred Eigen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Adolf Butenandt - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Norman Haworth - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ "Irving Langmuir - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Otto Wallach - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Debye, Peter J. W. (Peter Josef William), 1884-1966". history.aip.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Adolf Windaus - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Richard Zsigmondy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Walther Nernst - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Dudley R. Herschbach - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ "Gerhard Herzberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Lars Onsager - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Theodore W. Richards - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Theodore W. Richards" (PDF).
^ "Max Delbrück - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ "Delbruck, Max (1906-1981) 455". www.library.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Hans Krebs - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Robert Koch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Neher, Erwin, Prof". www.uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Paul Ehrlich - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Ilya Mechnikov - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Rudolf Eucken - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ludwig Quidde Stiftung". www.ludwig-quidde-stiftung.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "LMU - Nobel Prize". Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ "Max Planck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Nicolaas Bloembergen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898-1988". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Research Profile Prof. Hartmut Michel | Prof. Michel | | www.biophys.mpg.de". www.biophys.mpg.de (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Odd Hassel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Hermann Staudinger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Hermann Staudinger Foundation of Polymer Science - Landmark - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Otto Hahn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Richard Kuhn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Hans Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Heinrich Wieland - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Richard Willstätter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Eduard Buchner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Ernst Otto Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Adolf von Baeyer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Emil Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "A Guggenheim Fellow in Europe during the Golden Years of Physics (1926-1927)". scarc.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Wendell M. Stanley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Günter Blobel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Feodor Lynen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Fritz Lipmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Otto Loewi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Hans Spemann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ "Hans Spemann (1869-1941) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Karl von Frisch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Keffer Hartline - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "H. Keffer Hartline - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Philip S. Hench - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A. (2001). "Philip S. Hench–1950 Nobel Laureate". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 76 (11): 1073. doi:10.4065/76.11.1073. PMID 11702893.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "TUM - Nobel Prize". portal.mytum.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ Bloom, Harold (2009). Thomas Mann. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438116327.
^ "Nobel Prize Winners". Retrieved 1 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Peter Agre - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "Dan Shechtman – Department of Materials Science and Engineering". materials.technion.ac.il. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Nobel laureates". University of Copenhagen. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Andre Geim (The University of Manchester)". www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ Uhl, Anette Møller (7 February 2013). "Nobel Laureate David Gross will be Visiting Professor at the Discovery Center for three months this spring". discoverycenter.nbi.ku.dk. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
^ "NYU's Sargent Wins 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics".
^ "Nobel Laureate Soyinka at NYU for Events in October". New York University.
^ "Shimon Peres (1923-2016)". main.knesset.gov.il. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Reines, Frederick, 1918-1998". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Perl, Martin L., 1927-2014". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Shull, Clifford Glenwood". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (RUDOLPH A. MARCUS)" (PDF).
^ "Mulliken, Robert Sanderson". history.aip.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Avram Hershko". med.nyu.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "John O'Keefe - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Gertrude B. Elion)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Julius Axelrod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "George Wald - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ "Baruj Benacerraf - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Severo Ochoa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "George E. Palade - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "John Carew Eccles 1903-1997 | Australian Academy of Science". www.science.org.au. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Francis Crick - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Arthur Kornberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "NYU Stern - A. Spence - William R. Berkley Professor in Economics & Business". www.stern.nyu.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ "Leontief, Wassily, 1906-1999. Wassily Leontief personal archive, 1928-2001: an inventory". oasis.lib.harvard.edu. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Tjalling Charles Koopmans | Biographical Memoirs V.67 | The National Academies Press. 1995. doi:10.17226/4894. ISBN 978-0-309-05238-2.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Friedrich August von Hayek - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Gunnar Myrdal - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Laureate - Paul Anthony Samuelson". www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Glad, John; Foundation, Wheatland (1990). Literature in Exile. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822309871.
^ Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Sennett Richard". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Saul Bellow Biography". biography.jrank.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Mohamed ElBaradei - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "Elihu Root - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Rockefeller University". Retrieved 11 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Martinus J.G. Veltman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Bruce Merrifield - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Stanford Moore - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ "William H. Stein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ "John H. Northrop - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Michael Smith - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Daniel Nathans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ "CV (Daniel Nathans)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "David Baltimore - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Gerald Edelman CV" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Paul Nurse - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Günter Blobel - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ "Torsten N. Wiesel - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ "Albert Claude - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "Christian de Duve - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Peyton Rous - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Edward Tatum - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Joshua Lederberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Herbert S. Gasser - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Karl Landsteiner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Alexis Carrel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "CV (Yoshinori Ohsumi)" (PDF).
^ "Ralph M. Steinman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ragnar Granit - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ "Alan L. Hodgkin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Henrik Dam - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
^ "Nobel Prizes". University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
^ "Timeline of Diversity at Penn, 1916-1966, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". www.archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Schrieffer, J. R. (John Robert), 1931-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Hofstadter, Robert, 1915-1990". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Ei-ichi Negishi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Ahmed H. Zewail)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.
^ "Christian Anfinsen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ "UPenn". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
^ "Hideki Shirakawa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Walter Kohn web page". web.physics.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Vincent du Vigneaud - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Stanley B. Prusiner)" (PDF).
^ "Biographical Information for Dr. Michael S. Brown in the Brown/Goldstein Laboratory in the Department of Molecular Genetics at University of Texas Southwestern". www4.utsouthwestern.edu. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ "Baruch S. Blumberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "RECOMMENDATIONS For ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS (UPenn)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Harald zur Hausen)" (PDF).
^ "Medicine and Health | The Philanthropy Roundtable". Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Otto Meyerhof - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Otto Meyerhof (1884—1951)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Curriculum Vitae - Harry Markowitz". Harry Markowitz. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ "Lawrence R. Klein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Simon Kuznets - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Robert A. Mundell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Nobel prize winners". www.ucl.ac.uk. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ "Our history". Crick. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
^ "Owen Willans Richardson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "Owen Richardson (A Cambridge Alumni Database)".
^ "William Bragg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Peter Higgs)" (PDF).
^ "Jaroslav Heyrovsky - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Sir Robert Robinson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ "Sir William Ramsay - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "George Porter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Frederick Soddy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ "Sir Frederick Hopkins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
^ "Iris View Profile". iris.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ "Paul Nurse | The Francis Crick Institute". The Francis Crick Institute. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
^ "Sir James W. Black - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Sir Bernard Katz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ "Andrew F. Huxley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ "Peter Medawar - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Archibald V. Hill - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Edvard Moser)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (May-Britt Moser)" (PDF).
^ "May-Britt Moser - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ulf von Euler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ "Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888—1963)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Corneille Heymans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ "Sir Henry Dale - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ "Trygve Haavelmo - Department of Economics". www.sv.uio.no. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ "Rabindranath Tagore | Making Britain". www.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Nobel Prize laureates". www.ethz.ch. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Konrad Bloch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bohning, James H. (22 March 1993). Konrad E. Bloch, Transcript of an Interview Conducted by James H. Bohning at Harvard University on 22 March 1993 (PDF). Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation.
^ "J. Georg Bednorz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "K. Alex Müller - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ "Heinrich Rohrer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Bloch, Felix, 1905-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Guillaume, Ch.-Ed. (Charles-Edouard), 1861-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Gustaf Dalén - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Stern, Otto, 1888-1969". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Richard Ernst, Schweizer Nobelpreisträger, Nobelpreis Chemie". www.richard-r-ernst.ch (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Alfred Werner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Vladimir Prelog - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ "Leopold Ruzicka - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Richard F. Heck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Jean-Marie Lehn - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Artturi Virtanen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "George de Hevesy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Fritz Haber - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Tadeus Reichstein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "MAX DELBRÜCK (1906-1981)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "H. Gobind Khorana - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ "Nobels & Pulitzers | About | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign". illinois.edu. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
^ "Physics Illinois: Nobel laureates". University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Kilby, Jack S. (Jack St. Clair), 1923-2005". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Kusch, Polykarp, 1911-1993". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "John Bardeen - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "Zhores I. Alferov - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ramsey, Norman, 1915-2011". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ "Brian D. Josephson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "Leon N. Cooper - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "Segrè, Emilio". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Elias James Corey - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "Vincent du Vigneaud" (PDF).
^ Langrill, John. "Phil Sharp's Lab - CV". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Edwin G. Krebs - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Hamilton O. Smith - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011)". www.aps.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Robert W. Holley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Edward A. Doisy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
^ "Salvador E. Luria - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ "Sir Peter Mansfield - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Martin Rodbell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Otto, Angela M. (8 March 2016). "Warburg effect(s)—a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism". Cancer & Metabolism. 4: 5. doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0145-9. PMC 4784299. PMID 26962452.
^ "The Maximum Quantum Yield Controversy" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Franco Modigliani - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "University of Minnesota: Scholars Walk". www.scholarswalk.umn.edu. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "Brattain, Walter H. (Walter Houser), 1902-1987". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-1958". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Van Vleck, J. H. (John Hasbrouck), 1899-1980". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "J. Hans D. Jensen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (J. Hans D. Jensen)" (PDF). Leopoldina (in German). Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Compton, Arthur Holly, 1892-1962". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Melvin Calvin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Paul D. Boyer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "Boyer, Paul D. | UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry". www.chemistry.ucla.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "William Lipscomb - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ "William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. Curriculum Vitae". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry. 40 (S25): xxix–xxxviii. 1 January 1991. doi:10.1002/qua.560400805. ISSN 1097-461X.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Louis J. Ignarro - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ "Edward B. Lewis - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ "Edward C. Kendall - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "George J. Stigler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Milton Friedman)" (PDF). www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Vane, Howard R.; Mulhearn, Chris (2005). The Nobel Memorial Laureates in Economics: An Introduction to Their Careers and Main Published Works. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781845426897.
^ "Bob Dylan's North Country". courses.music.indiana.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Saul Bellow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1970". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
^ "UCSD Faculty Winners of the Nobel Prize". academicaffairs.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "Alfvén, Hannes, 1908-1995". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ "CV (David M. Lee)" (PDF).
^ L'Annunziata, Michael F. (13 May 2016). Radioactivity: Introduction and History, From the Quantum to Quarks. Elsevier. ISBN 9780444634962.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Mario J. Molina)" (PDF).
^ "Prof. Paul J. Crutzen". cacgp.chemistry.uoc.gr. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Linus Carl Pauling | Department of Chemistry". chemistry.stanford.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981". history.aip.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Susumu Tonegawa)" (PDF).
^ "Renato Dulbecco, Nobel Laureate and pioneering cancer researcher, dies at 97 - Salk Institute for Biological Studies". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ Mestel, Rosie. "Co-discoverer of DNA's double helix dies". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
^ "Nobel Lauriates". University of California. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
^ "Salk Institute Professor Sydney Brenner Receives 2002 Nobel Prize for Medicine - Salk Institute for Biological Studies". Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Robert F. Furchgott - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Rolf M. Zinkernagel - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ "Clive W.J. Granger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Nobel Laureates Affiliated with Heidelberg University". Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ "Nobelpreisträger - Universität Heidelberg". 25 December 2008. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Max Born - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "James Franck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Heike Kamerlingh Onnes - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Albert A. Michelson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Philipp Lenard - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Walther Bothe - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Hans G. Dehmelt - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Georg Wittig - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Karl Ziegler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Kaminsky, Walter (19 December 2013). Polyolefins: 50 years after Ziegler and Natta I: Polyethylene and Polypropylene. Springer. ISBN 9783642408083.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Carl Bosch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Friedrich Bergius - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ "Otto Warburg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Albrecht Kossel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Carl Spitteler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ "Ting, S. C. C. (Samuel Chao-chung), 1936-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Glaser, D. A." history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "The Smalley Group - Rice University". cohesion.rice.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Jerome Karle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Stanley Cohen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Marshall W. Nirenberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ "Thomas H. Weller - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Charles B. Huggins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
^ "Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Lawrence R. Klein)". 2 June 1965.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Brodsky, Joseph (2002). Joseph Brodsky: Conversations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578065288.
^ "UW Madison nobel prize awardees". Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ Kursunoglu, Behram N.; Wigner, Eugene Paul, eds. (1990). Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac: Reminiscences about a Great Physicist. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0521386888. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ "Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac". University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
^ "John Walker | MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit". www.mrc-mbu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "Peter Debye - Session II". 15 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ "Peter Debye - Session III". 15 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ "Howard M. Temin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Joseph Erlanger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Theodore W. Schultz - Cirriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "The Seven Nobel Laureates of UCLA". alumni.ucla.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
^ "Awards & Honors | UCLA". www.ucla.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Schwinger, Julian, 1918-1994". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
^ "Professor Bruce Merrifield". The Independent. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Glenn T. Seaborg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (J. Fraser Stoddart)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
^ "Donald J. Cram - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Willard F. Libby - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "CV (Elinor Ostrom)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "WILLIAM F". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ "James M. Buchanan Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Wahid, Abu N. M. (2002). Frontiers of Economics: Nobel Laureates of the Twentieth Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313320736.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Irvine, Andrew David (2017). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Ralph Bunche - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Al Gore Teaching at UCLA / UCLA Spotlight". www.spotlight.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ "Our Nobel Prize winners". Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ "Cockcroft, John, Sir, 1897-1967". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ "Chadwick, James, 1891-1974". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "C.T.R. Wilson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "J.J. Thomson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "CV (Konstantin S. Novoselov)" (PDF).
^ "Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "Bragg, William Lawrence, Sir, 1890-1971". history.aip.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "John C. Polanyi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "John Polanyi Official Website". sites.utoronto.ca. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Arthur Harden - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Lord Todd - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
^ "Ernest Rutherford - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Sulston John". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Sir Arthur Lewis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "John R. Hicks - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Nobel Prize Winners | Washington University in St. Louis". Washington University in St. Louis. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Paul Berg - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "Luis Leloir - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
^ "Robert F. Furchgott - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ "Biography: Rita Levi-Montalcini". beckerexhibits.wustl.edu. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Mitchison, N. Avrion (2003). "George D. Snell (1903–1996)" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 83. National Academies Press. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
^ "Alfred D. Hershey - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Arthur Kornberg - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Carl and Gerty Cori and Carbohydrate Metabolism - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Carl Cori - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Gerty Cori - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Christian de Duve - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Douglass C. North | Department of Economics | University of Washington". econ.washington.edu. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ "University of Zurich". Retrieved 2 December 2010.
^ "Erwin Schrödinger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Paul Karrer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Jean-Pierre Sauvage)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Linus Pauling - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "Leopold Ruzicka
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". www.uzh.ch. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Walter Hess - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "CV (ERIC F. WIESCHAUS)" (PDF).
^ "Biography of Theodor Kocher".
^ "Emil Theodor Kocher (1841-1917). - The James Lind Library". The James Lind Library. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Theodor Mommsen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "John Pople - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ "Northwestern Nobels: Northwestern Magazine". Northwestern University. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ "Nobel Laureates: Feinberg School of Medicine: Northwestern University". www.feinberg.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ferid Murad - Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ "Franco Modigliani | Speakers | Landon Lecture Series | Kansas State University". www.k-state.edu. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Robert E. Lucas)" (PDF).
^ "Overview: Nobel Prize — Universität Freiburg". www.uni-freiburg.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "Universität Freiburg gratuliert ihrem Alumnus zum Nobelpreis — Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit". www.pr.uni-freiburg.de. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^ "Bert Sakmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ "Georges J.F. Köhler - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Curriculum Vitae of Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Robert Bárány - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Nobel Laureates – The City University of New York". www2.cuny.edu. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ "Lederman, Leon M." history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ "Penzias, Arno A." history.aip.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ "Herbert A. Hauptman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Montagnier Luc". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ "Rosalyn Yalow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ "Kenneth J. Arrow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Paul Krugman". www.gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "NYTimes". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Professor Elie Wiesel » ISGAP". isgap.org. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
^ "Georges Charpak - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ "Chu, Steven". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Bloembergen, N." history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Paul Sabatier - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Roger Guillemin Biography (1924-)". www.faqs.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
^ "Roger Guillemin (Interview)".
^ "Distinctions - École normale supérieure - Paris". www.ens.fr. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
^ "CV (William D. Phillips)" (PDF).
^ "Taylor, Richard E., 1929-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ "Richard E. Taylor - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Schwarz, Karlheinz; Sham, Lu; Mattsson, Ann; Scheffler, Matthias (2016). "Obituary for Walter Kohn (1923–2016)". Computation. 4 (4): 40. doi:10.3390/computation4040040. S2CID 15158956.
^ "Samuel Beckett - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Nobel laureates | Universität Wien". beyondarts.at. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Schrodinger biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "Hess, Victor Francis, 1883-1964". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "Max F. Perutz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "Konrad Lorenz" (PDF).
^ "Julius Wagner-Jauregg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Allvar Gullstrand - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "1911 — An Ophthalmologist Won the Nobel Price: Allvar Gullstrand, Surgeon, Mathematician and Creative Inventor".
^ "George H. Whipple (1878—1976)" (PDF).
^ "Elfriede Jelinek". Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Elias Canetti - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Ivo Andric - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ "Fowler, William A." history.aip.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Arthur Compton" (PDF).
^ "Jeff Hall | Brandeis University". www.brandeis.edu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "George H. Hitchings - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ "Edmond H. Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ "E. Donnall Thomas - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ "Harvey J. Alter, M.D." NIH Intramural Research Program. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
^ "Joseph L. Goldstein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ "CMU". Retrieved 15 June 2017.
^ "CV (John Hall)" (PDF).
^ "Davisson, Clinton Joseph, 1881-1958". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "Paul J. Flory - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ "Education | Finn Kydland". www.finnkydland.com. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
^ "John F. Nash Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Merton Miller | The University of Chicago Booth School of Business". research.chicagobooth.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ "Herbert A. Simon - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Goethe-Universität — Awards and Prizes". www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "Störmer, Horst". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ "Gerd Binnig". kavliprize.org. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ "Niels K. Jerne - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
^ Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Academic Press. 29 April 2014. ISBN 9780123851581.
^ "CV (Reinhard Selten)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Nobel winners | Imperial College London". www.imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ "Abdus Salam - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
^ "Gabor, Dennis, 1900-1979". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ "George Paget Thomson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ "CV of Steven Weinberg" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Geoffrey Wilkinson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Derek Barton - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
^ "Obituary: Lord Porter". 2 September 2002. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ "George, Baron Porter of Luddenham (1920-2002)". Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^ Thompson, Harold (1973). "Cyril Norman Hinshelwood. 1897-1967". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 375–431. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0015. PMID 11615727. S2CID 12385145.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Sir Alexander Fleming - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Sir Frederick Hopkins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Rodney R. Porter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
^ "Ernst B. Chain - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "LSE Nobel Prize winners". LSE History. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "C.V. of Robert Mundell". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Benham, Alexandra. "Ronald Coase: CV". www.coase.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
^ "CV (Amartya Sen)" (PDF).
^ "James E. Meade - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Paul Krugman". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ Editor, LSE Web. "LSE alumnus Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos wins 2016 Nobel peace prize - 2016 - Around LSE archives - Around LSE - News and media - Website archive - Home". www.lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2018.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
^ Sanchez, Oscar. "THE QUEST FOR A NEW WORLD LEADERSHIP" (PDF). Wilson Center.
^ "Kyoto University | Facts & Figures". 探検！京都大学. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
^ "Japanese Nobel Laureates". KYOTO UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
^ "Isamu Akasaki - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Sin-Itiro Tomonaga - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Hideki Yukawa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ "Toshihide Maskawa". KYOTO UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ "Makoto Kobayashi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
^ "Lamb, Willis E. (Willis Eugene), 1913-2008". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Profile of Dr. Akira Yoshino | The Lithium-ion Battery | Asahi Kasei". Asahi Kasei Corporation. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Kenichi Fukui - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
^ "THE PATH TO CONDUCTIVE POLYACETYLENE" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Tasuku Honjo CV & Selected Publications". www2.mfour.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ "Yoshinori Ohsumi (Nobel Biography)".
^ "CV (Shinya Yamanaka)". www.cira.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ "Aung San Suu Kyi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "Nobel Prizes | The University of Edinburgh". Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ "Igor Tamm". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Barkla, C. G. (Charles Glover), 1877-1944". history.aip.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Peter Mitchell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
^ "Peter C. Doherty - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ "Hermann J. Muller - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "James A. Mirrlees - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ "Joseph Rotblat - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
^ "Braun, Ferdinand, 1850-1918". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Pieter Zeeman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "Hans A. S. von Euler-Chelpin". Journal of Chemical Education. 15 (12): 551. 1938. Bibcode:1938JChEd..15..551.. doi:10.1021/ed015p551.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Jules A. HOFFMANN)" (PDF).
^ "Alphonse Laveran - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ "Albert Schweitzer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ "Case Western Reserve University Nobel Laureates". www.case.edu. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ "Michelson, Albert A. (Albert Abraham), 1852-1931". history.aip.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ "George A. Olah - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "In memoriam: Nobel laureate George Olah, 89". Retrieved 20 January 2018.
^ "Paul C. Lauterbur - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ "Alfred G. Gilman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ "Frederick C. Robbins - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "John Macleod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
^ "Ernst Ruska - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Rudolf Mössbauer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "CV (Klaus von Klitzing)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Hertz, Gustav, 1887-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
^ "CV (Johann Deisenhofer)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Curriculum Vitae". www.biochem.mpg.de. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ Coley, Noel G. (2005). "Buchner, Eduard (1860-1917)". Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9780471743989.vse9845. ISBN 978-0471743989.
^ "Wilhelm Ostwald - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Fritz Pregl - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
^ Benedetti-Pichler, A.A. (1 March 1962). "Fritz Pregl: The work and personality of a nobel laureate". Microchemical Journal. 6 (1): 5–16. doi:10.1016/0026-265X(62)90124-8. ISSN 0026-265X.
^ Abrams, Irwin (2001). The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates: An Illustrated Biographical History, 1901-2001. Science History Publications/USA. ISBN 9780881353884.
^ "Nathan Söderblom - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[SCI-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b The total number of laureates in natural sciences: Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine.

[Pauling-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Linus Pauling won a Nobel Chemistry Prize and a Nobel Peace Prize.

[Paris-10] The original University of Paris dissolved into thirteen universities in 1970, and since 2010 there has been another round of reorganization with a new University of Paris established in 2019. Currently, official academic affiliates of all the thirteen successor universities—except Paris Dauphine University after 2019, when it became a constituent college of the Paris Sciences et Lettres University—as well as their successors, if any, are here taken into consideration.

[Curie-11] Marie Curie won a Nobel Physics Prize and a Nobel Chemistry Prize.

[Overlap-12] Overlap of affiliates among the three columns.

[LBNL-126] From 1931 to 1971 the lab was named "University of California Radiation Laboratory" (1931-1958) and "Lawrence Radiation Laboratory" (1958-1971), and was widely regarded as a part of the University of California, Berkeley. In 1971, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley Lab" with its Livermore branch becoming a separate lab "Lawrence Livermore Lab", both of which were counted as a part of the University of California. In 1995, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley National Lab" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy, being officially managed by the University of California.

[LANL-130] Even though the laboratory (as Project Y) was officially managed by University of California, Berkeley after its establishment in 1943, the initial appointments in the lab were for military purposes only and were not academic appointments. After the Manhattan Project the lab was renamed "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory" on January 1, 1947, and in 1952 the lab became officially managed by the University of California when the latter was separated from UC Berkeley. In 1981, the lab was renamed "Los Alamos National Laboratory" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy.

[All_Nobel_Prizes-1] "All Nobel Prizes". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 October 2019.

[2] "Nobel Prize Facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 March 2018.

[3] "What are Guggenheim Fellowships?". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

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[:510-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Visiting Miller Professorship". miller.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 22 November 2017.

[6] "Programs for: | Fulbright Scholar Program". www.cies.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[latimes2000-10-19-7] Hirsch, Jerry (19 October 2000). "Nobel Prize Inflation Hits University of Chicago". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 July 2011.

[harvard-13] "Harvard Nobel Laureates". Retrieved 14 December 2016.

[14] "Our History | Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University". www.radcliffe.harvard.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2017.

[15] "About the Loeb and Lee Lecturships | Harvard University Department of Physics". www.physics.harvard.edu. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[16] "Norton Lectures | Mahindra Humanities Center". mahindrahumanities.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

[:113-17] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "David J. Wineland - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 December 2017.

[:115-18] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Adam Guy Riess)" (PDF).

[:116-19] Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Brian P. Schmidt)" (PDF).

[:114-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Biography (Saul Perlmutter)" (PDF).

[:129-21] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Roy J. Glauber - Biographical". Retrieved 8 November 2017.

[:133-22] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Politzer, H. David, 1949-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

[:140-23] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Riccardo Giacconi - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

[:104-24] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (J.M. Kosterlitz)" (PDF).

[:112-25] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "CV (Serge Haroche)" (PDF).

[:132-26] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Gross, David J. (David Jonathan)". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

[:134-27] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (FRANK WILCZEK)" (PDF).

[:137-28] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Leggett, A. J. (Anthony J.)". history.aip.org. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

[:147-29] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Jennifer Doudna)" (PDF).

[:153-30] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Tropical and Molecular Parasitology: Seminar Series (Dr. George Smith, CV)".

[:325-31] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Martin Karplus". Retrieved 15 January 2018.

[:337-32] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Thomas A Steitz, PhD > Biological & Biomedical Sciences | Yale University". bbs.yale.edu. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

[:341-33] Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Martin Chalfie)".

[:342-34] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Roger Y. Tsien - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

[:344-35] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: CV". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[:346-36] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Richard R. Schrock - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[:355-37] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "William S. Knowles - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.

[:352-38] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Roderick MacKinnon - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[:328-39] "Arieh Warshel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 January 2018.

[40] "The early days of discovery". Harvard Magazine. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.

[:347-41] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CV (Aaron Ciechanover)" (PDF).

[:357-42] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "K. Barry Sharpless -- Curriculum Vitae". www.scripps.edu. Retrieved 18 January 2018.

[:356-43] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Ryoji Noyori)" (PDF).

[44] Yun, Oliver (22 November 2005). "Profile of William S. Knowles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 16913–16915. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10216913Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507546102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1287994. PMID 16286647.

[:212-45] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Gregg L. Semenza, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Genetic Medicine". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

[:521-46] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "James E Rothman, PhD > Rothman Lab | Cell Biology | Yale School of Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 5 February 2018.

[:529-47] Jump up to: ^a ^b Greenberg, Philip D. (27 December 2011). "Ralph M. Steinman: A man, a microscope, a cell, and so much more". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (52): 20871–20872. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10820871G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119293109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3248493. PMID 22158987.

[:536-48] "CV (Mario R. Capecchi)" (PDF).

[:540-49] "CV (Craig C. Mello)" (PDF).

[:549-50] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "H. Robert Horvitz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.

[51] "Eric R. Kandel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

[:226-52] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "William G. Kaelin, Jr. | Researcher". Breast Cancer Research Foundation. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2019.

[:533-53] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Jack W. Szostak - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.

[:544-54] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Linda B. Buck - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 February 2018.

[:151-55] Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (ROBERT B. WILSON)" (PDF).

[:152-56] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Abhijit Banerjee)". Archived from the original on 14 October 2019.

[:95-57] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CV (Michael Kremer)" (PDF).

[:19-58] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Lloyd S. Shapely)".

[:22-59] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "CV (Christopher A. Sims)" (PDF).

[:21-60] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "CV (Thomas J. Sargent)" (PDF).

[:29-61] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Eric S. Maskin)" (PDF).

[:30-62] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Roger B. Myerson)" (PDF).

[:32-63] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Thomas Schelling)" (PDF).

[:39-64] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (VERNON L. SMITH)" (PDF).

[:41-65] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "A. Michael Spence". Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 11 December 2017.

[:15-66] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "CV (Oliver Hart)" (PDF).

[:20-67] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Alvin E. Roth)" (PDF).

[:13-68] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "CV (Jean Tirole)" (PDF).

[Lars_Peter_Hanson_CV-69] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "CV (Lars Peter Hanson)".

[Robert_Shiller_CV-70] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "CV (Robert Shiller)" (PDF).

[:25-71] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "CV (Christopher A. Pissarides)" (PDF).

[:23-72] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "CV (Peter A. Diamond)".

[:14-73] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "CV (Oliver E. Williamson)" (PDF).

[:28-74] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l "Biography (Leonid Hurwicz)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007.

[:38-75] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "CV (Daniel Kahneman)" (PDF).

[76] "Mario Vargas Llosa Awarded Nobel Prize in Literature". 7 October 2010.{

[:4-77] Attwell, David (17 September 2015). J.M. Coetzee & the Life of Writing: Face to Face with Time. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198746331.

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[79] "Juan Manuel Santos, Kennedy School alumnus and Nieman fellow, wins Nobel Peace Prize". Harvard Gazette. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2018.

[80] "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 March 2018.

[:393-81] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency | Miller Center". Miller Center. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[:386-82] "10 Things You Didn't Know About Al Gore". US News.

[83] "South Korea's Harvard connection". Christian Science Monitor. 18 April 1983. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[84] Kirk, D. (7 December 2009). Korea Betrayed: Kim Dae Jung and Sunshine. Springer. ISBN 9780230101845.

[85] "Cambridge Nobel Prize". University of Cambridge. 28 January 2013.

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[308] "CV (Françoise Barré-Sinoussi)" (PDF).

[309] "Luc Montagnier - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 February 2018.

[:577-310] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "CV (Bert Sakmann)" (PDF).

[:605-311] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Jean Dausset - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

[312] Dicke, William (22 June 2009). "Jean Dausset, Nobel Laureate, Dies at 92". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

[:658-313] Jump up to: ^a ^b "André Lwoff (1902 - 1994)".

[:657-314] Jump up to: ^a ^b "François Jacob - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:659-315] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Jacques Monod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:682-316] "André F. Cournand - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[:737-317] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Charles Nicolle - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:749-318] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Charles Richet - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:66-319] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Maurice Allais - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

[:71-320] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Gerard Debreu - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[321] "Patrick Modiano - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[:805-322] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Jean-Paul Sartre - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[323] "Giorgos Seferis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[:809-324] "T.S. Eliot - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[:812-325] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Lawlor, Leonard; Moulard Leonard, Valentine (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.

[:815-326] Jump up to: ^a ^b Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine ... Scribner & Company. 1913.

[327] "Romain Rolland - Oxford Reference". Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[328] "Who is Romain Rolland? | Radical Reference". radicalreference.info. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[:700-329] Jump up to: ^a ^b "René Cassin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 March 2018.

[330] Schweitzer, Albert (2009). Albert Schweitzer's Ethical Vision: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195377897.

[:775-331] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ferdinand Buisson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[332] "Léon Bourgeois - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[:784-333] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Louis Renault - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[:785-334] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Albert Gobat - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[:783-335] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Auguste Beernaert - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[336] "Nobel Prize Laureates from Göttingen". Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (in German). Retrieved 15 February 2021.

[:818-337] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Das Göttinger Nobelpreiswunder". Retrieved 14 February 2021.

[:759-338] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Göttingen and its Nobel Prize Laureates" (PDF).

[339] "About us: Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities (AdW)". adw-goe.de. Retrieved 15 June 2017.

[:145-340] "Kroemer, Herbert, 1928-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

[:172-341] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Dehmelt, Hans". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

[:233-342] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906-1972". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

[:250-343] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Born, Max, 1882-1970". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

[:278-344] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.

[:289-345] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Gustav Hertz - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[:295-346] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Max von Laue - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

[:298-347] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Wilhelm Wien - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

[:288-348] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Franck, James, 1882-1964". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[:176-349] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Wolfgang Paul - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

[:203-350] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Sir Nevill F. Mott - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.

[:232-351] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

[:260-352] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Blackett, P. M. S., Baron Blackett (Patrick Maynard Stuart), 1897-1974". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.

[:263-353] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Wolfgang Pauli - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.

[:276-354] "Dirac, P. A. M. (Paul Adrien Maurice), 1902-1984". history.aip.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.

[:277-355] "Dirac biography". www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 January 2018.

[:267-356] "Fermi, Enrico, 1901-1954". history.aip.org. Retrieved 6 January 2018.

[:292-357] "Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953". history.aip.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

[:8-358] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Johannes Stark - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

[:426-359] "Manfred Eigen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[:465-360] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Adolf Butenandt - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

[:468-361] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Norman Haworth - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

[:478-362] "Irving Langmuir - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[:500-363] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Otto Wallach - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[:470-364] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Debye, Peter J. W. (Peter Josef William), 1884-1966". history.aip.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

[:484-365] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Adolf Windaus - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[:487-366] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Richard Zsigmondy - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[:492-367] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Walther Nernst - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018.

[:102-368] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Dudley R. Herschbach - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 November 2017.

[:419-369] "Gerhard Herzberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[:424-370] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Lars Onsager - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[:483-371] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Hans von Euler-Chelpin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[:495-372] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Theodore W. Richards - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[:496-373] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Theodore W. Richards" (PDF).

[:641-374] "Max Delbrück - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[:642-375] "Delbruck, Max (1906-1981) 455". www.library.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[:689-376] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Hans Krebs - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[:763-377] "Robert Koch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2018.

[:576-378] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Neher, Erwin, Prof". www.uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 13 February 2018.

[:758-379] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Paul Ehrlich - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:756-380] "Ilya Mechnikov - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:817-381] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Rudolf Eucken - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[:776-382] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ludwig Quidde Stiftung". www.ludwig-quidde-stiftung.de. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[383] "LMU - Nobel Prize". Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2013.

[:12-384] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005". history.aip.org. Retrieved 3 January 2018.

[:74-385] "Max Planck - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

[:312-386] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

[:190-387] "Nicolaas Bloembergen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[:264-388] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898-1988". history.aip.org. Retrieved 5 January 2018.

[:387-389] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Research Profile Prof. Hartmut Michel | Prof. Michel | | www.biophys.mpg.de". www.biophys.mpg.de (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2018.

[:423-390] "Odd Hassel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[:447-391] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Hermann Staudinger - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[:448-392] "Hermann Staudinger Foundation of Polymer Science - Landmark - American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[:463-393] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Otto Hahn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.

[:467-394] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Richard Kuhn - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

[:481-395] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Hans Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[:485-396] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Heinrich Wieland - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[:494-397] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Richard Willstätter - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[:503-398] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Eduard Buchner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[:414-399] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Ernst Otto Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 January 2018.

[:505-400] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Adolf von Baeyer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[:508-401] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Emil Fischer - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 3 February 2018.

[:96-402] Jump up to: ^a ^b "A Guggenheim Fellow in Europe during the Golden Years of Physics (1926-1927)". scarc.library.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[:461-403] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Wendell M. Stanley - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.

[:557-404] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Günter Blobel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

[:661-405] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Feodor Lynen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:690-406] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Fritz Lipmann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[:721-407] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Otto Loewi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

[:722-408] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Hans Spemann - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

[:6-409] "Hans Spemann (1869-1941) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 31 July 2018.

[:630-410] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Karl von Frisch - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.

[:652-411] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Keffer Hartline - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:653-412] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "H. Keffer Hartline - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:696-413] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Philip S. Hench - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[:697-414] Jump up to: ^a ^b Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A. (2001). "Philip S. Hench–1950 Nobel Laureate". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 76 (11): 1073. doi:10.4065/76.11.1073. PMID 11702893.

[:813-415] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "TUM - Nobel Prize". portal.mytum.de. Retrieved 15 November 2016.

[416] Bloom, Harold (2009). Thomas Mann. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438116327.

[JHU-417] "Nobel Prize Winners". Retrieved 1 November 2017.

[:351-418] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Peter Agre - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[:331-419] "Dan Shechtman – Department of Materials Science and Engineering". materials.technion.ac.il. Retrieved 15 January 2018.

[420] "Nobel laureates". University of Copenhagen. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

[:117-421] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Andre Geim (The University of Manchester)". www.condmat.physics.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2017.

[422] Uhl, Anette Møller (7 February 2013). "Nobel Laureate David Gross will be Visiting Professor at the Discovery Center for three months this spring". discoverycenter.nbi.ku.dk. Retrieved 8 June 2018.

[423] "NYU's Sargent Wins 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics".

[424] "Nobel Laureate Soyinka at NYU for Events in October". New York University.

[425] "Shimon Peres (1923-2016)". main.knesset.gov.il. Retrieved 15 February 2021.

[:161-426] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Reines, Frederick, 1918-1998". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

[:160-427] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Perl, Martin L., 1927-2014". history.aip.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

[:163-428] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Shull, Clifford Glenwood". history.aip.org. Retrieved 22 December 2017.

[:378-429] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (RUDOLPH A. MARCUS)" (PDF).

[:430-430] "Mulliken, Robert Sanderson". history.aip.org. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[431] "Avram Hershko". med.nyu.edu. Retrieved 17 January 2018.

[:518-432] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "John O'Keefe - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.

[:585-433] Jump up to: ^a ^b "CV (Gertrude B. Elion)" (PDF).

[:640-434] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Julius Axelrod - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[:654-435] Jump up to: ^a ^b "George Wald - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:604-436] "Baruj Benacerraf - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

[:674-437] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Severo Ochoa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[:629-438] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "George E. Palade - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

[:663-439] "John Carew Eccles 1903-1997 | Australian Academy of Science". www.science.org.au. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:668-440] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Francis Crick - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[:675-441] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Arthur Kornberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[442] "NYU Stern - A. Spence - William R. Berkley Professor in Economics & Business". www.stern.nyu.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2017.

[443] "Leontief, Wassily, 1906-1999. Wassily Leontief personal archive, 1928-2001: an inventory". oasis.lib.harvard.edu. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[:85-444] Tjalling Charles Koopmans | Biographical Memoirs V.67 | The National Academies Press. 1995. doi:10.17226/4894. ISBN 978-0-309-05238-2.

[:88-445] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Friedrich August von Hayek - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[:86-446] "Gunnar Myrdal - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[447] "Laureate - Paul Anthony Samuelson". www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[:798-448] Glad, John; Foundation, Wheatland (1990). Literature in Exile. Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822309871.

[449] Hoffmann, Ilire Hasani, Robert. "Academy of Europe: Sennett Richard". www.ae-info.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[:804-450] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Saul Bellow Biography". biography.jrank.org. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[:476-451] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Mohamed ElBaradei - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 March 2018.

[452] "Elihu Root - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[453] "Rockefeller University". Retrieved 11 June 2011.

[:148-454] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Martinus J.G. Veltman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

[:397-455] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Bruce Merrifield - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.

[:417-456] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Stanford Moore - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[:418-457] "William H. Stein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[:460-458] "John H. Northrop - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 30 January 2018.

[:377-459] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Michael Smith - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 January 2018.

[:611-460] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Daniel Nathans - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 February 2018.

[:612-461] "CV (Daniel Nathans)" (PDF).

[:623-462] Jump up to: ^a ^b "David Baltimore - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

[Gerald_M._Edelman_CV-463] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Gerald Edelman CV" (PDF).

[:552-464] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Paul Nurse - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

[:558-465] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Günter Blobel - Curriculum Vitae". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 February 2018.

[:603-466] "Torsten N. Wiesel - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

[:626-467] "Albert Claude - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

[:627-468] "Christian de Duve - Our Scientists". Our Scientists. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

[:655-469] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Peyton Rous - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:678-470] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Edward Tatum - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[:679-471] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Joshua Lederberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.

[:706-472] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Herbert S. Gasser - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[:733-473] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Karl Landsteiner - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:750-474] "Alexis Carrel - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:515-475] "CV (Yoshinori Ohsumi)" (PDF).

[476] "Ralph M. Steinman - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2018.

[:651-477] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Ragnar Granit - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

[:665-478] "Alan L. Hodgkin - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[:713-479] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Henrik Dam - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2018.

[480] "Nobel Prizes". University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 14 October 2019.

[481] "Timeline of Diversity at Penn, 1916-1966, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". www.archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2016.

[:217-482] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Schrieffer, J. R. (John Robert), 1931-". history.aip.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.

[:236-483] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Hofstadter, Robert, 1915-1990". history.aip.org. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

[:333-484] "Ei-ichi Negishi - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 January 2018.

[:361-485] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "CV (Ahmed H. Zewail)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016.

[:416-486] "Christian Anfinsen - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

[:350-487] "UPenn". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2011.

[:360-488] "Hideki Shirakawa - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 January 2018.

[:362-489] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Walter Kohn web page". web.physics.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2018.

[:444-490] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Vincent du Vigneaud - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

[:563-491] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Stanley B. Prusiner)" (PDF).

[:592-492] "Biographical Information for Dr. Michael S. Brown in the Brown/Goldstein Laboratory in the Department of Molecular Genetics at University of Texas Southwestern". www4.utsouthwestern.edu. Retrieved 15 February 2018.

[:621-493] "Baruch S. Blumberg - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 February 2018.

[494] "RECOMMENDATIONS For ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS (UPenn)" (PDF).

[:534-495] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "CV (Harald zur Hausen)" (PDF).

[496] "Medicine and Health | The Philanthropy Roundtable". Retrieved 24 February 2018.

[:744-497] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Otto Meyerhof - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2018.

[:745-498] "Otto Meyerhof (1884—1951)" (PDF).

[:62-499] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Curriculum Vitae - Harry Markowitz". Harry Markowitz. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

[Lawrence_R_Klein-500] "Lawrence R. Klein - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[:93-501] "Simon Kuznets - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.

[:47-502] "Robert A. Mundell - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.

[:45-503] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c "Nobel prize winners". www.ucl.ac.uk. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.

[504] "Our history". Crick. Retrieved 8 July 2019.

[:281-505] "Owen Willans Richardson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 January 2018.

[:282-506] "Owen Richardson (A Cambridge Alumni Database)".

[:192-507] "William Bragg". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 February 2019.

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