List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

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This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize since 1901 and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1969. The affiliations are those at the time of the Nobel Prize announcement.[1] Different universities adopt different criteria—from generous to conservative—for claiming Nobel affiliates, which may not match this list.[2]

Nobel laureates by affiliation[1]
Laureate Discipline Year of award Affiliation
Alexei Abrikosov Physics 2003 Argonne National Laboratory
Edgar Adrian Physiology or Medicine 1932 University of Cambridge
Peter Agre Chemistry 2003 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Isamu Akasaki Physics 2014 Meijo University
Nagoya University
George Akerlof Economics 2001 University of California, Berkeley
Kurt Alder Chemistry 1950 University of Cologne
Zhores Alferov Physics 2000 Ioffe Institute
Hannes Alfvén Physics 1970 KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Maurice Allais Economics 1988 Mines ParisTech
James P. Allison Physiology or Medicine 2018 MD Anderson Cancer Center
Harvey J. Alter Physiology or Medicine 2020 National Institutes of Health
Sidney Altman Chemistry 1989 Yale University
Luis Walter Alvarez Physics 1968 University of California, Berkeley
Hiroshi Amano Physics 2014 Nagoya University
Carl David Anderson Physics 1936 California Institute of Technology
Philip W. Anderson Physics 1977 Bell Labs
Christian B. Anfinsen Chemistry 1972 National Institutes of Health
Joshua Angrist Economics 2021 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Edward Victor Appleton Physics 1947 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Werner Arber Physiology or Medicine 1978 Biozentrum University of Basel
Frances Arnold Chemistry 2018 California Institute of Technology
Svante Arrhenius Chemistry 1903 Stockholm University
Kenneth Arrow Economics 1972 Harvard University
Arthur Ashkin Physics 2018 Bell Labs
Francis William Aston Chemistry 1922 University of Cambridge
Robert Aumann Economics 2005 Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Richard Axel Physiology or Medicine 2004 Columbia University
Julius Axelrod Physiology or Medicine 1970 National Institutes of Health
Adolf von Baeyer Chemistry 1905 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
David Baltimore Physiology or Medicine 1975 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Abhijit Banerjee Economics 2019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Frederick Banting Physiology or Medicine 1923 University of Toronto
Róbert Bárány Physiology or Medicine 1914 University of Vienna
John Bardeen Physics 1956 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Physics 1972 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Barry Barish Physics 2017 California Institute of Technology
LIGO Scientific Collaboration
Charles Glover Barkla Physics 1917 University of Edinburgh
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Physiology or Medicine 2008 Pasteur Institute
Derek Barton Chemistry 1969 Imperial College London
Nikolay Basov Physics 1964 Lebedev Physical Institute
George Beadle Physiology or Medicine 1958 California Institute of Technology
Gary Becker Economics 1992 University of Chicago
Henri Becquerel Physics 1903 École Polytechnique
Georg Bednorz Physics 1987 IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Emil von Behring Physiology or Medicine 1901 University of Marburg
Georg von Békésy Physiology or Medicine 1961 Harvard University
Baruj Benacerraf Physiology or Medicine 1980 Harvard Medical School
Paul Berg Chemistry 1980 Stanford University
Friedrich Bergius Chemistry 1931 Heidelberg University
IG Farben
Sune Bergström Physiology or Medicine 1982 Karolinska Institute
Hans Bethe Physics 1967 Cornell University
Eric Betzig Chemistry 2014 Janelia Research Campus
Bruce Beutler Physiology or Medicine 2011 Scripps Research
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Gerd Binnig Physics 1986 IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
J. Michael Bishop Physiology or Medicine 1989 UCSF School of Medicine
James Black Physiology or Medicine 1988 GKT School of Medical Education
Elizabeth Blackburn Physiology or Medicine 2009 University of California, San Francisco
Patrick Blackett Physics 1948 Victoria University of Manchester
Günter Blobel Physiology or Medicine 1999 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Rockefeller University
Felix Bloch Physics 1952 Stanford University
Konrad Emil Bloch Physiology or Medicine 1964 Harvard University
Nicolaas Bloembergen Physics 1981 Harvard University
Baruch Samuel Blumberg Physiology or Medicine 1976 Lankenau Institute for Medical Research
Aage Bohr Physics 1975 Niels Bohr Institute
Niels Bohr Physics 1922 University of Copenhagen
Jules Bordet Physiology or Medicine 1919 Université libre de Bruxelles
Max Born Physics 1954 University of Edinburgh
Carl Bosch Chemistry 1931 Heidelberg University
IG Farben
Walther Bothe Physics 1954 Heidelberg University
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
Daniel Bovet Physiology or Medicine 1957 Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Paul D. Boyer Chemistry 1997 University of California, Los Angeles
Willard Boyle Physics 2009 Bell Labs
Lawrence Bragg Physics 1915 Victoria University of Manchester
William Henry Bragg Physics 1915 University College London
Walter Houser Brattain Physics 1956 Bell Labs
Karl Ferdinand Braun Physics 1909 University of Strasbourg
Sydney Brenner Physiology or Medicine 2002 Molecular Sciences Institute
Percy Williams Bridgman Physics 1946 Harvard University
Bertram Brockhouse Physics 1994 McMaster University
Louis de Broglie Physics 1929 Institut Henri Poincaré
Herbert C. Brown Chemistry 1979 Purdue University
Michael Stuart Brown Physiology or Medicine 1985 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
James M. Buchanan Economics 1986 George Mason University
Eduard Buchner Chemistry 1907 Agricultural University of Berlin
Linda B. Buck Physiology or Medicine 2004 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Ralph Bunche Peace 1950 Harvard University
Macfarlane Burnet Physiology or Medicine 1960 WEHI
Adolf Butenandt Chemistry 1939 Humboldt University of Berlin
Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Nicholas Murray Butler Peace 1931 Columbia University
Melvin Calvin Chemistry 1961 University of California, Berkeley
William C. Campbell Physiology or Medicine 2015 Drew University
Mario Capecchi Physiology or Medicine 2007 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
University of Utah
David Card Economics 2021 University of California, Berkeley
Arvid Carlsson Physiology or Medicine 2000 University of Gothenburg
Alexis Carrel Physiology or Medicine 1912 Rockefeller University
Thomas Cech Chemistry 1989 University of Colorado Boulder
James Chadwick Physics 1935 University of Liverpool
Ernst Chain Physiology or Medicine 1945 University of Oxford
Martin Chalfie Chemistry 2008 Columbia University
Owen Chamberlain Physics 1959 University of California, Berkeley
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Physics 1983 University of Chicago
Georges Charpak Physics 1992 CERN
ESPCI Paris
Emmanuelle Charpentier Chemistry 2020
Yves Chauvin Chemistry 2005 French Institute of Petroleum
Pavel Cherenkov Physics 1958 Lebedev Physical Institute
Steven Chu Physics 1997 Stanford University
Aaron Ciechanover Chemistry 2004 Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Albert Claude Physiology or Medicine 1974 Université catholique de Louvain
Ronald Coase Economics 1991 University of Chicago
John Cockcroft Physics 1951 Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Stanley Cohen Physiology or Medicine 1986 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Physics 1997 Collège de France
ENS Paris
Arthur Compton Physics 1927 University of Chicago
Leon Cooper Physics 1972 Brown University
Elias James Corey Chemistry 1990 Harvard University
Carl Ferdinand Cori Physiology or Medicine 1947 Washington University in St. Louis
Gerty Cori Physiology or Medicine 1947 Washington University in St. Louis
Allan MacLeod Cormack Physiology or Medicine 1979 Tufts University
Eric Allin Cornell Physics 2001 JILA
John Cornforth Chemistry 1975 University of Sussex
André Frédéric Cournand Physiology or Medicine 1956 Bellevue Hospital
Donald J. Cram Chemistry 1987 University of California, Los Angeles
Francis Crick Physiology or Medicine 1962 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
James Cronin Physics 1980 University of Chicago
Paul J. Crutzen Chemistry 1995 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Marie Curie Chemistry 1911 Sorbonne University
Pierre Curie Physics 1903 ESPCI Paris
Robert Curl Chemistry 1996 Rice University
Henry Hallett Dale Physiology or Medicine 1936 National Institute for Medical Research
Gustaf Dalén Physics 1912 AGA AB
Henrik Dam Physiology or Medicine 1943 Technical University of Denmark
Jean Dausset Physiology or Medicine 1980 University of Paris
Raymond Davis Jr. Physics 2002 University of Pennsylvania
Clinton Davisson Physics 1937 Bell Labs
Angus Deaton Economics 2015 Princeton University
Gérard Debreu Economics 1983 University of California, Berkeley
Peter Debye Chemistry 1936 Humboldt University of Berlin
Max Planck Institute for Physics
Hans Georg Dehmelt Physics 1989 University of Washington
Johann Deisenhofer Chemistry 1988 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Max Delbrück Physiology or Medicine 1969 California Institute of Technology
Peter Diamond Economics 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Otto Diels Chemistry 1950 University of Kiel
Paul Dirac Physics 1933 University of Cambridge
Peter C. Doherty Physiology or Medicine 1996 St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Edward Adelbert Doisy Physiology or Medicine 1943 Saint Louis University
Gerhard Domagk Physiology or Medicine 1939 University of Münster
Jennifer Doudna Chemistry 2020 University of California, Berkeley
Jacques Dubochet Chemistry 2017 University of Lausanne
Esther Duflo Economics 2019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Renato Dulbecco Physiology or Medicine 1975 Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Christian de Duve Physiology or Medicine 1974 Rockefeller University
Université catholique de Louvain
John Eccles Physiology or Medicine 1963 Australian National University
Gerald Edelman Physiology or Medicine 1972 Rockefeller University
Robert Edwards Physiology or Medicine 2010 University of Cambridge
Paul Ehrlich Physiology or Medicine 1908 Paul Ehrlich Institute
University of Göttingen
Manfred Eigen Chemistry 1967 Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Christiaan Eijkman Physiology or Medicine 1929 Utrecht University
Albert Einstein Physics 1921 Max Planck Institute for Physics
Willem Einthoven Physiology or Medicine 1924 Leiden University
Gertrude B. Elion Physiology or Medicine 1988 Wellcome Research Laboratories
John Franklin Enders Physiology or Medicine 1954 Boston Children's Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Robert F. Engle Economics 2003 New York University
François Englert Physics 2013 Université libre de Bruxelles
Joseph Erlanger Physiology or Medicine 1944 Washington University in St. Louis
Richard R. Ernst Chemistry 1991 ETH Zurich
Gerhard Ertl Chemistry 2007 Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
Leo Esaki Physics 1973 Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Ulf von Euler Physiology or Medicine 1970 Karolinska Institute
Hans von Euler-Chelpin Chemistry 1929 Stockholm University
Martin Evans Physiology or Medicine 2007 Cardiff University
Eugene Fama Economics 2013 University of Chicago
John B. Fenn Chemistry 2002 Virginia Commonwealth University
Ben Feringa Chemistry 2016 University of Groningen
Enrico Fermi Physics 1938 Sapienza University of Rome
Albert Fert Physics 2007 Paris-Sud University
Richard Feynman Physics 1965 California Institute of Technology
Johannes Fibiger Physiology or Medicine 1926 University of Copenhagen
Niels Ryberg Finsen Physiology or Medicine 1903
Andrew Fire Physiology or Medicine 2006 Stanford University School of Medicine
Edmond H. Fischer Physiology or Medicine 1992 University of Washington
Emil Fischer Chemistry 1902 Humboldt University of Berlin
Ernst Otto Fischer Chemistry 1973 Technical University of Munich
Hans Fischer Chemistry 1930 Technical University of Munich
Val Logsdon Fitch Physics 1980 Princeton University
Alexander Fleming Physiology or Medicine 1945 University College London
Howard Florey Physiology or Medicine 1945 University of Oxford
Paul Flory Chemistry 1974 Stanford University
Robert Fogel Economics 1993 University of Chicago
Werner Forssmann Physiology or Medicine 1956 University of Mainz
William Alfred Fowler Physics 1983 California Institute of Technology
James Franck Physics 1925 University of Göttingen
Ilya Frank Physics 1958 Lebedev Physical Institute
Moscow State University
Joachim Frank Chemistry 2017 Columbia University
Jerome Isaac Friedman Physics 1990 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Milton Friedman Economics 1976 University of Chicago
Karl von Frisch Physiology or Medicine 1973 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Ragnar Frisch Economics 1969 University of Oslo
Kenichi Fukui Chemistry 1981 Kyoto University
Robert F. Furchgott Physiology or Medicine 1998 SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Dennis Gabor Physics 1971 Imperial College London
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Physiology or Medicine 1976 National Institutes of Health
Herbert Spencer Gasser Physiology or Medicine 1944 Rockefeller University
Riccardo Giacconi Physics 2002 Associated Universities, Inc.
Ivar Giaever Physics 1973 General Electric
Andre Geim Physics 2010 University of Manchester
Murray Gell-Mann Physics 1969 California Institute of Technology
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes Physics 1991 Collège de France
Reinhard Genzel Physics 2020 Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
University of California, Berkeley
Andrea M. Ghez Physics 2020 University of California, Los Angeles
William Giauque Chemistry 1949 University of California, Berkeley
Walter Gilbert Chemistry 1980 Harvard University
Alfred G. Gilman Physiology or Medicine 1994 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Vitaly Ginzburg Physics 2003 Lebedev Physical Institute
Donald A. Glaser Physics 1960 University of California, Berkeley
Sheldon Glashow Physics 1979 Harvard University
Roy J. Glauber Physics 2005 Harvard University
Joseph L. Goldstein Physiology or Medicine 1985 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Camillo Golgi Physiology or Medicine 1906 University of Pavia
John B. Goodenough Chemistry 2019 University of Texas at Austin
Clive Granger Economics 2003 University of California, San Diego
Ragnar Granit Physiology or Medicine 1967 Karolinska Institute
Paul Greengard Physiology or Medicine 2000 Rockefeller University
Carol W. Greider Physiology or Medicine 2009 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Victor Grignard Chemistry 1912 Nancy-Université
David Gross Physics 2004 Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics
Robert H. Grubbs Chemistry 2005 California Institute of Technology
Peter Grünberg Physics 2007 Forschungszentrum Jülich
Charles Édouard Guillaume Physics 1920 International Bureau of Weights and Measures
Roger Guillemin Physiology or Medicine 1977 Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Allvar Gullstrand Physiology or Medicine 1911 Uppsala University
John Gurdon Physiology or Medicine 2012 Gurdon Institute
Trygve Haavelmo Economics 1989 University of Oslo
Fritz Haber Chemistry 1918 Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
Otto Hahn Chemistry 1944 Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Duncan Haldane Physics 2016 Princeton University
Jeffrey C. Hall Physiology or Medicine 2017 University of Maine
John L. Hall Physics 2005 JILA
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Theodor W. Hänsch Physics 2005 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics
Lars Peter Hansen Economics 2013 University of Chicago
Arthur Harden Chemistry 1929 University College London
Serge Haroche Physics 2012 Collège de France
ENS Paris
John Harsanyi Economics 1994 University of California, Berkeley
Oliver Hart Economics 2016 Harvard University
Haldan Keffer Hartline Physiology or Medicine 1967 Rockefeller University
Leland H. Hartwell Physiology or Medicine 2001 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
Odd Hassel Chemistry 1969 University of Oslo
Klaus Hasselmann Physics 2020 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
Herbert A. Hauptman Chemistry 1985
Harald zur Hausen Physiology or Medicine 2008 German Cancer Research Center
Norman Haworth Chemistry 1937 University of Birmingham
Richard F. Heck Chemistry 2010 University of Delaware
James Heckman Economics 2000 University of Chicago
Alan J. Heeger Chemistry 2000 University of California, Santa Barbara
Werner Heisenberg Physics 1932 Leipzig University
Stefan Hell Chemistry 2014 German Cancer Research Center
Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Philip Showalter Hench Physiology or Medicine 1950 Mayo Clinic
Richard Henderson Chemistry 2017 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry 1986 Harvard University
Alfred Hershey Physiology or Medicine 1969 Carnegie Institution for Science
Avram Hershko Chemistry 2004 Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Gustav Ludwig Hertz Physics 1925 Halle University
Gerhard Herzberg Chemistry 1971 National Research Council Canada
Victor Francis Hess Physics 1936 University of Innsbruck
Walter Rudolf Hess Physiology or Medicine 1949 University of Zurich
George de Hevesy Chemistry 1943 Stockholm University
Antony Hewish Physics 1974 University of Cambridge
Corneille Heymans Physiology or Medicine 1938 Ghent University
Jaroslav Heyrovský Chemistry 1959 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
John Hicks Economics 1972 All Souls College, Oxford
Peter Higgs Physics 2013 University of Edinburgh
Archibald Hill Physiology or Medicine 1922 University College London
Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Chemistry 1956 University of Oxford
George H. Hitchings Physiology or Medicine 1988 Wellcome Research Laboratories
Alan Hodgkin Physiology or Medicine 1963 University of Cambridge
Dorothy Hodgkin Chemistry 1964 University of Oxford
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Chemistry 1901 Humboldt University of Berlin
Jules A. Hoffmann Physiology or Medicine 2011 University of Strasbourg
Roald Hoffmann Chemistry 1981 Cornell University
Robert Hofstadter Physics 1961 Stanford University
Robert W. Holley Physiology or Medicine 1968 Cornell University
Bengt Holmström Economics 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tasuku Honjo Physiology or Medicine 2018 Kyoto University
Gerard 't Hooft Physics 1999 Utrecht University
Frederick Gowland Hopkins Physiology or Medicine 1929 University of Cambridge
H. Robert Horvitz Physiology or Medicine 2002 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Michael Houghton Physiology or Medicine 2020 University of Alberta
Godfrey Hounsfield Physiology or Medicine 1979 Central Research Laboratories
Bernardo Houssay Physiology or Medicine 1947 Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental
David H. Hubel Physiology or Medicine 1981 Harvard Medical School
Robert Huber Chemistry 1988 Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Charles Brenton Huggins Physiology or Medicine 1966 University of Chicago
Russell Alan Hulse Physics 1993 Princeton University
Tim Hunt Physiology or Medicine 2001 Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Leonid Hurwicz Economics 2007 University of Minnesota
Andrew Huxley Physiology or Medicine 1963 University College London
Louis Ignarro Physiology or Medicine 1998 David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Guido Imbens Economics 2021 Stanford University
François Jacob Physiology or Medicine 1965 Pasteur Institute
J. Hans D. Jensen Physics 1963 Heidelberg University
Niels Kaj Jerne Physiology or Medicine 1984 Basel Institute for Immunology
Frédéric Joliot-Curie Chemistry 1935 Institut du Radium
Irène Joliot-Curie Chemistry 1935 Institut du Radium
Brian Josephson Physics 1973 University of Cambridge
David Julius Physiology or Medicine 2021 University of California, San Francisco
William Kaelin Jr. Physiology or Medicine 2019 Brigham and Women's Hospital
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
Harvard Medical School
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Daniel Kahneman Economics 2002 Princeton University
Takaaki Kajita Physics 2015 University of Tokyo
Eric Kandel Physiology or Medicine 2000 Columbia University
Leonid Kantorovich Economics 1975 Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
Charles K. Kao Physics 2009 Chinese University of Hong Kong
Standard Telecommunication Laboratories
Pyotr Kapitsa Physics 1978 Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
Jerome Karle Chemistry 1985 United States Naval Research Laboratory
Martin Karplus Chemistry 2013 Harvard University
University of Strasbourg
Paul Karrer Chemistry 1937 University of Zurich
Alfred Kastler Physics 1966 ENS Paris
Bernard Katz Physiology or Medicine 1970 University College London
Edward Calvin Kendall Physiology or Medicine 1950 Mayo Clinic
Henry Way Kendall Physics 1990 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
John Kendrew Chemistry 1962 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Wolfgang Ketterle Physics 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Har Gobind Khorana Physiology or Medicine 1968 University of Wisconsin–Madison
Jack Kilby Physics 2000 Texas Instruments
Lawrence Klein Economics 1980 University of Pennsylvania
Klaus von Klitzing Physics 1985 Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
Aaron Klug Chemistry 1982 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Makoto Kobayashi Physics 2008 KEK
Brian Kobilka Chemistry 2012 Stanford University School of Medicine
Robert Koch Physiology or Medicine 1905 Institute for Infectious Diseases
Emil Theodor Kocher Physiology or Medicine 1909 University of Bern
Georges J. F. Köhler Physiology or Medicine 1984 Basel Institute for Immunology
Walter Kohn Chemistry 1998 University of California, Santa Barbara
Tjalling Koopmans Economics 1975 Yale University
Arthur Kornberg Physiology or Medicine 1959 Stanford University
Roger D. Kornberg Chemistry 2006 Stanford University
Masatoshi Koshiba Physics 2002 University of Tokyo
Albrecht Kossel Physiology or Medicine 1910 Heidelberg University
J. Michael Kosterlitz Physics 2016 Brown University
Edwin G. Krebs Physiology or Medicine 1992 University of Washington
Hans Krebs Physiology or Medicine 1953 University of Sheffield
Michael Kremer Economics 2019 Harvard University
Herbert Kroemer Physics 2000 University of California, Santa Barbara
August Krogh Physiology or Medicine 1920 University of Copenhagen
Harry Kroto Chemistry 1996 University of Sussex
Paul Krugman Economics 2008 Princeton University
Richard Kuhn Chemistry 1938 Heidelberg University
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
Polykarp Kusch Physics 1955 Columbia University
Simon Kuznets Economics 1971 Harvard University
Finn E. Kydland Economics 2004 Carnegie Mellon University
University of California, Santa Barbara
Willis Lamb Physics 1955 Stanford University
Lev Landau Physics 1962 Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union
Karl Landsteiner Physiology or Medicine 1930 Rockefeller University
Irving Langmuir Chemistry 1932 General Electric
Max von Laue Physics 1914 Goethe University Frankfurt
Robert B. Laughlin Physics 1998 Stanford University
Paul Lauterbur Physiology or Medicine 2003 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Physiology or Medicine 1907 Pasteur Institute
Ernest Lawrence Physics 1939 University of California, Berkeley
Joshua Lederberg Physiology or Medicine 1958 University of Wisconsin–Madison
Leon M. Lederman Physics 1988 Fermilab
David Lee Physics 1996 Cornell University
Tsung-Dao Lee Physics 1957 Columbia University
Yuan T. Lee Chemistry 1986 University of California, Berkeley
Robert Lefkowitz Chemistry 2012 Duke University Medical Center
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Anthony James Leggett Physics 2003 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Jean-Marie Lehn Chemistry 1987 Collège de France
Louis Pasteur University
Luis Federico Leloir Chemistry 1970 University of Buenos Aires
Philipp Lenard Physics 1905 University of Kiel
Wassily Leontief Economics 1973 Harvard University
Rita Levi-Montalcini Physiology or Medicine 1986
Michael Levitt Chemistry 2013 Stanford University School of Medicine
W. Arthur Lewis Economics 1979 Princeton University
Edward B. Lewis Physiology or Medicine 1995 California Institute of Technology
Willard Libby Chemistry 1960 University of California, Los Angeles
Tomas Lindahl Chemistry 2015 Clare Hall laboratories
Francis Crick Institute
Fritz Albert Lipmann Physiology or Medicine 1953 Harvard Medical School
Massachusetts General Hospital
Gabriel Lippmann Physics 1908 Sorbonne University
William Lipscomb Chemistry 1976 Harvard University
Benjamin List Chemistry 2021 Max Planck Institute for Coal Research
Otto Loewi Physiology or Medicine 1936 University of Graz
Hendrik Lorentz Physics 1902 Leiden University
Konrad Lorenz Physiology or Medicine 1973 Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology
Robert Lucas Jr. Economics 1995 University of Chicago
Salvador Luria Physiology or Medicine 1969 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
André Michel Lwoff Physiology or Medicine 1965 Pasteur Institute
Feodor Lynen Physiology or Medicine 1964 Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Alan MacDiarmid Chemistry 2000 University of Pennsylvania
Roderick MacKinnon Chemistry 2003 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Rockefeller University
John Macleod Physiology or Medicine 1923 University of Toronto
David MacMillan Chemistry 2021 Princeton University
Syukuro Manabe Physics 2021 Princeton University
Peter Mansfield Physiology or Medicine 2003 University of Nottingham
Guglielmo Marconi Physics 1909 Marconi Company
Rudolph A. Marcus Chemistry 1992 California Institute of Technology
Harry Markowitz Economics 1990 City University of New York
Barry Marshall Physiology or Medicine 2005 NHMRC Helicobacter pylori Research Laboratory
University of Western Australia
Archer Martin Chemistry 1952 National Institute for Medical Research
Toshihide Maskawa Physics 2008 Kyoto Sangyo University
Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics
Eric Maskin Economics 2007 Institute for Advanced Study
John C. Mather Physics 2006 Goddard Space Flight Center
Maria Goeppert Mayer Physics 1963 University of California, San Diego
Michel Mayor Physics 2019 University of Geneva
Barbara McClintock Physiology or Medicine 1983 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Arthur B. McDonald Physics 2015 Queen's University at Kingston
Daniel McFadden Economics 2000 University of California, Berkeley
Edwin McMillan Chemistry 1951 University of California, Berkeley
James Meade Economics 1977 University of Cambridge
Peter Medawar Physiology or Medicine 1960 University College London
Simon van der Meer Physics 1984 CERN
Craig Mello Physiology or Medicine 2006 University of Massachusetts
Robert Bruce Merrifield Chemistry 1984 Rockefeller University
Robert C. Merton Economics 1997 Harvard University
Élie Metchnikoff Physiology or Medicine 1908 Pasteur Institute
Otto Fritz Meyerhof Physiology or Medicine 1922 University of Kiel
Hartmut Michel Chemistry 1988 Max Planck Institute of Biophysics
Albert A. Michelson Physics 1907 University of Chicago
Paul Milgrom Economics 2020 Stanford University
Merton Miller Economics 1990 University of Chicago
Robert Andrews Millikan Physics 1923 California Institute of Technology
César Milstein Physiology or Medicine 1984 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
George Minot Physiology or Medicine 1934 Harvard University
James Mirrlees Economics 1996 University of Cambridge
Peter D. Mitchell Chemistry 1978
Franco Modigliani Economics 1985 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Paul L. Modrich Chemistry 2015 Duke University School of Medicine
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
William E. Moerner Chemistry 2014 Stanford University
Henri Moissan Chemistry 1906 Sorbonne University
Mario Molina Chemistry 1995 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
António Egas Moniz Physiology or Medicine 1949
University of Lisbon
Jacques Monod Physiology or Medicine 1965 Pasteur Institute
Luc Montagnier Physiology or Medicine 2008
Stanford Moore Chemistry 1972 Rockefeller University
Thomas Hunt Morgan Physiology or Medicine 1933 California Institute of Technology
Dale T. Mortensen Economics 2010 Aarhus University
Northwestern University
Edvard Moser Physiology or Medicine 2014 Norwegian University of Science and Technology
May-Britt Moser Physiology or Medicine 2014 Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Rudolf Mössbauer Physics 1961 California Institute of Technology
Technical University of Munich
Nevill Francis Mott Physics 1977 University of Cambridge
Ben Roy Mottelson Physics 1975 Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics
Gérard Mourou Physics 2018 École Polytechnique
University of Michigan
Hermann Joseph Muller Physiology or Medicine 1946 Indiana University Bloomington
K. Alex Müller Physics 1987 IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Paul Hermann Müller Physiology or Medicine 1948 J. R. Geigy AG
Robert S. Mulliken Chemistry 1966 University of Chicago
Robert Mundell Economics 1999 Columbia University
Ferid Murad Physiology or Medicine 1998 University of Texas Medical School at Houston
William P. Murphy Physiology or Medicine 1934 Harvard University
Peter Brent Brigham Hospital
Joseph Murray Physiology or Medicine 1990 Brigham and Women's Hospital
Roger Myerson Economics 2007 University of Chicago
Shuji Nakamura Physics 2014 University of California, Santa Barbara
Yoichiro Nambu Physics 2008 Enrico Fermi Institute
John Forbes Nash Jr. Economics 1994 Princeton University
Daniel Nathans Physiology or Medicine 1978 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Giulio Natta Chemistry 1963
Louis Néel Physics 1970 Grenoble Alpes University
Ei-ichi Negishi Chemistry 2010 Purdue University
Erwin Neher Physiology or Medicine 1991 Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry
Walther Nernst Chemistry 1920 Humboldt University of Berlin
Charles Nicolle Physiology or Medicine 1928 Pasteur Institute
Marshall Warren Nirenberg Physiology or Medicine 1968 National Institutes of Health
William Nordhaus Economics 2018 Yale University
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish Chemistry 1967 University of Cambridge
Douglass North Economics 1993 Washington University in St. Louis
John Howard Northrop Chemistry 1946 Rockefeller University
Konstantin Novoselov Physics 2010 University of Manchester
Ryōji Noyori Chemistry 2001 Nagoya University
Paul Nurse Physiology or Medicine 2001 Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Physiology or Medicine 1995 Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology
Severo Ochoa Physiology or Medicine 1959 New York University College of Medicine
Bertil Ohlin Economics 1977 Stockholm School of Economics
Yoshinori Ohsumi Physiology or Medicine 2016 Tokyo Institute of Technology
John O'Keefe Physiology or Medicine 2014 University College London
George Andrew Olah Chemistry 1994 University of Southern California
Satoshi Ōmura Physiology or Medicine 2015 Kitasato University
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Physics 1913 Leiden University
Lars Onsager Chemistry 1968 Yale University
Douglas Osheroff Physics 1996 Stanford University
Elinor Ostrom Economics 2009 Arizona State University
Indiana University Bloomington
Wilhelm Ostwald Chemistry 1909 Leipzig University
George Emil Palade Physiology or Medicine 1974 Yale School of Medicine
Giorgio Parisi Physics 2021 Sapienza University of Rome
Ardem Patapoutian Physiology or Medicine 2021 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Scripps Research
Wolfgang Paul Physics 1989 University of Bonn
Wolfgang Pauli Physics 1945 Princeton University
Linus Pauling Chemistry 1954 California Institute of Technology
Peace 1962 California Institute of Technology
Ivan Pavlov Physiology or Medicine 1904 S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy
Charles J. Pedersen Chemistry 1987 DuPont
Jim Peebles Physics 2019 Princeton University
Roger Penrose Physics 2020 University of Oxford
Arno Allan Penzias Physics 1978 Bell Labs
Martin Lewis Perl Physics 1995 Stanford University
Saul Perlmutter Physics 2011 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
University of California, Berkeley
Jean Baptiste Perrin Physics 1926 Sorbonne University
Max Perutz Chemistry 1962 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Edmund Phelps Economics 2006 Columbia University
William Daniel Phillips Physics 1997 National Institute of Standards and Technology
Christopher A. Pissarides Economics 2010 London School of Economics
Max Planck Physics 1918 Humboldt University of Berlin
John Polanyi Chemistry 1986 University of Toronto
Hugh David Politzer Physics 2004 California Institute of Technology
John Pople Chemistry 1998 Northwestern University
George Porter Physics 1967 Royal Institution
Rodney Robert Porter Physiology or Medicine 1972 University of Oxford
C. F. Powell Physics 1950 University of Bristol
Fritz Pregl Chemistry 1923 University of Graz
Vladimir Prelog Chemistry 1975 ETH Zurich
Edward C. Prescott Economics 2004 Arizona State University
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Ilya Prigogine Chemistry 1977 Université libre de Bruxelles
University of Texas at Austin
Alexander Prokhorov Physics 1964 Lebedev Physical Institute
Stanley B. Prusiner Physiology or Medicine 1997 UCSF School of Medicine
Edward Mills Purcell Physics 1952 Harvard University
Didier Queloz Physics 2019 University of Cambridge
University of Geneva
Isidor Isaac Rabi Physics 1944 Columbia University
James Rainwater Physics 1975 Columbia University
Venki Ramakrishnan Chemistry 2009 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
C. V. Raman Physics 1930 University of Calcutta
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Physiology or Medicine 1906 Complutense University of Madrid
William Ramsay Chemistry 1904 University College London
Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. Physics 1989 Harvard University
Peter J. Ratcliffe Physiology or Medicine 2019 Francis Crick Institute
University of Oxford
Tadeusz Reichstein Physiology or Medicine 1950 University of Basel
Frederick Reines Physics 1995 University of California, Irvine
Louis Renault Peace 1907 Sorbonne University
Charles M. Rice Physiology or Medicine 2020 Rockefeller University
Dickinson W. Richards Physiology or Medicine 1956 Columbia University
Theodore William Richards Chemistry 1914 Harvard University
Owen Willans Richardson Physics 1928 University College London
Robert Coleman Richardson Physics 1996 Cornell University
Charles Richet Physiology or Medicine 1913 Sorbonne University
Burton Richter Physics 1976 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Adam Riess Physics 2011 Johns Hopkins University
Space Telescope Science Institute
Frederick Chapman Robbins Physiology or Medicine 1954 Case Western Reserve University
Richard J. Roberts Physiology or Medicine 1993 New England Biolabs
Robert Robinson Chemistry 1947 University of Oxford
Martin Rodbell Physiology or Medicine 1994 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Heinrich Rohrer Physics 1986 IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Paul Romer Economics 2018 New York University Stern School of Business
Wilhelm Röntgen Physics 1901 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Michael Rosbash Physiology or Medicine 2017 Brandeis University
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Irwin Rose Chemistry 2004 University of California, Irvine
Ronald Ross Physiology or Medicine 1902 University of Liverpool
Alvin E. Roth Economics 2012 Harvard Business School
Harvard University
James Rothman Physiology or Medicine 2013 Yale University
Francis Peyton Rous Physiology or Medicine 1966 Rockefeller University
F. Sherwood Rowland Chemistry 1995 University of California, Irvine
Carlo Rubbia Physics 1984 CERN
Ernst Ruska Physics 1986 Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society
Ernest Rutherford Chemistry 1908 Victoria University of Manchester
Leopold Ružička Chemistry 1939 ETH Zurich
Martin Ryle Physics 1974 University of Cambridge
Paul Sabatier Chemistry 1912 University of Toulouse
Bert Sakmann Physiology or Medicine 1991 Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
Abdus Salam Physics 1979 Imperial College London
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Paul Samuelson Economics 1970 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Bengt I. Samuelsson Physiology or Medicine 1982 Karolinska Institute
Aziz Sancar Chemistry 2015 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Frederick Sanger Chemistry 1958 University of Cambridge
Chemistry 1980 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Thomas J. Sargent Economics 2011 New York University
Jean-Pierre Sauvage Chemistry 2016 University of Strasbourg
Andrew Schally Physiology or Medicine 1977
Arthur Leonard Schawlow Physics 1981 Stanford University
Dan Shechtman Chemistry 2011 Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Randy Schekman Physiology or Medicine 2013 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
University of California, Berkeley
Thomas Schelling Economics 2005 University of Maryland, College Park
Brian Schmidt Physics 2011 Australian National University
Myron Scholes Economics 1997 Long-Term Capital Management
John Robert Schrieffer Physics 1972 University of Pennsylvania
Richard R. Schrock Chemistry 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Erwin Schrödinger Physics 1933 Humboldt University of Berlin
Theodore Schultz Economics 1979 University of Chicago
Melvin Schwartz Physics 1988
Julian Schwinger Physics 1965 Harvard University
Glenn T. Seaborg Chemistry 1951 University of California, Berkeley
Emilio Segrè Physics 1959 University of California, Berkeley
Reinhard Selten Economics 1994 University of Bonn
Gregg L. Semenza Physiology or Medicine 2019 Johns Hopkins University
Nikolay Semyonov Chemistry 1956
Moscow State University
Amartya Sen Economics 1998 Trinity College, Cambridge
Lloyd Shapley Economics 2012 University of California, Los Angeles
Phillip Allen Sharp Physiology or Medicine 1993 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
William F. Sharpe Economics 1990 Stanford University
Karl Barry Sharpless Chemistry 2001 Scripps Research
Charles Scott Sherrington Physiology or Medicine 1932 University of Oxford
Robert J. Shiller Economics 2013 Yale University
Osamu Shimomura Chemistry 2008 Boston University School of Medicine
Marine Biological Laboratory
Hideki Shirakawa Chemistry 2000 University of Tsukuba
William Shockley Physics 1956 Beckman Instruments
Clifford Shull Physics 1994 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kai Siegbahn Physics 1981 Uppsala University
Manne Siegbahn Physics 1924 Uppsala University
Herbert A. Simon Economics 1978 Carnegie Mellon University
Christopher A. Sims Economics 2011 Princeton University
Jens Christian Skou Chemistry 1997 Aarhus University
Richard Smalley Chemistry 1996 Rice University
George E. Smith Physics 2009 Bell Labs
George P. Smith Chemistry 2018 University of Missouri
Hamilton O. Smith Physiology or Medicine 1978 Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Michael Smith Chemistry 1993 University of British Columbia
Vernon L. Smith Economics 2002 George Mason University
Oliver Smithies Physiology or Medicine 2007 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
George Smoot Physics 2006 University of California, Berkeley
George Davis Snell Physiology or Medicine 1980 Jackson Laboratory
Frederick Soddy Chemistry 1921 University of Oxford
Robert Solow Economics 1987 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Hans Spemann Physiology or Medicine 1935 University of Freiburg
Michael Spence Economics 2001 Stanford University
Roger Wolcott Sperry Physiology or Medicine 1981 California Institute of Technology
Wendell Meredith Stanley Chemistry 1946 Rockefeller University
Johannes Stark Physics 1919 University of Greifswald
Hermann Staudinger Chemistry 1953 University of Freiburg
William Howard Stein Chemistry 1972 Rockefeller University
Ralph M. Steinman Physiology or Medicine 2011 Rockefeller University
Jack Steinberger Physics 1988 CERN
Thomas A. Steitz Chemistry 2009 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Yale University
Otto Stern Physics 1943 Carnegie Mellon University
George Stigler Economics 1982 University of Chicago
Joseph Stiglitz Economics 2001 Columbia University
Fraser Stoddart Chemistry 2016 Northwestern University
Richard Stone Economics 1984 University of Cambridge
Horst Ludwig Störmer Physics 1998 Columbia University
Donna Strickland Physics 2018 University of Waterloo
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh Physics 1904 Royal Institution
Thomas C. Südhof Physiology or Medicine 2013 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Stanford University
John Sulston Physiology or Medicine 2002 Wellcome Sanger Institute
James B. Sumner Chemistry 1946 Cornell University
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. Physiology or Medicine 1971 Vanderbilt University
Akira Suzuki Chemistry 2010 Hokkaido University
Theodor Svedberg Chemistry 1926 Uppsala University
Richard Laurence Millington Synge Chemistry 1952 The Rowett Institute
Albert Szent-Györgyi Physiology or Medicine 1937 University of Szeged
Jack W. Szostak Physiology or Medicine 2009 Harvard Medical School
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Massachusetts General Hospital
Igor Tamm Physics 1958 Lebedev Physical Institute
Moscow State University
Koichi Tanaka Chemistry 2002 Shimadzu
Edward Tatum Physiology or Medicine 1958 Rockefeller University
Henry Taube Chemistry 1983 Stanford University
Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. Physics 1993 Princeton University
Richard E. Taylor Physics 1990 Stanford University
Howard Martin Temin Physiology or Medicine 1975 University of Wisconsin–Madison
Richard Thaler Economics 2017 University of Chicago
Max Theiler Physiology or Medicine 1951 Rockefeller Foundation
Hugo Theorell Physiology or Medicine 1955 Karolinska Institute
E. Donnall Thomas Physiology or Medicine 1990 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
George Paget Thomson Physics 1937 University College London
J. J. Thomson Physics 1906 University of Cambridge
Kip Thorne Physics 2017 California Institute of Technology
LIGO Scientific Collaboration
David J. Thouless Physics 2016 University of Washington
Jan Tinbergen Economics 1969 Netherlands School of Economics
Nikolaas Tinbergen Physiology or Medicine 1973 University of Oxford
Samuel C. C. Ting Physics 1976 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Jean Tirole Economics 2014 Toulouse School of Economics
Arne Tiselius Chemistry 1948 Uppsala University
James Tobin Economics 1981 Yale University
Alexander R. Todd Chemistry 1957 University of Cambridge
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga Physics 1965 University of Tsukuba
Susumu Tonegawa Physiology or Medicine 1987 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Charles H. Townes Physics 1964 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Roger Y. Tsien Chemistry 2008 Howard Hughes Medical Institute
University of California, San Diego
Daniel C. Tsui Physics 1998 Princeton University
Harold Urey Chemistry 1934 Columbia University
John Vane Physiology or Medicine 1982 Wellcome Research Laboratories
Harold E. Varmus Physiology or Medicine 1989 UCSF School of Medicine
William Vickrey Economics 1996 Columbia University
Vincent du Vigneaud Chemistry 1955 Cornell University
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Chemistry 1945 University of Helsinki
John Hasbrouck Van Vleck Physics 1977 Harvard University
Johannes Diderik van der Waals Physics 1910 University of Amsterdam
Julius Wagner-Jauregg Physiology or Medicine 1927 University of Vienna
Selman Waksman Physiology or Medicine 1952 Rutgers University
George Wald Physiology or Medicine 1967 Harvard University
John E. Walker Chemistry 1997 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Otto Wallach Chemistry 1910 University of Göttingen
Ernest Walton Physics 1951 Trinity College Dublin
Otto Heinrich Warburg Physiology or Medicine 1931 Max Planck Institute for Biology
Arieh Warshel Chemistry 2013 University of Southern California
James Watson Physiology or Medicine 1962 Harvard University
Steven Weinberg Physics 1979 Harvard University
Rainer Weiss Physics 2017 LIGO Scientific Collaboration
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Thomas Huckle Weller Physiology or Medicine 1954 Boston Children's Hospital
Alfred Werner Chemistry 1913 University of Zurich
M. Stanley Whittingham Chemistry 2019 Binghamton University
George Whipple Physiology or Medicine 1934 University of Rochester
Heinrich Otto Wieland Chemistry 1927 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Carl Wieman Physics 2001 JILA
Wilhelm Wien Physics 1911 University of Würzburg
Eric F. Wieschaus Physiology or Medicine 1995 Princeton University
Torsten Wiesel Physiology or Medicine 1981 Harvard Medical School
Eugene Wigner Physics 1963 Princeton University
Frank Wilczek Physics 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Maurice Wilkins Physiology or Medicine 1962 University College London
Geoffrey Wilkinson Chemistry 1973 Imperial College London
Oliver E. Williamson Economics 2009 University of California, Berkeley
Richard Willstätter Chemistry 1915 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Physics 1927 University of Cambridge
Kenneth G. Wilson Physics 1982 Cornell University
Robert B. Wilson Economics 2020 Stanford University
Robert Woodrow Wilson Physics 1978 Bell Labs
Adolf Windaus Chemistry 1928 University of Göttingen
David J. Wineland Physics 2012 National Institute of Standards and Technology
University of Colorado Boulder
Gregory Winter Chemistry 2018 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Georg Wittig Chemistry 1979 Heidelberg University
Robert Burns Woodward Chemistry 1965 Harvard University
Kurt Wüthrich Chemistry 2002 ETH Zurich
Scripps Research
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Physiology or Medicine 1977 James J. Peters VA Medical Center
Shinya Yamanaka Physiology or Medicine 2012 Gladstone Institutes
Kyoto University
Chen-ning Yang Physics 1957 Institute for Advanced Study
Ada Yonath Chemistry 2009 Weizmann Institute of Science
Akira Yoshino Chemistry 2019 Asahi Kasei
Meijo University
Michael W. Young Physiology or Medicine 2011 Rockefeller University
Tu Youyou Physiology or Medicine 2015
Hideki Yukawa Physics 1949 Columbia University
Kyoto University
Pieter Zeeman Physics 1902 University of Amsterdam
Frits Zernike Physics 1953 University of Groningen
Ahmed Zewail Chemistry 1999 California Institute of Technology
Karl Ziegler Chemistry 1963 Max Planck Institute for Coal Research
Rolf M. Zinkernagel Physiology or Medicine 1996 University of Zurich
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Chemistry 1925 University of Göttingen

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b "Nobel Laureates and research affiliations". Nobel Foundation. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ Hirsch, Jerry (19 October 2000). "Nobel Prize Inflation Hits University of Chicago". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
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