List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]

At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of two laureates to be awarded the Nobel prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen is the other and was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956 and 1972. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2020, the prize has been awarded to 185 individuals, including seven women: Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935), Dorothy Hodgkin (1964), Ada Yonath (2009), Frances Arnold (2018), Emmanuelle Charpentier (2020), and Jennifer Doudna (2020).[7][8]

There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940-42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[9] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919,[10] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921,[11] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922,[12] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926,[13] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928,[14] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939,[15] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944,[16] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945.[17]

Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prize for science awarded between 1995-2017 were clustered in few disciplines. Alongside particle physics, disciplines honored with Nobel Prize for Chemistry like cell biology, atomic physics, and neuroscience are dominating the prize in recent decades. But those disciplines are multidisciplinary and were mostly awarded with Nobel Prize from other fields. Molecular chemistry have more awards in Nobel Prize for Chemistry than the aforementioned disciplines with 5,3% of the entire Nobel Prize for science.[18]

Laureates[]

Year Image Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901 Vant Hoff.jpg Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff  Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [19]
1902 Убеншвуаншвышь.jpg Hermann Emil Fischer  Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [20]
1903 Arrhenius2.jpg Svante August Arrhenius  Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [21]
1904 William Ramsay.jpg Sir William Ramsay  United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [22]
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (1905).jpg Adolf von Baeyer  Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [23]
1906 Henri Moissan.jpg Henri Moissan  France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" [24]
1907 Eduard Buchner (Nobel 1907).jpg Eduard Buchner  Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [25]
1908 Ernest Rutherford (Nobel).jpg Ernest Rutherford  United Kingdom
 New Zealand 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [26]
1909 Ostwald.jpg Wilhelm Ostwald  Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [27]
1910 Otto Wallach.jpg Otto Wallach  Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [28]
1911 Marie Curie (Nobel-Chem).jpg Maria Skłodowska-Curie Poland
( Russian Empire)
 France 		"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [29]
1912 Victor Grignard.jpg Victor Grignard  France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" [30]
Paul Sabatier.jpg Paul Sabatier  France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" [30]
1913 Alfred Werner.jpg Alfred Werner   Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [31]
1914 Theodore william richards.jpg Theodore William Richards  United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [9]
1915 Richard Willstätter ETH-Bib PI 55-BO-0022.jpg Richard Martin Willstätter  Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [32]
1916 Not awarded
1917
1918 Fritz Haber.png Fritz Haber  Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [10]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Nernst.jpg Walther Hermann Nernst  Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [11]
1921 Frederick Soddy.jpg Frederick Soddy  United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [12]
1922 Francis William Aston.jpg Francis William Aston  United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [33]
1923 Fritz Pregl.jpg Fritz Pregl  Austria
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 		"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [34]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy.jpg Richard Adolf Zsigmondy  Germany
 Hungary 		"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [13]
1926 The-svedberg-1.jpg The (Theodor) Svedberg  Sweden "for his work on disperse systems" [35]
1927 Heinrich Wieland.jpg Heinrich Otto Wieland  Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [14]
1928 Windaus.jpg Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus  Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [36]
1929 ArthurHarden.jpg Arthur Harden  United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [37]
Euler-chelpin.jpg Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin  Sweden
 Germany
1930 Hans Fischer (Nobel).jpg Hans Fischer  Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [38]
1931 Carl Bosch.jpg Carl Bosch  Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [39]
Bergius.jpg Friedrich Bergius  Germany
1932 Langmuir.jpg Irving Langmuir  United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [40]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Urey.jpg Harold Clayton Urey  United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [41]
1935 Joliot-fred.jpg Frédéric Joliot  France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [42]
Joliot-curie.jpg Irène Joliot-Curie  France
1936 Debye100.jpg Peter Debye  Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [43]
1937 Norman Haworth.jpg Walter Norman Haworth  United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [44]
Paul Karrer.jpg Paul Karrer   Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn ETH-Bib Dia 248-065.jpg Richard Kuhn  Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [15]
1939 A. Butenandt 07-1935.jpg Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt  Germany "for his work on sex hormones" [45]
Leopold Ruzicka ETH-Bib Portr 00239.jpg Leopold Ruzicka  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
  Switzerland 		"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [45]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 George de Hevesy.jpg George de Hevesy  Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [16]
1944 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-46019-0001, Otto Hahn.jpg Otto Hahn  Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [17]
1945 Virtanen.jpg Artturi Ilmari Virtanen  Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [46]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner.jpg James Batcheller Sumner  United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [47]
John Howard Northrop.jpg John Howard Northrop  United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" [47]
Wendell Meredith Stanley.jpg Wendell Meredith Stanley  United States
1947 Robert Robinson organic chemist.jpg Sir Robert Robinson  United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [48]
1948 Arne Tiselius.jpg Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius  Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [49]
1949 William Giauque Nobel.jpg William Francis Giauque  United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [50]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg Otto Paul Hermann Diels  West Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [51]
Kurt Alder Nobel.jpg Kurt Alder  West Germany
1951 Edwin McMillan Nobel.jpg Edwin Mattison McMillan  United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [52]
Glenn Seaborg 1964.jpg Glenn Theodore Seaborg  United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin Nobel.jpg Archer John Porter Martin  United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography" [53]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge.jpg Richard Laurence Millington Synge  United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger.jpg Hermann Staudinger  West Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [54]
1954 Linus Pauling 1962.jpg Linus Pauling  United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [55]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud.jpg Vincent du Vigneaud  United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [56]
1956 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nobel.jpg Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood  United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [57]
Nikolay Semyonov Nobel.jpg Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov  Soviet Union
1957 Alexander Todd Nobel.jpg Lord (Alexander R.) Todd  United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [58]
1958 Frederick Sanger2.jpg Frederick Sanger  United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [59]
1959 Heyrovsky Jaroslav crop.jpg Jaroslav Heyrovský  Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [60]
1960 No image.svg Willard Frank Libby  United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [61]
1961 Melvin Calvin 1960s.jpg Melvin Calvin  United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [62]
1962 Max Perutz.jpg Max Ferdinand Perutz  United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [63]
John Kendrew Nobel.jpg John Cowdery Kendrew  United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Nobel.jpg Karl Ziegler  West Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [64]
Giulio Natta 1960s.jpg Giulio Natta  Italy
1964 Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin  United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [65]
1965 Robert Woodward Nobel.jpg Robert Burns Woodward  United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [66]
1966 Mulliken,Robert 1929 Chicago.jpg Robert S. Mulliken  United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [67]
1967 Eigen,Manfred 1996 Göttingen.jpg Manfred Eigen  West Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [68]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish.jpg Ronald George Wreyford Norrish  United Kingdom
George Porter Nobel.jpg George Porter  United Kingdom
1968 Onsager 1968.jpg Lars Onsager  United States
 Norway 		"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [69]
1969 No image.svg Derek H. R. Barton  United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [70]
Odd Hassel.jpg Odd Hassel  Norway
1970 Luis Federico Leloir - young.jpg Luis F. Leloir  Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [71]
1971 Herzberg,Gerhard 1952 London.jpg Gerhard Herzberg  Canada
 West Germany 		"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [72]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg Christian B. Anfinsen  United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [73]
No image.svg Stanford Moore  United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" [73]
No image.svg William H. Stein  United States
1973 No image.svg Ernst Otto Fischer  West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [74]
Geoffrey Wilkinson (ca. 1976).jpg Geoffrey Wilkinson  United Kingdom
1974 Paul Flory 1973.jpg Paul J. Flory  United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [75]
1975 John Cornforth 1975.jpg John Warcup Cornforth  Australia
 United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [76]
Vladimir Prelog ETH-Bib Portr 00214.jpg Vladimir Prelog  Yugoslavia
  Switzerland 		"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [76]
1976 William n lipscomb jr.jpg William N. Lipscomb  United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [77]
1977 Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg Ilya Prigogine  Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [78]
1978 No image.svg Peter D. Mitchell  United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [79]
1979 No image.svg Herbert C. Brown  United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [80]
No image.svg Georg Wittig  West Germany
1980 Paul Berg in 1980.jpg Paul Berg  United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [81]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert  United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" [81]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger  United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui.jpg Kenichi Fukui  Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [82]
Roald Hoffmann.jpg Roald Hoffmann  United States
 Poland
1982 Aaron Klug 1979.jpg Aaron Klug  United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [83]
1983 Henry Taube - HD.3F.005 (11086397086).jpg Henry Taube  United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [84]
1984 R. B. Merrifield.jpg Robert Bruce Merrifield  United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [85]
1985 Herbert Hauptman - UB 2009.jpg Herbert A. Hauptman  United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [86]
Jerome Karle, 2009.jpg Jerome Karle  United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach  United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [87]
Yuan T. Lee 1-1.jpg Yuan T. Lee  United States
 Taiwan
John Polanyi.jpg John C. Polanyi  Canada
 Hungary
1987 No image.svg Donald J. Cram  United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [88]
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F088117-0003, Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg Jean-Marie Lehn  France
No image.svg Charles J. Pedersen  United States
1988 No image.svg Johann Deisenhofer  West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [89]
Robert Huber Robert Huber  West Germany
Michel, Hartmut (1948).jpg Hartmut Michel  West Germany
1989 Sidney Altman crop.jpg Sidney Altman  Canada
 United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [90]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas Cech  United States
1990 E.J.Coreyx240.jpg Elias James Corey  United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [91]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Richard R. Ernst   Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [92]
1992 Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg Rudolph A. Marcus  United States
 Canada 		"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [93]
1993 Kary Mullis.jpg Kary B. Mullis  United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [94]
No image.svg Michael Smith  Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" [94]
1994 Oláh György előadása 8299.jpg George A. Olah  United States
 Hungary 		"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [95]
1995 Paul Jozef Crutzen 128.jpg Paul J. Crutzen  Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [96]
Mario Molina 1c389 8387.jpg Mario J. Molina  Mexico
F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg F. Sherwood Rowland  United States
1996 Robert Curl crop 2009 CHAO.jpg Robert F. Curl Jr.  United States "for their discovery of fullerenes" [97]
Harold Kroto 1c389 8471.sweden.jpg Sir Harold W. Kroto  United Kingdom
Richard Smalley.png Richard E. Smalley  United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer.jpg Paul D. Boyer  United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [98]
John Ernest Walker.jpg John E. Walker  United Kingdom
Skou2008crop.jpg Jens C. Skou  Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" [98]
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn  United States "for his development of the density-functional theory" [99]
John Anthony Pople John A. Pople  United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" [99]
1999 Ahmed Zewail (2010).jpg Ahmed Zewail  United States
 Egypt 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [100]
2000 Heeger, Alan J. (1936).jpg Alan J. Heeger  United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [101]
Alan MacDiarmid 2005.017.004e crop.tif Alan G. MacDiarmid  United States
 New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa 20011212.jpg Hideki Shirakawa  Japan
2001 No image.svg William S. Knowles  United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [102]
Ryōji Noyori Ryōji Noyori  Japan
Barry Sharpless K. Barry Sharpless  United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" [102]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn  United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [103]
Koichi Tanaka 2003.jpg Koichi Tanaka  Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich   Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [103]
2003 Peter Agre.jpg Peter Agre  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [104]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" [104]
2004 Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg Aaron Ciechanover  Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [105]
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg Avram Hershko  Israel
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg Irwin Rose  United States
2005 Chauvin, Yves (1930-2015).jpg Yves Chauvin  France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [106]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs  United States
R. Schrock 2012b.jpg Richard R. Schrock  United States
2006 Roger.Kornberg.JPG Roger D. Kornberg  United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [107]
2007 Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg Gerhard Ertl  Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [108]
2008 Osamu Shimomura-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-2.jpg Osamu Shimomura  Japan[109] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [110]
Martin Chalfie-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-4.jpg Martin Chalfie  United States
Roger Tsien-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2.jpg Roger Y. Tsien  United States
2009 Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-04.jpg Venkatraman Ramakrishnan  United States
 India
 United Kingdom 		"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [111]
Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-10.jpg Thomas A. Steitz  United States
Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-15.jpg Ada E. Yonath  Israel
2010 Richard F. Heck2010.jpg Richard F. Heck  United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [112]
Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7398.jpg Ei-ichi Negishi  Japan
Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7383.jpg Akira Suzuki  Japan
2011 Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel interviews KVA-DSC 8039.jpg Dan Shechtman  Israel
 United States 		"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [113]
2012 Lefkowitz3.jpg Robert Lefkowitz  United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [114]
Brian Kobilka (649437151).jpg Brian Kobilka  United States
2013 Nobel Prize 22 2013.jpg Martin Karplus  United States
 Austria 		"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [115]
Michael Levitt.jpg Michael Levitt  United States
 United Kingdom
 Israel[116]
AW TW PS.jpg Arieh Warshel  United States
 Israel
2014 Eric Betzig.jpg Eric Betzig  United States "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [117]
Stefan W Hell.jpg Stefan W. Hell  Germany
 Romania[118]
WE Moerner.jpg William E. Moerner  United States
2015 Tomas Lindahl 0209.jpg Tomas Lindahl  Sweden
 United Kingdom 		"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [119]
Paul L. Modrich 0151.jpg Paul L. Modrich  United States
Aziz Sancar 0176.jpg Aziz Sancar  United States
 Turkey
2016 Nobel Laureates 0828 (30679373053).jpg Jean-Pierre Sauvage  France "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [120]
Nobel Laureates Fraser Stoddart 2016 (31117136180).jpg Fraser Stoddart  United Kingdom
 United States
FeringaWiki.jpg Ben Feringa  Netherlands
2017 Jacques Dubochet D81 4506 (38005029785).jpg Jacques Dubochet   Switzerland "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [121]
Joachim Frank EM1B8792 (27115577469).jpg Joachim Frank  Germany
 United States[122]
Richard Henderson D81 4486 (38005042695).jpg Richard Henderson  United Kingdom
2018 Frances Arnold 2012.png Frances Arnold  United States "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [123]
George Smith EM1B5849 (31295409687).jpg George Smith  United States "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Gregory Winter in the Master's Garden at Trinity College by Aga Machaj .jpg Sir Gregory Winter  United Kingdom
2019 John B. Goodenough (cropped).jpg John B. Goodenough  United States "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [124]
Stanley Whittingham 2020.jpg M. Stanley Whittingham  United Kingdom
 United States
Akira Yoshino cropped 3 Akira Yoshino 201910.jpg Akira Yoshino  Japan
2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier.jpg Emmanuelle Charpentier  France
 "for the development of a method for genome editing" [125]
Professor Jennifer Doudna ForMemRS.jpg Jennifer Doudna  United States

See also[]

References[]

Notes[]

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations[]

  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  5. ^ Malmström, Bo G.; Bertil Andersson (3 December 2001). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  6. ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  7. ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  8. ^ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  18. ^ Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0234612. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1534612I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. PMC 7390258. PMID 32726312.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  20. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  23. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  24. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  25. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  26. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  27. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  28. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  29. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  31. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  32. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  33. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  34. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  35. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  36. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  37. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  38. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  39. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  40. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  41. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  42. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  43. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  44. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  46. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  48. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  49. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  50. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  51. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  52. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  53. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  54. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  55. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  56. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  57. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  58. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  59. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  60. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  61. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  62. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  63. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  64. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  65. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  67. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  68. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  69. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  70. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  71. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  72. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  73. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  74. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  75. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  76. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  77. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  78. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  79. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  80. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  81. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  82. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  83. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  84. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  85. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  86. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  87. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  88. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  89. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  90. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  91. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  92. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  93. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  94. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  95. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  96. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  97. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  98. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  99. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  100. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  101. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  102. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  103. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  104. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  105. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  106. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  107. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  108. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  109. ^ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 8 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  110. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
  111. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2009.
  112. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
  113. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  114. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  115. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  116. ^ "3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel". Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  117. ^ "Microscope work wins Nobel Prize". BBC. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  118. ^ "Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  119. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  120. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  121. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  122. ^ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae Archived 9 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  123. ^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018 Archived 3 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  124. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  125. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 7 October 2020.

Sources[]

External links[]

Retrieved from ""