List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
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The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.
Demonyms ending in -ese are the same in the singular and plural forms.
The ending -man has feminine equivalent -woman (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as", respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' /tʃ/ sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify as its -ch is pronounced /k/).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name.
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms also refer to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. Additionally, sometimes the use of one or more additional words is optional. Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds.
Note: Many of these adjectivals and demonyms are not used in English as frequently as their counterparts in other languages. A common practice is to use a city's name as if it were an adjective, as in "Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra", "Melbourne suburbs", etc.
Table[]
| City | Adjective | Demonym (colloquial) |
|---|---|---|
| Aalborg | Aalborgenser | Aalborgenser |
| Aarhus | Aarhusian | Aarhusian |
| Aberdeen | Aberdonian | Aberdonian |
| Abidjan | Abidjanais | Abidjanais |
| Adana | Adanite | Adanite |
| Adelaide | Adelaidean | Adelaidean |
| Ahmedabad | Amdavadi | Amdavadi |
| Aguascalientes | Hidrocálido | Hidrocálido |
| Agde | Agathois | Agathois |
| Aix-en-Provence | Aixois | Aixois |
| Albany | Albanian | Albanian |
| Albuquerque | Albuquerquean | Burqueño |
| Aleppo | Aleppine | Aleppine |
| Alexandria | Alexandrian | Alexandrine |
| Almería | Almerian, Almeriense, Urcitano | Almerian, Almeriense, Urcitano |
| Alpine[which?] | Alpinian | Alpinian |
| Amalfi | Amalfitan | Amalfitan |
| Amman | Ammani | Ammani |
| Ammon | Ammonite | Ammonite |
| Amparo | Amparense | Amparense |
| Amsterdam | Amsterdammer | Amsterdammer |
| Andong | Andong, Andongite | Andongite |
| Ankara | Ankarite | Ankarite |
| Angeles | Angelino | Angelino |
| Antakya | Antakyan, Antiochian | Antakyan, Antiochian |
| Antalya | Antalyan | Antalyan |
| Aosta | Aostan, Aostain | Aostan, Aostain |
| Aqaba | Aqabawi | Aqabawi |
| Arequipa | Arequipeño (m), Arequipeña (f) | Arequipeño (m), Arequipeña (f) |
| Armagh | Armachian | Armachian |
| Armidale | Armidilian | Armidilian |
| Ashdod | Ashdodi | Ashdodi |
| Asheville | Ashevillain | Ashevillain |
| Ashkelon | Ashkelonian | Ashkelonian |
| Asmara | Asmaran | Asmaran |
| Asunción | Asunceno | Asunceno |
| Athens | Athenian, Attic[a] | Athenian |
| Atlanta | Atlantien | Atlantan |
| Auckland | Auckland | Aucklander, Jafa |
| Austin | Austonian | Austinite |
| Aydın | Aydinian | Aydinian |
| Bacolod | Bacolodnon | Bacolodnon |
| Balıkesir | Balikesirian | Balikesirian |
| Baltimore | Baltimorean | Baltimorean |
| Bandung | Bandungite | Bandungite |
| Bangalore | Bangalorean | Bangalorean |
| Bangkok | Bangkokian | Bangkokian |
| Barcelona | Barcelonian | Barcelonian |
| Barisal | Barisali | Barisali, Borishali, Barisailla, Borishailla |
| Basel | Basler | Basler, Bebbi |
| Baton Rouge | Baton Rougean | Baton Rougean |
| Bedford | Bedfordian (not Bedfordite) | Bedfordian |
| Beersheba | Beersheban | Beersheban |
| Beijing (Peking) | Beijingese, Pekinese | Beijinger, Pekinese |
| Beirut | Beiruti | Beiruti |
| Belfast | Belfast, Belfastian | Belfastie, Belfaster, Belfastian, Belfastite |
| Belo Horizonte | Belo-Horizontino | Belo-Horizontino |
| Belgrade | Belgradian | Belgradian, Belgrader |
| Bellinzona | Bellinzonese | |
| Benevento | Beneventan | Beneventan |
| Bengeo | Bengean | Bengean |
| Bergamo | Bergamasque | Bergamasque |
| Berlin | Berliner | Berliner |
| Bern | Bernese | Bernese |
| Béziers | Bitterois | Bitterois |
| Birmingham | Brummie | Brummie |
| Birmingham, Alabama | Birminghamian | Birminghamian, Birminghamster, Ham'r |
| Blackburn | Blackburnian | Blackburnian |
| Bnei Brak | Bnei Brakian | Bnei Brakian |
| Bodrum | Bodrumian | Bodrumite |
| Boise | Boisean | Boisean |
| Bologna | Bolognese | Bolognese |
| Bogotá | Bogotano (m), Bogotana (f) | Bogotano (m), Bogotana (f), Rolo (m), Rola (f) |
| Bolgatanga | Guruŋa | Guruŋa |
| Bolton | Boltonian | Boltonian |
| Bordeaux | Bordelais | Bordelais |
| Bossangoa | Bossangoan | Bossangoan |
| Boston | Bostonian | Bostonian |
| Bradford | Bradfordian | Bradfordian |
| Brasilia | Brasiliense | Brasiliense |
| Bratislava | Bratislavan | Bratislavan |
| Bremen | Bremer | Bremer |
| Brescia | Brescian | Brescian |
| Brighton | Brightonian | Brightonian |
| Brisbane | Brisbanite | Brisbanite, Brisvegan (slang), Briswegian (slang) |
| Bristol | Bristolian | Bristolian |
| Brussels | Bruxellois,[b] Brusselaar,[c] Brusseleir[d] | |
| Bucaramanga | Bumangués (m), Bumanguésa (f), Santandereano (m), Santandereana (f) | Bumangués (m), Bumanguésa (f), Santandereano (m), Santandereana (f) |
| Bucharest | Bucharestian | Bucharester |
| Budapest | Budapesti | Budapester |
| City of Buenos Aires | Porteño | Porteño |
| Buffalo | Buffalonian | Buffalonian |
| Burlington | Burlingtonian | Burlingtonian |
| Bursa | Bursanese | Bursanese |
| Busan | Busan, Busanian | Busanian |
| Cádiz | Gaditano, | Gaditano |
| Calais | Calais | Calaisiens |
| Cagayan de Oro | Cagayanon | Cagayanon |
| Cairns | Cairnsite | Cairnsite |
| Cairo | Cairene | Cairene |
| Calgary | Calgarian | Calgarian |
| Cali | Caleño | Caleño |
| Cambridge | Cantabrigian | Cantabrigian |
| Cambridge, Massachusetts | Cantabrigian | Cantabrigian |
| Campinas | Campineiro | Campineiro |
| Campo Grande | Campo-grandense | campo-grandense |
| Canberra | Canberran | Canberran |
| Cape Town | Capetonian | Capetonian |
| Caracas | Caraquenian | Caraqueño (m), Caraqueña (f) |
| Cardiff | Cardiffian | Cardiffian |
| Carlisle | Carlislian | Carlislian |
| Carson City | Carsonite | Carsonite |
| Cartagena | Cartagenero (m), Cartagenera (f) | Cartagenero (m), Cartagenera (f) |
| Carystus | Carystian | Christian |
| Casper | Casperite | Casperite |
| Castlecrag | Castlecragian | Cragman |
| Cebu | Cebuano | Cebuano |
| Changwon | Changwon, Changwonian | Changwonian |
| Charleston | Charlestonian | Charlestonian |
| Charlotte | Charlottean | Charlottean |
| Chelmsford | Chelmsfordian | Chelmsfordian |
| Cheltenham | Cheltonian | Cheltonian |
| Chennai | Chennaite | Chennaite |
| Chester | Cestrian | Cestrian |
| Chesterfield | Cestrefeldian | Cestrefeldian |
| Cheyenne | Cheyenneite | Cheyenneite |
| Chiasso | Chiassese | |
| Chicago | Chicagoan | Chicagoan |
| Chichester | Cicestrian | Cicestrian |
| Chittagong | Chittagonian | Chittagonian, Chottogrami, Chatigaiya, Sitainga, Chittagainga |
| Christchurch | Cantabrian | Christecclesian, Cantabrian |
| Cincinnati | Cincinnatian | Cincinnatian |
| Cleveland | Clevelander | Clevelander |
| Coimbatore | Coimbatoreian | Coimbatoreian |
| Colchester | Colchester | Colcestrian |
| Columbus | Columbusite | Columbusite |
| Copenhagen | Copenhagener | Copenhagener |
| Córdoba | Cordobés, Cordobense | Cordobés |
| Corinth | Corinthian | Corinthian |
| Cork | Cork | Corkonian, Leesider |
| Coventry | Coventrian | Coventrian |
| Culiacán | Culichi | Cliché |
| Cusco | Cusco | Cusqueño (m), Cusqueña (f), Cuzqueño (m), Cuzqueña (f) |
| Kraków (Cracow) | Krakovian, Cracovian | Krakovian, Cracovian |
| Curitiba | Curitibano | Curitibano |
| Daegu | Daegu, Daeguite | Daeguite |
| Dalaman | Dalamanian | Dalamanian |
| Dallas | Dallasite | Dallasite |
| Da Lat | Dalatese | Dalatese |
| Damascus | Damascene | Damascene |
| Darwin | Darwinian[e] | Darwinian[e] |
| Davao | Davaoeño | Davaoeño |
| Delhi | Delhiite | Delhiite |
| Denizli | Denizlian | Denizlian |
| Denver | Denver, Mile High | Denverite |
| Derry | Derry | Derrian |
| Detroit | Detroiter | Detroiter |
| Devonport | Devonportian | Devonportian |
| Dhaka | Dhakai | Dhakai, Dhakaiya, Dhakaite |
| Diyarbakır | Diyarbakirian | Diyarbakirian |
| Dresden | Dresdener | Dresdener |
| Dublin | Dublin | Dubliner, Dub |
| Dubai | Dubaite | Dubaite |
| Duluth | Duluthian | Duluthian |
| Dundee | Dundonian | Dundonian |
| Dunedin | Dunedin | Dunedinite |
| Durango | Durangoan | Duranguense, Durangoan |
| Durban | Durban | Durbanite |
| East Troy | East Trojan | East Trojan |
| Edinburgh | Edinburgensian[f][1] | Edinburger[g][2] |
| Edmonton | Edmontonian | Edmontonian |
| Eilat | Eilatian | Eilatian |
| Épalinges | Palinsard | Palinsard |
| Epidaurus | Epidaurian | Epidaurian |
| Erzurum | Erzurumian | Erzurumian |
| Eskişehir | Eskishehirian | Eskishehirian |
| Everett | Everettite | Everettite |
| Exeter | Exonian | Exonian |
| Famagusta | Salaminioti | Salaminioti, Σαλαμινιώτη |
| Fargo | Fargoan | Fargoan |
| Ferrara | Ferrarese | Ferrarese |
| Fethiye | Fethiyennese | Fethiyennese |
| Filettino | Filettinesi | Filettinesi |
| Finchley | Finchleian | Finchleian |
| Florence | Florentine | Florentine |
| Fort Lauderdale | Fort Lauderdaler, Fort Lauderdalian | |
| Fort Wayne | Fort Wayner | |
| Fort Worth | Fort Worthian, Fort Worther | |
| Foz do Iguaçu | Iguaçuense | Iguaçuense |
| Frankfurt | Frankfurter | Frankfurter |
| Fredericton | Frederictonian | Frederictonian |
| Fresno | Fresnan | Fresnan, Fresnoan, Fresnian |
| Galway | Galway | Galwegian |
| Gaza | Gazan | Gazan |
| Gaziantep | Antepian | Antepian |
| Gibraltar | Gibraltarian | |
| Geelong | Geelong | Geelongite |
| Geneva | Genevan, Genevese, Genfer | Genevan, Genevese, Genfer |
| Genoa | Genoese | Genoese |
| Germiston | Germistonian | Germistonian |
| Ghent | Ghentian | Ghentian |
| Glasgow | Glaswegian | Glaswegian, Weegie |
| Godalming | Godhelmian | Godhelmian, Godalminger |
| Gold Coast | Gold Coast | Gold Coaster |
| Gosford | Gosford | Gosfordian |
| Gothenburg | Gothenburger | Gothenburger |
| Granada | Granadino, Granadí, Iliberitano | Granadino, Iliberitano |
| Grand Rapids | Grand Rapidian | Grand Rapidian |
| Graz | Grazer | Grazer |
| Grenoble | Grenoblois | Grenoblois |
| Guadalajara | Tapatío | Tapatío |
| Guangzhou (Canton) | Cantonese | Cantonese |
| Guayaquil | Guayaquilean | Guayaquilean |
| Guelph | Guelphite | Guelphite[3] |
| Gumi | Gumi, Gumite | Gumite |
| Gwangju | Gwangju, Gwangjuite | Gwangjuite |
| Gyeongju | Gyeongju, Gyeongjuite | Gyeongjuite |
| The Hague | Haguer | Haguer |
| Haifa | Haifan | Haifan |
| Halifax | Haligonian | Haligonian |
| Hamburg | Hamburgian | Hamburger |
| Hamilton (Canada) | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonian |
| Hamilton (New Zealand) | Hamiltonian | Hamiltonian |
| Hanoi | Hanoian | Hanoian |
| Hanover | Hanoverian | Hanoverian |
| Harbin | Harbinite | Harbinite |
| Harrisburg | Harrisburger | Harrisburger |
| Hartlepool | Hartlepudlian | Hartlepudlian, Monkey hanger |
| Hastings | Hastingite | Hastingite |
| Hastings | Hastinger | Hastinger |
| Hatay | Hatayan (see also, Antakya) | Hatayan (see also, Antakya) |
| Havana | Habanero (m), Habanera (f) | Habanero (m), Habanera (f) |
| Helsinki | Helsinkian | Helsinkian |
| Ho Chi Minh City | Saigonese | Saigoner |
| Hobart | Hobartian | Hobartian |
| Holon | Holonian | Holonian |
| Hong Kong | Hong Kong, Hongkongish, Hongkongese | Hongkonger, Hongkongish, Honger, Hongkongese, Honkey |
| Honolulu | Honolulan | Honolulan |
| Houston | Houstonian | Houstonian |
| Huelva | Onubense, Huelveño | Onubense, Huelveño |
| Hyderabad | Hyderabadi | Hyderabadi |
| Iloilo | Ilonggo | Ilonggo |
| Incheon | Incheon, Incheoner | Incheoner |
| Indianapolis | Hoosier | Hoosier, Indianapolitan |
| Invercargill | Invercargill | Invercargillite, Invercargillonian |
| Inverness | Invernessian | Invernessian |
| Ipoh | Ipohian | Ipohian |
| Iqaluit | Iqalummiuq, Iqalummiut | |
| Iriga | Irigueño | Irigueño |
| Islamabad | Islamabadi | Islamabadian |
| Itabira | Itabirano (m), Itabirana (f) | Itabirano (m), Itabirana (f) |
| Itapira | Itapirense | Itapirense |
| Istanbul | Istanbulite | Istanbulite |
| Izmir | Izmirite, Izmirian | Izmirite, Izmirian |
| Izmit | Izmitite | Izmitite |
| Jacksonville | Jacksonvillian, Jaxon | Jacksonvillian, Jaxon[4] |
| Jaén | Jienense, Jaenés, Aurgitano | Jienense, Aurgitano |
| Jakarta | Jakartan | Jakartanais, Jakartan |
| Jeonju | Jeonju, Jeonjuite | Jeonjuite |
| Jerusalem | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi | Jerusalemite, Yerushalmi |
| Johannesburg | Johannesburg | Johannesburger |
| Joshua, Texas | Joshuan | Joshuan, Joshuvian |
| Juba | Juban | Juban |
| Juiz de Fora | Juiz-forano | Juiz-forano |
| Juneau City/Borough | Juneauite | |
| Kahramanmaraş | Marashian | Marashian |
| Kandy | Kandian | Kandian |
| Kaluga | Kaluzhanin | Kaluzhane |
| Kansas City | Kansas Citian[h] | Kansas Citian, Kansas City, Kansan[i] |
| Karachi | Karachiite | Karachiite |
| Karpasia | Karpasias | Karpasias, Καρπασίας |
| Kastoria | Kastorian | Kastorian |
| Kayseri | Kayserian | Kayserian |
| Kenosha | Kenoshan | Kenoshan |
| Khulna | Khulna | Khulnaiya, Khulnaite |
| Kyiv, Kiev | Kyivan, Kievan | Kyian (m), Kyianyn (m), Kyianka (f) |
| Kingston | Kingstonian | Kingstonian |
| Kitchener | Kitchenerite | Kitchenerite |
| Kocaeli | Kocalian (see also, Izmit) | Kocaelian (see also, Izmit) |
| Konya | Konyanite | Konyanite |
| Knoxville | Knoxvillian | Knoxvillian |
| Kuala Lumpur | KLite | KLite |
| Kuching | Kuchingite | Kuchingite |
| Lagos | Lagosian | Lagosian |
| Lahore | Lahori | Lahori |
| Lancaster | Lancastrian | Lancastrian |
| La Paz | Paceño | Paceño |
| Larnaka | Larnakade | Larnakade, Λάρνακαδε |
| Las Vegas | Las Vegan | Las Vegan |
| Laval | Lavalois, Lavaloise | Lavalois, Lavaloise |
| Leeds | Leodensian | Leodensian, Loiner |
| Leipzig | Leipziger | Leipziger |
| Legazpi | Legazpeño | Legazpeño |
| León | Leonese | Leonese |
| Lexington | Lexingtonian | Lexingtonian |
| Ligao | Ligaoeño | Ligaoeño |
| Lima | Limeño | Limeño |
| Limassol | Lemesouti | Lemesouti, Λεμεσούτη |
| Limerick | Limerick | Limerickman, Shannonsider |
| Linz | Linzer | Linzer |
| Lisbon | Lisboeta | Lisboeta, Lisboner, Alfacinha |
| Liverpool | Liverpudlian, Scouse | Liverpudlian, Scouser |
| Livorno | Leghornese, Livornese | Leghornese, Livornese |
| Locarno | Locarnese | |
| London | Londoner | Londoner |
| Londrina | Londrinense | Londrinense |
| Los Angeles | Los Angeleno, Angeleno, Angeleño | Los Angeleno, Angeleno, Ángeleño |
| Louisville | Louisvillian | Louisvillian |
| Lucca | Lucchese | Lucchesi |
| Lugano | Luganese | |
| Luton | Lutonian | Lutonian |
| Lviv | Lvivite, Lvivian, Leopolitan | Lvivite, Lvivian, Leopolitan, Lemberger, Ukrainian Lvivianyn (m), Lvivianka (f) |
| Lyon (Lyons) | Lyonese, Lyonnais | Lyonese, Lyonnais |
| Macau | Macanese | Macanese |
| Mackay | Mackayite | Mackayite |
| Madrid | Madrilenian, Madrileño | Madrilenian, Madrileño |
| Malacca | Malaccan | Malaccan |
| Málaga | Malagenean, Malagueño, Malacitano | Malagenean, Malagueño, Malacitano |
| Malatya | Malatyan | Malatyan |
| Manaus | Manauara, Manauense | Manauara, Manauense |
| Manchester | Mancunian | Mancunian, Manc |
| Manila | Manileño, Manilan | Manileño |
| Manisa | Manisanian | Manisanian |
| Mantua | Mantuan | Mantuan |
| Marathon | Marathonian | Marathonian |
| Mardin | Mardinian | Mardinian |
| Marmaris | Marmarisian | Marmarisian |
| Marseille | Marseillais | Marseillais |
| Marshall | Marshall,[5][6] Marshallite[j][7] | Marshallite[8][9] |
| Masbate | Masbateño | Masbateño |
| Mersin | Mersinite | Mersinite |
| Mecca | Meccan | Meccan |
| Medellín | Paisa | |
| Medina | Medinan | Medinan |
| Megara | Megarian | Megarian |
| Melbourne | Melburnian | Melburnian, Melbournite |
| Memphis | Memphian | Memphian |
| Mendrisio | Mendrisiense, Mendrisiotto | |
| Mersin | Mersinite | Mersinite |
| Messina | Messinese | Messinese |
| Mexico City | Capitalino | Capitalino, Chilango, Defeño |
| Miami | Miamian | Miamian |
| Michigan | Michiganian | Michigander, Yooper (the latter, only if from the state's Upper Peninsula) |
| Middlesbrough | Smoggie | |
| Milan, Italy | Milanese | Milanese |
| Milan, New York | Milanites, Milaner | |
| Milwaukee | Milwaukeean | Milwaukeean |
| Misrata | Misratan | Misratan |
| Minneapolis | Minneapolitan | Minneapolitan |
| Minot | Minotian | Minoter |
| Mississauga | Mississaugan | |
| Modena | Modenese | Modenese |
| Mogi Guaçu | Guaçuano | Guaçuano |
| Mogi Mirim | Mogimiriano | Mogimiriano |
| Monaco | Monegasque | Monegasque, Monacoan |
| Monrovia | Monrovian | Monrovian |
| Monterrey | Regiomontano | Regiomontano |
| Montevideo | Montevidean | Montevideano (m), Montevideana (f) |
| Montreal | Montrealer | Montrealer, Montréalais |
| Moose Jaw | Moose Jaw | Moose Javians |
| Morphou | Morfitis | Morfitis, Μορφίτης |
| Moscow | Muscovite | Muscovite |
| Muğla | Mughlanian | Mughlanian |
| Mumbai | Mumbaikar | Mumbaikar |
| Muncie | Munsonian | Munsonian |
| Munich | Münchner | Münchner |
| Mymensingh | Mymensinghi | Mymensinghi, Mymensinghiya, Mymensinghiyo |
| Mysore | Mysorean | Mysorean, Mysurinavaru, Mysuriga |
| Naga | Nagueño | Nagueño |
| Nagoya | Nagoyan | Nagoyan |
| Nanaimo | Nanaimoite | Nanaimoite |
| Nanjing (Nanking) | Nankinese | Nankinese |
| Napier | Napieran | Napieran, Naperian |
| Naples | Neapolitan | Neapolitan |
| Nashville | Nashvillian | Nashvillian |
| Nassau | Nassuvian | Nassuvian |
| Navarre | Navarrian | Navarrian |
| Nazareth | Nazarene | Nazarene |
| Nelson | Nelson | Nelsonian |
| Netanya | Netanyan, Netanian | Netanyan, Netanian |
| Newport, Wales | Newportonian | Newportonian, Newporter |
| New Orleans | New Orleanian | New Orleanian, New Orleaner, Yat |
| New York City | New Yorker | New Yorker, Knickerbocker |
| •The Bronx | Bronxite | Bronxite, Bronxer |
| •Brooklyn | Brooklynite | Brooklynite, Trolley Dodger (archaic) |
| •Manhattan | Manhattanite | Manhattanite |
| •Queens | Queensite | Queensite |
| •Staten Island[k] | Staten Islander | Staten Islander |
| Newcastle | Novocastrian | Novocastrian |
| Newcastle upon Tyne | Novocastrian, Geordie | Novocastrian, Geordie |
| Nice | Niçois | Niçois |
| Nicosia | Nicosian | Nicosian |
| Norfolk | Norfolker, Norfolkian | Norfolker, Norfolkian |
| Northampton | Northamptonian | Northamptonian |
| Novara | Novarese | Novarese |
| Nuremberg | Nuremberger, Nürnberger | Nuremberger, Nürnberger |
| Oakbank | Oakbankian | Oakbankian |
| Oakland | Oaklander | Oaklander |
| Oamaru | Oamaru, Oamaruvian | Oamaruvian |
| Oaxaca | Oaxacan | Oaxaqueño |
| Odessa, Odesa | Odessan, Odessite, Odesan | Odessan, Odessite, Odesan, Ukrainian Odesyt (m), Odesytka (f) |
| Oklahoma City | Oklahoma Cityan | Oklahoma Cityan |
| Omak | Omakian | Omakian[10] |
| Ordu | Ordunite | Ordunite |
| Orléans | Orléanais | Orléanais |
| Osaka | Osakan | Naniwakko, Osakan |
| Oshawa | Oshawian | Oshawian |
| Oslo | Oslovian | Oslovian |
| Oswestry | Oswestrian | Oswestrian |
| Ottawa | Ottawan | Ottawan, Ottawallite |
| Oxford | Oxonian[l] | Oxonian[l] |
| Paddock Lake | Paddock Laker | Paddock Laker |
| Padua | Paduan | Paduan |
| Paducah | Paducahan | Paducahan |
| Paita | Paiteño (m), Paiteña (f) | Paiteño (m), Paiteña (f) |
| Panaji | Panjimite | Ponnjekar, Panjimite |
| Paphos | Paphian | Paphian |
| Palermo | Palermitan | Palermitan |
| Palmerston North | Palmerstonian | Palmerstonian |
| Palmyra | Palmyrene | Palmyrene |
| Paris | Parisian | Parisian |
| Parma | Parmesan | Parmesan |
| Penang | Penangite | Penangite |
| Pescara | Pescarese | Pescarese |
| Perth | Perthite, Perthian, Perthling, Perthonality, Pertho, Perthie | Perthite, Perthian, Perthling, Perthonality, Perthette |
| Perugia | Perugian | Perugian |
| Peterborough | Peterbourian | Peterbourian |
| Philadelphia | Philadelphian | Philadelphian |
| Phnom Penh | Phnom Penh | Phnom Penher |
| Phoenix | Phoenician, Phoenixer | Phoenician, Phoenixer |
| Pissouri | Pissouriti | Pissouriti, Πισσούρητη |
| Pisa | Pisan | Pisan |
| Pittsburgh | Pittsburgher | Pittsburgher, Yinzer |
| Plymouth | Plymothian | Plymothian, Janner |
| Pohang | Pohang | Pohangite |
| Polmont | Polmontarian | Polmontarian |
| Pompeii | Pompeian, Pompeiian | Pompeian, Pompeiian |
| Ponferrada | Ponferradian | Ponferradian |
| Pont-à-Mousson | Mussipontain | M ussipontain |
| Port Harcourt | Harcourtian, Port Harcourtian | Harcourtian, Port Harcourtian |
| Port Moresby | Port Moresbian | Port Moresbian |
| Porto | Portuense | Portuense, Tripeiro |
| Porto Alegre | Porto-Alegrense | Porto-Alegrense |
| Porto Cheli | Porto-Cheliki | Porto-Cheliki |
| Portland | Portlander | Portlander |
| Portsmouth | Portsmouthian | Portsmouthian |
| Prague | Praguer | Praguer |
| Pripyat | Pripyatin | Pripyatin |
| Pristina | Prishtinali, Prishtina, Prištinci, Prištevci | |
| Providence | Providentian | Providentian |
| Provo | Provoan | Provoan |
| Puebla | Poblano | Poblano |
| Punta Arenas | Puntarenian | Puntarenian |
| Pylos | Pylian | Pylian |
| Quebec City | Québécois[m] | Québécois[m] |
| Quito | Quitonian | Quiteño (m), Quiteña (f) |
| Rajshahi | Rajshahiyo | Rajshahiya, Rajshahiyo |
| Radnor | Radnorian | Radnorian |
| Raleigh | Raleighite | Raleighite |
| Randall | Randallite | Randallite |
| Rangpur City | Rangpuri | Rongpuri, Rangpuri |
| Reading | Readingite | Readingite |
| Red Deer | Red Deerian | Red Deerian |
| Regina | Regina, Reginan | Reginan |
| Reno | Renoite | Renoite, Riennese, Renal |
| Rethymno | Rethymnian | Rethymnian |
| Reims (Rheims) | Rémois, Cornichon | Rémois |
| Reykjavík | Reykjavikian | Reykjavikian |
| Ribeirão Preto | Ribeirão Pretano | Ribeirão Pretano |
| Richmond | Richmonder | Richmonder |
| Riga | Rigan | Rigan |
| Rio de Janeiro | Carioca | Carioca |
| Rhodes | Rhodian | Rhodian |
| Roanoke | Roanoker | Roanoker |
| Rochester | Rochesterian | Rochesterian |
| Rockhampton | Rockhampton | Rockhamptonite |
| Rome | Roman | Roman |
| Rotorua | Rotoruan | Rotoruan |
| Rotterdam | Rotter | Rotterdammer |
| Rouen | Rouennais | Rouennais |
| Rye | Ryer | Ryer, Mudhead |
| Sacramento | Sacramentan | Sacramentan |
| Saint Helier | Saint-Helian | Saint-Helian |
| Saint-Étienne | Stéphanois | Stéphanois |
| Saint-Jude, Quebec | Rocquevillois | Rocquevillois |
| Saint Petersburg | Saint Petersburgian | Saint Petersburgian, Saint Petersburger, Petersburger |
| Salem | Salemite | Salemite |
| Salerno | Salernitan | Salernitan |
| Salford | Salfordian | Salfordian |
| Salt Lake City | Salt Lake | Salt Laker |
| Salvador | Soteropolitano | Soteropolitano |
| Salzburg | Salzburger | Salzburger |
| Sambalpur | Sambalpuria | Sambalpuria |
| Samsun | Samsunite | Samsunite |
| San Antonio | San Antonian | San Antonian |
| San Diego | San Diegan | San Diegan |
| San Francisco | San Franciscan | San Franciscan |
| San Jose | San Josean | San Josean |
| Şanlıurfa | Urfanian | Urfanian |
| Santa Barbara | Santa Barbarian | Santa Barbaran |
| Santa Clarita | Santa Claritan | Santa Claritan |
| Santa Cruz de la Sierra | Cruceño | Cruceño |
| Santa Monica | Santa Monican | Santa Monican |
| Santiago | Santiaguinos (m), Santiaguinas (f) | Santiaguinos (m), Santiaguinas (f) |
| São Carlos | Sãocarlense, Carlopolitano | Sãocarlense, Carlopolitano |
| São Luís | Ludovicense | Ludovicense |
| São Paulo | Paulistano | Paulistano |
| Sapporo | Sapporokko | |
| Sarajevo | Sarajevan | Sarajevan |
| Saskatoon | Saskatoon, Saskatonian | Saskatonian, Saskabusher |
| Sault Ste. Marie | Sooite, Saultite | Soos |
| Savannah | Savannian | Savannian |
| Seattle | Seattleite | Seattleite |
| Sendai | Sendaikko | |
| Seoul | Seoulite | Seoulite |
| Serra Negra | Serrano | Serrano |
| Serres | Serrean | Serrean |
| Seville | Sevillian, Sevillano, Hispalense | Sevillian, Sevillano, Hispalense |
| Shanghai | Shanghainese | Shanghaine, Shanghainese |
| Sheffield | Sheffielder | |
| Shillong | nong Shillong | |
| Shrewsbury | Salopian | Salopian |
| Side | Sidetan | Sidetan |
| Siena (Sienna) | Sienese, Siennese | Sienese, Siennese |
| Silver Lake | Silver Laker | Silver Laker |
| Singapore | Singaporean | Singaporean |
| Skopje | Skopjan | Skopjan |
| Slough | Sluff | Sluff |
| Sofia | Sofian | Sofian |
| Solihull | Silhillian | Silhillian |
| Somers | Somersite | Somersite |
| Sorrento | Sorrentine | Sorrentine |
| Sorsogon | Sorsoganon | Sorsoganon |
| Southampton | Sotonian | Sotonian |
| Soweto | Sowetan | Sowetan |
| Sparta | Spartan | Spartan |
| Spoleto | Spoletian | Spoletian |
| Shkoder | Shkodran | Shkodran |
| St. Louis | St. Louisan | St. Louisan |
| Stockholm | Stockholmer | Stockholmer |
| Strasbourg | Strasbourgeois | Strasbourgeois |
| Stuttgart | Stuttgarter | Stuttgarter |
| Sunderland | Mackem | |
| Sunshine Coast | Sunshine Coast | Sunshine Coaster |
| Swansea | Jack | Jack |
| Swindon | Swindonian | Swindonian |
| Sydney | Sydneysider | |
| Sylhet | Sylheti | Sylheti, Siloti, Sileti |
| Syracuse, Italy | Syracusan | Syracusan |
| Syracuse, New York | Syracusian | Syracusian |
| Tabaco | Tabaqueño | Tabaqueño |
| Tacna | Tacneño (m), Tacneña (f) | Tacneño (m), Tacneña (f) |
| Tacoma | Tacoman | Tacoman |
| Tallinn | Tallinner | Tallinner |
| Tartu | Tartuan | Tartuan |
| Taranto | Tarantine, Tarentine | Tarantine, Tarentine |
| Tasmania | Tasman, Tasmanian | Tasmanian, Taswegian (jocular) |
| Taunton | Tauntonian | Tauntonian |
| Tauranga | Taurangan | Taurangian, Taurangan |
| Tbilisi | Tbilisian | Tbilisian, Tbiliselebi |
| Tehran | Tehrani, Tehranis[11][circular reference] | Tehrani |
| Tekirdağ | Tekirdanian | Tekirdaninan |
| Tel Aviv | Tel Avivian | Tel Avivi, Tel Avivian |
| Thebes | Theban | Theban |
| Thessaloniki | Thessalonian | Thessalonian |
| Thunder Bay | Thunderbite | |
| Timaru | Timaru, Timaruvian | Timaruvians |
| Tirana | Tiranas | Tirons |
| Tokyo | Edokko, Tokyoite | |
| Toowoomba | Toowoomban | Toowoomban |
| Toronto | Torontonian | Torontonian[12] |
| Toulouse | Toulousian | Toulousian |
| Tournai | Tournaisian | Tournaisian |
| Townsville | Townsvillian | Townsvillian |
| Trabzon | Trabzonian, Trebizonian, Trapezian, Trapezuntine | Trabzonian, Trebizonian, Trapezian, Trapezuntine |
| Traverse City | Traverse Citian | Traverse Citian |
| Trevor | Trevorite | Trevorite |
| Trent | Tridentine | Tridentine |
| Trieste | Triestine | Triestine |
| Tripoli | Tripolitan | Tripolitan |
| Tripoli, Greece | Tripolitano | Tripolitano |
| Trois-Rivières | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne, Trifluvian | Trifluvien, Trifluvienne, Trifluvian |
| Trois-Rivières | Trois-rivieran | Trois-rivieran |
| Tucson | Tucsonian | Tucsonian, Tucsonan |
| Tulsa | Tulsan | Tulsan |
| Turin | Turinese | Turinese |
| Twin Lakes | Twin Laker | Twin Laker |
| Tyre | Tyrian | Tyrian |
| Uberlândia | Uberlandense | Uberlandense |
| Ulsan | Ulsan, Ulsanian | Ulsanian |
| Valencia | Valencian | Valencian |
| Valladolid | Vallisoletano, Pucelano, Pinciano | Vallisoletano, Pucelano, Pinciano |
| Valparaíso | Porteño (m), Porteña (f) | Porteño (m), Porteña (f) |
| Van | Vanian | Vanian |
| Vancouver, British Columbia | Vancouverite | Vancouverite |
| Vancouver, Washington | Vancouverite | Vancouverite |
| Venice | Venetian | Venetian |
| Veracruz | Veracruzano | Veracruzano, Jarocho |
| Verona | Veronese | Veronese |
| Vicenza | Vicentine | Vicentine |
| Vichy | Vichyssois | Vichyssois |
| Victoria | Victorian | Victorian |
| Vienna | Viennese, Wiener | Viennese, Wiener |
| Villanova | Villanovan | Villanovan |
| Ville Platte | Ville Platian | Ville Platian |
| Vilnius | Vilnian | Vilnian |
| Vizag | Vizagite | Vizagite |
| Warangal | Warangalite | Warangalite |
| Warsaw | Varsovian | Varsovian |
| Washington, D.C. | Washingtonian[n] | Washingtonian[n] |
| Waterford | Waterfordian | Waterfordian, Déise, Suirsider |
| Waterloo | Waterluvian | Waterluvian |
| Wellington | Wellington, Wellingtonian | Wellingtonian |
| Wheatland | Wheatlander | Wheatlander |
| Whitehorse | Whitehorser | Whitehorser |
| Wichita | Wichitan | Wichitan |
| Wilmot | Wilmotter | Wilmotter |
| Winchester | Wintonian | |
| Winnipeg | Winnipeggers, Winnipeger | |
| Wolverhampton | Wulfrunian | |
| Wythenshawe | Wythenshavian | Wythenshavian |
| Xalapa | Xalapeño | Xalapeño |
| Xanthi | Xanthian | Xanthian |
| Yellowknife | Yellowknifer | Yellowknifer |
| Yeosu | Yeosu, Yeosuite | Yeosuite |
| Yerevan | Yerevantsi | Yerevantsi |
| Yogyakarta | Yogyakartan, Jogjan | Yogyakartan, Jogjan |
| Yokohama | Yokohaman | Hamakko[13] |
| Zacatecas | Zacatecan | Zacatecano |
| Zagreb | Zagrebian | Zagreber, Zagrebian |
| Zamboanga | Zamboangueño | Zamboangueño |
| Zaragoza | Zaragozan, Saragossan | Zaragoazan, Saragossan |
| Zonguldak | Zonguldaki | Zonguldakian |
| Zintan | Zintani | Zintani |
| Zurich | Zuricher, Zürcher | Zuricher, Zürcher |
| Zwolle | Zwollenaar | Zwollenaar |
Notes:
| ||
See also[]
- Demonym
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Australia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Canada
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for India
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Malaysia
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Mexico
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for New Zealand
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the Philippines
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for the United States
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for Greco-Roman antiquity
- List of adjectivals and demonyms for fictional regions
- List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
- Lists of city nicknames
References[]
- ^ Google Books
- ^ Google Books
- ^ "City of Guelph".
- ^ "Call Box". The Florida Times-Union. April 26, 2000. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
- ^ "Marshall Independent School District".
- ^ "Marshall Regional Arts Council".
- ^ "Gustavia Tippins obituary".
- ^ ""Marshallite's Brother Dies," Marshall News Messenger, March 7, 1960".
- ^ ""Col. Shaunte Y. Cooper achieves high honor as first African American Colonel for 147th Attack Wing" Texas Military Department".
- ^ Clark, Doug (March 26, 1996). "Town Tradition Goads Residents Into Donations". The Spokesman-Review. Cowles Publishing Company. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ List of people from Tehran
- ^ Street, Hudson (September 13, 1911). "Old Torontonian: If He Likes Toronto So Much, Why Live Here?". The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
- ^ Yokohama City Central Library (28 December 2013). "「はまっこ」の定義が知りたいです。横浜のどこで生まれると「はまっこ」なのでしょうか?". National Diet Library. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
Categories:
- Lists of demonyms