List of political parties in the Netherlands

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Politics of the Netherlands
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This article lists political parties in the Netherlands, which has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone, and parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.

The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.

No party has won a majority of seats since the election of 1894,[1] and no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in 1918. All Dutch governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, and all parties must adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.

General overview[]

Members of four Dutch political parties (PvdA, D66, CDA and VVD) campaigning in Ulft, shortly before the 2010 municipal elections
  • The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.[2] As a centre-right movement, it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism[3] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's leader is Mark Rutte. VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
  • Democrats 66 (D66) has had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today, it is a centrist social liberal[2][4] party, professing a pro-European platform and progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Sigrid Kaag leads the party. D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
  • The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist[2] and national-liberal[5] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation and limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. Supporting Nexit, it is hard Eurosceptic. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group.
  • The Christian Democratic Appeal is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party.
  • The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.[6] In the 1970s and 1980s, it was a Maoist party supported by the People's Republic of China (PRC). However, in 1991, the SP dropped its communist course, and chose a more independent and less radical democratic socialist[2] course, having long since denounced Maoism and the PRC. The party itself has called it a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Lilian Marijnissen is the leader of the SP.
  • The Labour Party (PvdA), a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA Prime Minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." Under Prime Minister Wim Kok, the PvdA espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.[7] Nowadays, the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
  • GreenLeft combines green politics[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party.
  • Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party. It has been labeled as a one issue-party, though former PvdD leader Marianne Thieme has claimed it is not.[8] The focus of the party is on animal welfare and environmental protection. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
  • Forum for Democracy is a conservative, right-wing populist, and national conservative party. In favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and is currently led by Thierry Baudet. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
  • The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative[2] Christian democratic party, which mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas, such as immigration and the environment, the party often is closer to the progressive parties. It is a moderately Eurosceptic party. The CU operated within the European Conservatives and Reformists group, until after the 2019 European elections, when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
  • The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the Christian Union. Although the party is small on a national level, having gained either two or three seats in every general election,[9] it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. Opposing European integration, the party is Eurosceptic, and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Kees van der Staaij leads the SGP.
  • DENK, a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
  • Volt Netherlands is the Dutch branch of the European federalist political movement Volt Europa. Its leader Laurens Dassen wants the EU to be a "strong parliamentary democracy" and proposes jointly tackling "cross-border issues", such as climate change.[10]
  • JA21 was founded by former member of the Second Chamber for LPF Joost Eerdmans and senator Annabel Nanninga following internal disputes within Forum for Democracy surrounding antisemitic text messages in late 2020.[11] Eerdmans has stated wanting to reintroduce the ideas conservative right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn into parliament,[12] promoting entrepeneurship, forms of more direct democracy, stricter immigration policies, and tax and wealth systems that create incentives to work.[13]
  • The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) is a centre-right party that advocates for the interests of citizens working in the agrarian sector or living in rural areas. The party has profiled itself als a "more nuanced alternative" to lobby group Farmers Defence Force amidst farmer protests.[14] The party's leader and only member of parliament is Caroline van der Plas.
  • BIJ1 is a political party that holds an intersectional perspective on socio-economic issues and claims to be made up of activists that have "joined forces to become political".[15] The party strives to combat all forms of oppression and discrimination, including discrimination on the basis of "race, ethnicity, gender, sexual preference or anything else" and is explicitly anti-capitalist.[16] The party's leader, Sylvana Simons, is the first black party leader in Dutch parliamentary history.[17]

National political parties[]

Parties represented in the States General[]

Political party Main ideology Position Leader Affiliation Seats Ref.
Eur. EP group Intl. Senators House reps. MEPs
VVD VVD logo (2020–present).svg People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie 		Conservative liberalism Centre-right Mark Rutte ALDE Renew LI
12 / 75
34 / 150
5 / 29
 [18][19][20]
D66 D66 logo (2019–present).svg Democrats 66
Democraten 66 		Social liberalism Centre to centre-left Sigrid Kaag ALDE Renew LI
7 / 75
24 / 150
2 / 29
 [19][18]
PVV PVV-meeuw.svg Party for Freedom
Partij voor de Vrijheid 		Right-wing populism Right-wing to far-right Geert Wilders — ID —
5 / 75
17 / 150
1 / 29
 [21][22][23][24]
CDA Christen Democratisch Appèl (nl) Logo.svg Christian Democratic Appeal
Christen-Democratisch Appèl 		Christian democracy Centre to centre-right Wopke Hoekstra EPP EPP CDI
9 / 75
15 / 150
5 / 29
 [25][26][27][28]
PvdA PvdA Logo small.svg Labour Party
Partij van de Arbeid 		Social democracy Centre-left Lilianne Ploumen PES S&D PA
6 / 75
9 / 150
6 / 29
 [2][29]
GL GroenLinks logo (1994–present).svg GreenLeft
GroenLinks 		Green politics Centre-left to left-wing Jesse Klaver EGP Greens–EFA GG
8 / 75
8 / 150
3 / 29
 [29]
SP Socialistische Partij (nl 2006) Logo.svg Socialist Party
Socialistische Partij 		Democratic socialism Left-wing Lilian Marijnissen — — —
4 / 75
9 / 150
0 / 29
 [30][31][32][33]
PvdD Party for the Animals logo.svg Party for the Animals
Partij voor de Dieren 		Animal rights Left-wing Esther Ouwehand APEU GUE–NGL —
3 / 75
6 / 150
1 / 29
 [34]
CU ChristenUnie.svg Christian Union
ChristenUnie 		Christian democracy Centre to centre-right Gert-Jan Segers ECPM EPP —
4 / 75
5 / 150
1 / 29
 [2][29][35][36]
FvD FvD.png Forum for Democracy
Forum voor Democratie 		National conservatism Right-wing to far-right Thierry Baudet ECR — —
2 / 75
5 / 150
0 / 29
 [37][38][39]
SGP SGP logo (2016–present).svg Reformed Political Party
Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij 		Christian right Right-wing Kees van der Staaij ECPM ECR —
2 / 75
3 / 150
1 / 29
 [2][29][40]
Volt Logo of Volt Netherlands.svg Volt Netherlands
Volt Nederland 		Social liberalism Centre Laurens Dassen Volt Greens–EFA —
0 / 75
3 / 150
1 / 29
 [41]
JA21 JA21 logo.svg Right Answer 2021
Juiste Antwoord 2021 		Conservative liberalism Right-wing Joost Eerdmans — ECR —
0 / 75
3 / 150
0 / 29
 —
DENK DENK logo (2020–present).svg DENK Identity politics Centre-left Farid Azarkan — — —
0 / 75
3 / 150
0 / 29
 [42][43]
BVNL Logo - Belang van Nederland.svg Interest of the Netherlands
Belang van Nederland 		Classical liberalism Right-wing Wybren van Haga — — —
0 / 75
3 / 150
0 / 29
 —
GO Go-logo.png Otten Group
Groep Otten 		Open government Centre-right — NI —
2 / 75
0 / 150
1 / 29
 [44]
50+ 50PLUS (nl) Logo.svg 50PLUS Pensioners' interests Centre Martin van Rooijen — — —
2 / 75
0 / 150
0 / 29
 [2][19][18][34]
BBB BoerBurgerBeweging logo.svg Farmer–Citizen Movement
BoerBurgerBeweging 		Agrarianism Centre-right Caroline van der Plas — — —
0 / 75
1 / 150
0 / 29
 —
BIJ1 BIJ1 logo.svg BIJ1 Egalitarianism Left-wing to far-left Sylvana Simons — — —
0 / 75
1 / 150
0 / 29
 [45]
OSF Logo Onafhankelijke SenaatsFractie.png Independent Senate Group
Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie 		Regionalism Centre Ton Raven EFA — —
0 / 75
1 / 150
0 / 29
 —

Parties without representation in the States General[]

Party Main ideology Position Leader Affiliation Ref.
European EP group International
CO Code Oranje logo.svg Code Orange
Code Oranje 		Direct democracy Syncretic Richard de Mos — — — —
NVU NVU logo.svg Dutch People's Union
Nederlandse Volks-Unie 		Ethnic nationalism Far-right Constant Kusters — — — —
VSN Vrij en Sociaal Nederland logo.svg
Vrij en Sociaal Nederland 		Humanism Centre — — — —
VP Vrouwenpartij logo.svg Free-minded Party
Vrijzinnige Partij 		Liberalism Centre Norbert Klein — — — —
LHK Lijst Henk Krol logo.svg Henk Krol List
Lijst Henk Krol 		Progressive conservatism Centre-right Vacant — — — —
JL Jezus Leeft logo.svg Jesus Lives
Jezus Leeft 		Evangelism Right-wing Florens van der Spek — — — —
JONG Jong Partij logo.png JONG
Youth politics Centre — — — —
LDP Liberaal Democratische Partij Logo.svg Liberal Democratic Party (LibDem)
Liberaal Democratische Partij 		Social liberalism Centre Sammy van Tuyll — — — —
LP Libertarischepartij.svg Libertarian Party
Libertaire Partij 		Right-libertarianism Right-wing EPIL — LI [46]
NLB Logo of the NLBeter.svg NLBeter Public sector interests Centre — — — —
PSP Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij logo.svg
Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij '92 		Pacifism Left-wing Vacant — — — —
PvdR
Partij voor de Republiek 		Republicanism Centre Bruno Braakhuis — — — —
PDNM Party The New Human
Partij De Nieuwe Mens 		Spiritual left[citation needed] Centre-left[citation needed] &
— — — [47]
PPNL Piratpartiet.svg Pirate Party
Piratenpartij 		Pirate politics Syncretic PPEU Greens–EFA PPI [48]
SPL Splinter Social liberalism Centre-left Femke Merel van Kooten — — — —
DB The Base
De Basis 		Universal basic income Centre-left — — — —
PvdT Partij van de Toekomst logo.svg Party of the Future
Partij van de Toekomst 		Joke Party Syncretic Johan Vlemmix — — — —
UCF Ubuntu Connected Front Ubuntuism Left-wing — — — —
NCPN Ncpnlogo-2016.png New Communist Party of the Netherlands
Nieuwe Communistische Partij van Nederland 		Communism Far-left Vacant — — — —
VCP VCP logo.svg United Communist Party
Verenigde Communistische Partij 		Communism Far-left — — — —

Regional and local political parties[]

European Netherlands[]

Regional parties[]

Political party Active in Main ideology Position Leader European
affiliation
FNP Frisian National Party
Fryske Nasjonale Partij 		 Friesland Civic nationalism Big tent[49] EFA
GB
Groninger Belang 		 Groningen Regionalism Centre —
LB
Lokaal Brabant 		 North Brabant Regionalism Centre —
LL
Lokaal-Limburg 		 Limburg Regionalism Centre —
PvhN Party for the North
Partij voor het Noorden 		 Groningen
 Friesland
 Drenthe 		Regionalism Centre —
PvZ Party for Zeeland
Partij voor Zeeland 		 Zeeland Regionalism Centre —
OPNH
Ouderenpartij NH 		 North Holland Pensioners' interests Centre —
SL
Sterk Lokaal Drenthe 		 Drenthe Regionalism Centre —

Local parties[]

Party Main ideology Position Leader
OPA
Ouderen Politiek Actief 		Pensioners' interests Single-issue politics Vacant
FN Forza! Nederland.svg Forza! Netherlands
Forza! Nederland 		Right-wing populism Right-wing
HvDH
Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos 		Conservative liberalism Right-wing Richard de Mos
ID Islam Democraten logo.svg
Islam Democraten 		Islamic democracy Centre Vacant
LR LeefbaarRotterdam.jpg Livable Rotterdam
Leefbaar Rotterdam 		Fortuynism Right-wing Joost Eerdmans
NIDA NIDA logo - algemeen.png NIDA Islamic democracy Syncretic
PvdE Partij van de Eenheid logo 2014.svg
Partij van de Eenheid 		Islamism Right-wing Vacant
TON TROTS.svg Proud of the Netherlands
Trots op Nederland 		Conservative liberalism Right-wing
DG De Groenen logo.svg The Greens
De Groenen 		Green politics Centre
VSP Verenigde Senioren Partij.svg
Verenigde Senioren Partij 		Pensioners' interests Single-issue politics Vacant

Water board parties[]

Political party Main ideology Position Leader
AWP General Water Board Party
Algemene Waterschapspartij 		Apoliticism Syncretic
WN Water Natuurlijk Green politics Centre-left

Caribbean Netherlands[]

Bonaire[]

Political party Main ideology Position Leader Affiliation
American Intl.
PDB Bonaire Democratic Party
Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano 		Social democracy Centre-left — —
UPB Bonaire Patriotic Union
Union Patriótiko Boneriano 		Christian democracy Centre ODCA CDI
MPB Bonaire People's Movement
Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano 		Christian socialism Centre — —
FSP
Frente Sosial Progresivo 		Social democracy Centre-left — —

Saba[]

Political party Main ideology Position Leader American
affiliation
SLP Saba Labour Party Social democracy Centre-left Monique Wilson —
WIPM Windward Islands People's Movement Christian democracy Centre ODCA

Sint Eustatius[]

Political party Main ideology Position Leader
DP Democratic Party Christian democracy Centre
PLP Social democracy Centre-left

Defunct political parties[]

History and evolution of all Dutch political parties to ever have had seats in the House of Representatives.

See also[]

References[]

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External links[]

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