List of state leaders in the 11th century

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lists of state leaders by century:
  • List of state leaders in the 9th century
  • List of state leaders in the 10th century
  • List of state leaders in the 12th century
  • List of state leaders in the 13th century
See also:
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
  • 10th century
  • 11th century
  • 12th century
Timelines:
  • 10th century
  • 11th century
  • 12th century
State leaders:
Decades:
  • 1000s
  • 1010s
  • 1020s
  • 1030s
  • 1040s
  • 1050s
  • 1060s
  • 1070s
  • 1080s
  • 1090s
Categories: BirthsDeaths
EstablishmentsDisestablishments

This is a list of state leaders in the 11th century (1001–1100) AD, except for the many leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.

Africa[]

Africa: Central[]

Chad

Africa: East[]

Ethiopia

  • Zagwe dynasty of Ethiopia (complete list) –

Africa: Northeast[]

Egypt

  • Fatimid Caliphate (complete list) –
  • al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, Caliph (996–1021)
  • ali az-Zahir, Caliph (1021–1036)
  • al-Mustansir Billah, Caliph (1036–1094)
  • al-Musta'li, Caliph (1094–1101)

Sudan

  • Georgios II, King (969–c.1002)
  • Raphael, King (1000–c.1006)
  • , King (c.1027)
  • Solomon, King (1077–1079/80)
  • , King (c.1079/80)
  • , King (c.1089)

Africa: Northcentral[]

Ifriqiya

  • Zirid dynasty[2] (complete list) –
  • Badis ibn Mansur, ruler (995–1016)
  • al-Muizz ibn Badis, ruler (1016–1062)
  • Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz, ruler (1062–1108)

Africa: Northwest[]

Morocco

  • Almoravid dynasty (complete list) –
  • Abu Bakr ibn Umar, chieftain of the Lamtuna tribe (c.1060–1072)
  • Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Sultan of Morocco (1072–1106)

Africa: West[]

Nigeria

  • Kingdom of Kano (complete list) –
  • , King (999–1063)
  • , King (1063–1095)
  • , King (1095–1134)
  • Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

Asia[]

Asia: Central[]

Afghanistan

  • Ghaznavid dynasty (complete list) –
  • Mahmud, Emir (998–1002), Sultan (1002–1030)
  • Muhammad, Sultan (1030���1030, 1040–1041)
  • Mas'ud I, Sultan (1030–1040)
  • Maw'dud, Sultan (1041–1048)
  • , Sultan (1048)
  • , Sultan (1048–1049)
  • , Sultan (1049–1052)
  • Toghrul, Sultan (1052–1053)
  • Farrukh-Zad, Sultan (1053–1059)
  • Ibrahim, Sultan (1059–1099)
  • , Sultan (1099–1115)

Mongolia

  • Khamag Mongol (complete list) –

Tibet

  • , King (996–1024)
  • , ruler (?–1023)
  • , ruler (?–1026)
  • , King (1024–1037)
  • , King (1037–1057)
  • , King (1057–1088)
  • , King (1088–c.1095)
  • , King (c.1095–early 12th century)

Uzbekistan

  • Samanid Empire (complete list) –

Asia: East[]

Khitan China: Liao dynasty

  • Liao dynasty (complete list) –
  • Shengzong, Emperor (982–1031)
  • Xingzong, Emperor (1031–1055)
  • Daozong, Emperor (1055–1101)

China: Northern Song

  • Song dynasty (complete list) –
  • Zhenzong, Emperor (997–1022)
  • Renzong, Emperor (1022–1063)
  • Yingzong, Emperor (1063–1067)
  • Shenzong, Emperor (1067–1085)
  • Zhezong, Emperor (1085–1100)
  • Huizong, Emperor (1100–1125)

China: Other states and entities

  • Dingnan Jiedushi (complete list) –
  • Li Jiqian, Jiedushi (998–1004)
  • Li Deming, Jiedushi (1004–1031)
  • Dali Kingdom (complete list) –
  • , Emperor (985–1009)
  • , Emperor (1009–1022)
  • , Emperor (1022–1026)
  • , Emperor (1026–1041)
  • , Emperor (1041–1044)
  • , Emperor (1044–1075)
  • , Emperor (1075–1080)
  • , Emperor (1080–1081)
  • Duan Zhengming, Emperor (1081–1094)
  • Gao Shengtai, Emperor (1094–1096)
  • Duan Zhengchun, Emperor (1096–1108)
  • Western Xia
  • Jǐngzōng, Emperor (1038–1048)
  • Yìzōng, Emperor (1048–1067)
  • Huìzōng, Emperor (1067–1086)
  • Chóngzōng, Emperor (1086–1139)

Japan

  • Heian period Japan (complete list) –
  • Ichijō, Emperor (986–1011)
  • Sanjō, Emperor (1011–1016)
  • Go-Ichijō, Emperor (1016–1036)
  • Go-Suzaku, Emperor (1036–1045)
  • Go-Reizei, Emperor (1045–1068)
  • Go-Sanjō, Emperor (1068–1073)
  • Shirakawa, Emperor (1073–1087)
  • Horikawa, Emperor (1087–1107)

Korea

  • Goryeo (complete list) –
  • Mokjong, King (997–1009)
  • Hyeonjong, King (1009–1031)
  • Deokjong, King (1031–1034)
  • Heonjong, King (1094–1095)
  • Sukjong, King (1095–1105)

Asia: Southeast[]

Cambodia

  • Khmer Empire (complete list) –

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java
  • Medang Kingdom: Isyana dynasty (complete list) –
  • Dharmawangsa, King (991–1016)
  • Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –
  • Prabu Brajawisesa, Maharaja (989–1012)
  • Prabu Dewa Sanghyang, Maharaja (1012–1019)
  • Prabu Sanghyang Ageng, Maharaja (1019–1030)
  • Prabu Detya Maharaja Sri Jayabupati, Maharaja (1030–1042)
  • Dharmaraja, Maharaja (1042–1064)
  • Prabu Langlangbhumi, Maharaja (1064–1154)
  • Kahuripan
  • Airlangga, Raja (1019–1045)
Indonesia: Sumatra
  • Srivijaya
Shailendra dynasty
  • Sri Maravijayottungga, King (c.1008)
  • , King (c.1017)
  • Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman, King (c.1025)
Palembang
  • Sri Deva, King (c.1028)
  • Kulothunga Chola I, King (c.1078)
Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

Malaysia: Peninsular

  • Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –
  • Durbar II, Raja (c.956–1136)[citation needed]

Myanmar / Burma

  • Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu, King (early 11th century)
  • Kyiso, King (early 11th century)
  • Sokkate, King (early 11th century)
  • Anawrahta, King (1044–1077)
  • Saw Lu, King (1077–1084)
  • Kyansittha, King (1084–1112/13)
  • , King (?–1030s)
  • Manuha, King (1030s–1057)

Philippines

  • Rajahnate of Butuan (complete list) –
  • Kiling, Rajah (989–1009)
  • Sri Bata Shaja, Rajah (1011–?)

Thailand

  • Ngoenyang (complete list) –
  • Lao Som, King (early 11th century)
  • Lao Kuak, King (mid 11th century)
  • Lao Kiu, King (late 11th century)
  • Lao Chong, King (11th–12th century)

Vietnam

  • Champa (complete list) –
  • Yang Pu Ku Vijaya, King (c.998–1007)
  • Harivarman III, King (fl. 1010)
  • Paramesvaravarman II, King (fl.1018)
  • Vikrantavarman IV, King (?–1030)
  • Jaya Sinhavarman II, King (1030–1044)
  • Jaya Paramesvaravarman I, King (1044–?)
  • Bhadravarman III, King (?–1061)
  • Rudravarman III, King (1061–1074)
  • Harivarman IV, King (1074–1080)
  • Jaya Indravarman II, King (1080–1081, 1086–1114)
  • Paramabhodhisatva, King (1081–1086)

Asia: South[]

Afghanistan

  • Ghaznavids (complete list) –
  • Mahmud, Sultan (998–1030)
  • , Sultan (1030–1031, 1040–1041)
  • Masʽud I, Sultan (1030–1040)
  • Mawdud, Sultan (1041–1050)
  • , Sultan (c.1050)
  • , Sultan (c.1050)
  • , Sultan (c.1050–1052)
  • Toghrul, Sultan (1052–1053)
  • Farrukh-Zad, Sultan (1053–1059)
  • Ibrahim, Sultan (1059–1099)
  • , Sultan (1099–1115)
  • Ghurid dynasty (complete list) –
  • Muhammad ibn Suri, Malik (10th century–1011)
  • Abu Ali ibn Muhammad, Malik (1011–1035)
  • Abbas ibn Shith, Malik (1035–1060)
  • Muhammad ibn Abbas, Malik (1060–1080)
  • Qutb al-din Hasan, Malik (1080–1100)
  • Izz al-Din Husayn, Malik (1100–1146)

Bengal and Northeast India

  • Kamarupa: Pala dynasty
  • Go Pala, King (990–1015)
  • Harsha Pala, King (1015–1035)
  • Dharma Pala, King (1035–1060)
  • Jaya Pala, King (1075–1100)
  • Mallabhum (complete list) –
  • Jagat Malla, King (994–1007)
  • Prakash Malla, King (1097–1102)
  • Kingdom of Manipur (complete list) –
  • Loiyumba, King (1074–1112)
  • Pala Empire (complete list) –
  • Mahipala I, King (977–1027)
  • Nayapala, King (1027–1043)
  • Vigrahapala III, King (1043–1070)
  • Mahipala II, King (1070–1071)
  • Shurapala, King (1071–1072)
  • Ramapala, King (1072–1126)
  • Pala dynasty of Kamarupa (complete list) –
  • Go Pala, King (990–1015)
  • Harsha Pala, King (1015–1035)
  • Dharma Pala, King (1035–1060)
  • Jaya Pala, King (1075–1100)
  • Sena dynasty (complete list) –

India

  • Amber Kingdom (complete list) –
  • Sorha Deva, King (966–1006)
  • Dullah Rai, King (1006–1036)
  • Kakil, King (1036–1039)
  • Hanu, King (1039–1053)
  • Janddeo, King (1053–1070)
  • Pajjun Rai, King (1070–1094)
  • Malayasi, King (1094–1146)
  • Chahamanas of Naddula (complete list) –
  • Chahamanas of Shakambhari (complete list) –
  • Govindaraja III, King (c.1012–1026)
  • Vakpatiraja II, King (c.1026–1040)
  • Viryarama, King (c.1040)
  • Chamundaraja, King (c.1040–1065)
  • Durlabharaja III, King (c.1065–1070)
  • Vigraharaja III, King (c.1070–1090)
  • Prithviraja I, King (c.1090–1110)
  • Chandelas of Jejakabhukti (complete list) –
  • Ganda-Deva, King (c.999–1002)
  • Vidyadhara, King (c.1003–1035)
  • Vijaya-Pala, King (c.1035–1050)
  • Deva-Varman, King (c.1050–1060)
  • Kirtti-Varman, King (c.1060–1100)
  • Sallakshana-Varman, King (c.1100–1110)[citation needed]
  • Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat (complete list) –
  • Chamundaraja, King (996–1008)
  • Vallabharaja, King (1008)
  • Durlabharaja, King (1008–1022)
  • Bhima I, King (1022–1064)
  • Karna, King (1064–1092)
  • Jayasimha Siddharaja, King (1094–1143)
  • Eastern Chalukyas (complete list) –
  • , King (1000–1011)
  • , King (1011–1018)
  • Rajaraja Narendra, King (1019–1061)
  • , King (?)
  • Western Chalukya Empire (complete list) –
  • Satyashraya, King (997–1008)
  • Vikramaditya V, King (1008–1015)
  • Jayasimha II, King (1015–1042)
  • Someshvara I, King (1042–1068)
  • Someshvara II, King (1068–1076)
  • Vikramaditya VI, King (1076–1126)
  • Chera/Perumals of Makotai (complete list) –
  • Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya, King (962–1021)
  • Ravi Kotha Rajasimha, King (c.1021–c.1036)
  • Raja Raja, King (c.1036–1089)
  • Ravi Rama Rajadithya, King (c.1036–1089)
  • Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya, King (c.1036–1089)
  • Rama Varma Kulashekhara, King (1089–1102/22)
  • Chola dynasty (complete list) –
  • Rajaraja I, King (c.985–1014)
  • Rajendra Chola I, King (1012–1044)
  • Rajadhiraja Chola, King (1018–1054)
  • Rajendra Chola II, King (1051–1063)
  • Virarajendra Chola, King (1063–1070)
  • Athirajendra Chola, King (1067–1070)
  • Kulothunga Chola I, King (1070–1120)
  • Gahadavala dynasty (complete list) –
  • Chandradeva, King (c.1089–1103)
  • Eastern Ganga dynasty (complete list) –
  • Vajrahasta Aniyakabhima, King (980–1015)[4]
  • Vajrahasta Anantavarman or Vajrahasta V, King (1038–?)
  • Rajaraja Devendravarman or Rajaraja Deva I, King (?–1078)
  • Anantavarman Chodaganga, King (1078–1150)[5]
  • Garhwal Kingdom (complete list) –
  • Agasti Pal, King (995–1014)
  • Surati Pal, King (1015–1036)
  • Jay Pal, King (1037–1055)
  • Anant Pal I, King (1056–1072)
  • Anand Pal I, King (1072–1083)
  • Vibhog Pal, King (1084–1101)
  • Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (complete list) –
  • , King (960–1018)
  • Trilochanapala, King (1018–1027)
  • Yasahpala, King (1024–1036)
  • Hoysala Empire (complete list) –
  • Nripa Kama II, King (1026–1047)
  • Vinayaditya, King (1047–1098)
  • Ereyanga, King (1098–1102)
  • Kalachuris of Tripuri (complete list) –
  • Kokalla II, King (990–1015)
  • Gangeyadeva, King (1015–1041)
  • Lakshmikarna, King (1041–1073)
  • Yashahkarna, King (1073–1123)[6]
  • Kalahandi (complete list) –
  • Raghunath Sai, Raja (1005–1040)
  • Kumaon Kingdom
Katyuri (complete list) –
  • Deshat Dev, King (1000–1015)
  • Padmata Dev, King (1015–1045)
  • Subhiksharaja Dev, King (1045–1060)
  • Dham Dev, King (?)
  • Bir Dev, King (?)[citation needed]
Chand (complete list) –
  • Vir Chand, King (1065–1080)
  • Rup Chand, King (1080–1093)
  • Laxmi Chand, King (1093–1113)[7]
  • Lohara dynasty (complete list) –
  • Sangramaraja, King (1003–?)
  • Hariraja, King (1028)
  • Ananta-deva, King (1028–?)
  • Kalasha (Ranaditya II), King (1063–?)
  • Utkarsha, King (1089)
  • Harsha, King (1089–1101)
  • Pala dynasty of Kamarupa (complete list) –
  • Go Pala, King (990–1015)
  • Harsha Pala, King (1015–1035)
  • Dharma Pala, King (1035–1060)
  • Jaya Pala, King (1075–1100)
  • Paramaras of Chandravati (complete list) –
  • Dhurbhata, King (c.990–1000)
  • Mahi-pala, King (c.1000–1020)
  • Dhandhuka, King (c.1020–1040)
  • Punya-pala or Purna-pala, King (c.1040–1050)
  • Danti-varmman, King (c.1050–1060)
  • Krishna-deva, or Krishna-raja II, King (c.1060–1090)
  • Kakkala-deva, or Kakala-deva, King (c.1090–1115)[citation needed]
  • Paramara dynasty of Malwa (complete list) –
  • Sindhuraja, King (990s–1010)
  • Bhoja, King (1010–1055)
  • Jayasimha I, King (1055–1070)
  • Udayaditya, King (1070–1086)
  • Lakshmadeva, King (1086–1094)
  • Naravarman, King (1094–1130)

Pakistan

  • Hindu Shahi (complete list) –
  • Jayapala, King (964–1001)
  • Anandapala, King (1001–1010)
  • Trilochanapala, King (1010–1021)
  • Soomra dynasty

Sri Lanka

  • Anuradhapura Kingdom (complete list) –
  • Sena V, King (991–1001)
  • Mahinda V, King (1001–1017)
  • Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (complete list) –
  • Vijayabahu I, King (1056–1111)

Asia: West[]

Mesopotamia

  • Abbasid Caliphate, Baghdad (complete list) –
  • al-Qadir, Caliph (991–1031)
  • al-Qa'im, Caliph (1031–1075)
  • al-Muqtadi, Caliph (1075–1094)
  • al-Mustazhir, Caliph (1094–1118)
  • Hamdanid dynasty (complete list) –
Emirate of Aleppo

Persia

  • Buyid Empire (complete list) –
Buyids in Fars
Buyids in Ray
Buyids in Iraq
  • Saffarid dynasty (complete list) –
  • Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Amir (963–1002)
  • Samanid Empire (complete list) –
  • Ziyarid dynasty (complete list) –

Yemen

Europe[]

Europe: Balkans[]

  • First Bulgarian Empire (complete list) –
  • Samuil, Emperor (997–1014)
  • Gavril Radomir, Emperor (1014–1015)
  • Ivan Vladislav, Tsar (1015–1018)
  • Byzantine Empire (complete list) –
  • Basil II, Emperor (976–1025)
  • Constantine VIII, Emperor (1025–1028)
  • Zoe, Emperor (1028–1034) (first reign) and Romanos III Argyros, Emperor (1028–1034)
  • Zoe, Emperor (1034–1041) (first reign) and Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Emperor (1034–1041)
  • Michael V Kalaphates, Emperor (1041–1042)
  • Zoe, Emperor (1042) (second reign) with Theodora, Emperor (1042)
  • Zoe, Emperor (1042–1050) (second reign) and Constantine IX Monomachos, Emperor (1042–1050)
  • Constantine IX Monomachos, Emperor (1050–1055) (sole emperor)
  • Theodora, Emperor (1055–1056)
  • Michael VI Bringas, Emperor (1056–1057)
  • Isaac I Komnenos, Emperor (1057–1059)
  • Constantine X Doukas, Emperor (1059–1067)
  • Romanos IV Diogenes, Emperor (1068–1071)
  • Michael VII Doukas, Emperor (1068–1078) with brothers Andronikos, Emperor (1068–1078) and Konstantios, Emperor (1068–1078) and son Constantine, Emperor (1068–1078)
  • Nikephoros III Botaneiates, Emperor (1078–1081)
  • Alexios I Komnenos, Emperor (1081–1118)
  • Svetoslav Suronja, King (997–1000)
  • Gojslav, co-King (1000–c.1020)
  • Krešimir III, co-King (1000–c.1030)
  • Stephen I, King (c.1030–1058)
  • Peter Krešimir IV, King (1058–1074)
  • Demetrius Zvonimir, King (1075–1089)
  • Stephen II, King (1089–1091)
  • Ladislaus I of Hungary, King (1091–1095)
  • Petar Snačić, claimant King (1093–1097)
thereafter ruled by kings of Hungary
  • Duklja (complete list) –
  • Petar, Archon (c.1000)
  • Jovan Vladimir, Prince (c.1000–1016)
  • Stefan Vojislav, Archon, King (1018–c.1043)
  • Mihailo I, King (c.1077–1081)
  • Constantine Bodin, King (1081–1101)

Europe: British Isles[]

Great Britain: Scotland[]

  • Kingdom of Scotland/ Kingdom of Alba (complete list) –
  • Kenneth III, King (997–1005)
  • Malcolm II, King (1005–1034)
  • Duncan I, King (1034–1040)
  • Macbeth, King (1040–1057)
  • Lulach, King (1057–1058)
  • Malcolm III Canmore, King (1058–1093)
  • Donald III, King (1093–1094)
  • Duncan II, King (1094)
  • Donald III, King (1094–1097)
  • Edgar, King (1097–1107)
  • Kingdom of Strathclyde (complete list) –
  • Kingdom of the Isles (complete list) –
  • Ragnall mac Gofraid, King (?–1004/05)[8]
  • Lagmann mac Gofraid, possible ruler (c.1005)
  • Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, possible ruler (1052–1061)[9][10]
  • Murchad mac Diarmata, King (1061–1070)
  • Fingal mac Gofraid, King (?–1074)
  • Godred Crovan, King (1079–1094)
  • Magnus Barefoot, King (1098–1102)

Great Britain: England[]

  • Kingdom of England (complete list) –
  • Æthelred the Unready, King (978–1013, 1014–1016)
  • Sweyn, King (1013–1014)
  • Edmund Ironside, King (1016)
  • Cnut the Great, King (1016–1035)
  • Harold Harefoot, King (1035–1040)
  • Harthacnut, King (1040–1042)
  • Edward the Confessor, King (1042–1066)
  • Harold Godwinson, King (1066)
  • Edgar Ætheling, King (1066)
  • William the Conqueror, King (1066–1087)
  • William II, King (1087–1100)
  • Henry I, King (1100–1135)

Great Britain: Wales[]

  • Glywysing (complete list) –
  • Rhys ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1000)
  • Iestyn ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1015)
  • Hywel ab Owain, King (c.990–c.1043)
  • Rhydderch ap Iestyn, King (c.1015–1033)
  • Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, King (1033–1055)
  • Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black, King (1033–1070)
  • Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1055–1063)
  • Caradog ap Gruffydd, King (1063–1081)
  • Iestyn ap Gwrgant, King (1081–1091)
  • Gwent (complete list) –
  • Morgannwg (complete list) –
  • Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1055–1063)
  • Cadwgan ap Meurig, King (1063–1074)
  • Caradog ap Gruffydd, King (1075–1081)
  • Iestyn ap Gwrgant, King (1081–1091)
  • Kingdom of Gwynedd (complete list) –
  • Cynan ap Hywel, King (999–1005)
  • Aeddan ap Blegywryd, King (1005–1018)
  • Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King (1018–1023)
  • Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King (1023–1039)
  • Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1039–1063)
  • Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King (1063–1075)
  • Trahaearn ap Caradog, King (1075–1081)
  • Gruffydd ap Cynan, King (1081–1137)
  • Kingdom of Powys (complete list) –
  • Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King (999–1023)
  • Rhydderch ap Iestyn, King (1023–1033)
  • Iago ap Idwal, King (1033–1039)
  • Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King (1039–1063)
  • Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King/Prince (1063–1075)
  • Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Prince (1075–1103)
  • Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Prince (1075–1111)
  • Deheubarth (complete list) –

Ireland[]

  • Áed mac Domnaill Ua Néill, King (989–1004)
  • Flaithbertach Ua Néill, King (1004–1031)
  • Áed mac Flaithbertaig Ua Néill, King (1031–1033)
  • Flaithbertach Ua Néill (again), King (1033–1036)
  • Niall mac Máel Sechnaill, King (1036–1061)
  • Ardgar mac Lochlainn, King (1061–1064)
  • Áed Ua hUalgairg, King (1064–1067)
  • Domnall mac Néill, King (1067–1068)
  • Áed mac Néill, King (1068–1083)
  • Donnchad mac Néill, King (1083–1083)
  • Domnall Ua Lochlainn, King (1083–1121)
  • Mac Leiginn mac Cerbaill, King (?–1022)
  • Cathalan Ua Crichain, King (?–1027)
  • Gilla Coluim ua Eichnech, King (?–1048)
  • Leathlobair Ua Laidhgnen, King (?–1053)
  • Leathlobair Ua Laidhgnen, King (?–1078)
  • Aodh Ua Baoigheallain, King (?–1093)
  • Ua Ainbhigh, King (?–1094)
  • Cu Caishil Ua Cerbaill, King (?–1101)
  • Kingdom of Breifne (complete list) –
  • Niall Ó Ruairc, heir (1000–1001)
  • Aedh Ó Ruairc, King (?–1014/15)
  • Art an caileach Ó Ruairc, King (c.1020–c.1030)
  • Aedh Ó Ruairc, Lord (1029)
  • Art uallach (oirdnidhe) Ó Ruairc, King (c.1030–1046)
  • Niall Ó Ruairc, King (1047)
  • Domnall Ó Ruairc, Lord (c.1057)
  • Cathal Ó Ruairc, Lord (c.1051–1059)
  • Aedh in Gilla Braite Ó Ruairc, King (1066)
  • Aed Ó Ruairc, King (c.1067–1087)
  • Donnchadh cael Ó Ruairc, King (c.1084)
  • Ualgharg Ó Ruairc, heir (1085)
  • Kingdom of Dublin (complete list) –
  • Tadhg mac Muirchertach, King (?)
  • Maelruanaidh mac Tadhg, King (fl.1080)
  • Kingdom of Meath (complete list) –
  • Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, King (975/976–1022)
  • Mael Sechnaill Got mac Mael Sechnaill, King (1022–1025)
  • Roen mac Muirchertaig, King (1025–1027)
  • Domnall Got, King (1027–1030)
  • Conchobar ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1030–1073)
  • Murchad mac Flainn Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1073)
  • Mael Sechlainn Ban mac Conchobair Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1073–1087)
  • Domnall mac Flainn Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1087–1094)
  • Donnchad mac Murchada Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1094–1105)
  • Conchobar mac Mael Sechlainn Ua Mael Sechlainn, King (1094–1105)
  • Kingdom of Munster (complete list) –
  • Brian Boru, King (978–1014)
  • , King (1014–1025)
  • Donnchad mac Briain, King (1025–1064)
  • , King (1064–1068)
  • Toirdelbach Ua Briain, King (1068)
  • Muirchertach Ua Briain, King (1086–1114, 1118–1119)
  • Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1014)
  • Concobar mac Tadg Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1030)
  • Mac Tadhg Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1065)
  • Dunchadh Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1074)
  • Aed Ua Cellaigh, King (?–1134)
  • Eochaid mac Ardgail, King (972–1004)

Europe: Central[]

Holy Roman Empire in Germany

See also List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire
  • Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) –
  • Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (996–1002), King (983–1002)
  • Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (1014–1024), King (1002–1024)
  • Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (1027–1039), King (1024–1039)
  • Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (1046–1056), King (1028–1056)
  • Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1084–1105), King (1053–1087)
  • Conrad II of Italy, King (1087–1098)
  • Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1111–1125), King (1099–1125)

Hungary

  • Stephen I, Grand Prince (997–1000), King (1000–1038)
  • Peter, King (1038–1041, 1044–1046)
  • Samuel, King (1041–1044)
  • Andrew I, King (1046–1060)
  • Béla I, King (1060–1063)
  • Solomon, King (1063–1074)
  • Géza I, King (1074–1077)
  • Ladislaus I, King (1077–1095)
  • Coloman, King (1095–1116)

Poland

Europe: East[]

  • Wsewolod Mstislawitsch of Volhynien, Duke (1170-1195)
  • , ruler (980–1006)
  • Khazar Khaganate (complete list) –
  • Georgius Tzul, ruler (?–1016)
  • Principality of Peremyshl (complete list) –
  • Ryurik Rostislavich, Prince (1085–1092)
  • Principality of Polotsk (complete list) –
  • Izyaslav, Prince (989–1001)
  • Vladimir I the Great, Grand Prince (980–1015)
  • Sviatopolk I the Accursed,[11] Grand Prince (1015–1019)
  • Yaroslav I the Wise, Grand Prince (1019–1054)
  • Iziaslav I of Kiev, Grand Prince (1054–1073)
  • Sviatoslav II of Kiev, Grand Prince (1073–1076)
  • Iziaslav I of Kiev, Grand Prince (1076–1078)
  • Vsevolod I of Kiev, Grand Prince (1078–1093)
  • Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Grand Prince (1093–1113)
  • Sviatopolk Vladimirovich, Prince (997–1019)

Europe: Nordic[]

Denmark

  • Denmark (complete list) –
  • Sweyn Forkbeard, King (986–1014)
  • Harald II, King (1014–1018)
  • Cnut the Great, King (1018–1035)
  • Harthacnut, King (1035–1042)
  • Magnus the Good, King (1042–1047)
  • Sweyn II, King (1047–1076)
  • Harald III, King (1076–1080)
  • Canute, King (1080–1086)
  • Olaf I, King (1086–1095)
  • Eric, King (1095–1103)
  • North Sea Empire
  • Cnut the Great, King (1013–1035)
  • Harthacnut, King (1035–1042)

Norway

  • Sweyn Forkbeard, King (c.985–995, 1000–1014)
  • Eric Haakonsson & Sweyn Haakonsson, Regents (1000–1015)
  • Olaf II of Norway, King (1015–1028)
  • Haakon Ericsson, Regent (1012–1015, 1028–1029)
  • Cnut the Great, King (1028–1035)
  • Svein Knutsson, co-King (1030–1035)
  • Magnus I the Good, King (1035–1047)
  • Harald Hardrada, King (1046–1066)
  • Magnus II, King (1066–1069)
  • Olaf III of Norway, King (1067–1093)
  • Haakon Magnusson, King (1093–1094)
  • Magnus III Barefoot, King (1093–1103)

Sweden

  • Olof Skötkonung, King (c.995–1022)
  • Anund Jacob, King (1022–1050)
  • Emund the Old, King (1050–1060)
  • Stenkil, King (1060–1066)
  • Eric and Eric, King (c.1066–c.1067)
  • Halsten Stenkilsson, King (c.1067–c.1070, c.1079–post-1081)
  • Anund Gårdske, King (c.1070)
  • Håkan the Red, King (c.1075–c.1079)
  • Inge the Elder, King (c.1079–c.1084, c.1087–c.1105/10)
  • Blot-Sweyn, King (c.1084–c.1087)

Europe: Southcentral[]

States of Italy in 1000 AD.
See also List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire#Italy
  • Kingdom of Italy (complete list) –
  • Otto III, King (996–1002)
  • Arduin of Ivrea, King (1002–1014)
  • Henry II, King (1004–1024)
  • Conrad II,[12] King (1026–1039)
  • Henry III, King (1039–1056)
  • Henry IV, King (1056–1105)
  • Conrad II of Italy, King (1093–1098)
  • Henry V, King (1098–1125)
  • March of Montferrat (complete list) –
  • William III, ruler (991–pre-1042)
  • Otto II, ruler (pre-1042–c.1084)
  • Henry, ruler (?–1045)
  • William IV, Marquis (c.1084–c.1100)
  • Papal States (complete list) –
  • Sylvester II, Pope (999–1003)
  • John XVII, Pope (1003)
  • John XVIII, Pope (1003–1009)
  • Sergius IV, Pope (1009–1012)
  • Benedict VIII, Pope (1012–1024)
  • John XIX, Pope (1024–1032)
  • Benedict IX, Pope (1032–1044)
  • Sylvester III, Pope (1045)
  • Benedict IX, Pope (1045)
  • Gregory VI, Pope (1045–1046)
  • Clement II, Pope (1046–1047)
  • Benedict IX, Pope (1047–1048)
  • Damasus II, Pope (1048)
  • Leo IX, Pope (1049–1054)
  • Victor II, Pope (1055–1057)
  • Stephen IX, Pope (1057–1058)
  • Nicholas II, Pope (1058–1061)
  • Alexander II, Pope (1061–1073)
  • Gregory VII, Pope (1073–1085)
  • Victor III, Pope (1086–1087)
  • Urban II, Pope (1088–1099)
  • Paschal II, Pope (1099–1118)
  • Duchy of Spoleto (complete list) –
  • , Duke (1003–1010)
  • , Duke (1010–1020)
  • , Duke (1020–1035)
  • , Duke (1036–1043)
  • Boniface III, Duke (1043–1052)
  • Frederick, Duke (1052–1055)
  • Beatrice of Lorraine, Regent (1052–1055)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Regent (1053–1055)
to the papacy (1056–1057)
  • Matilda, Duchess (1057–1082)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Duke (1057–1069)
  • Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke (1069–1076)
  • , Duke (1082–1086)
  • Matilda, Duke (1086–1093)
  • Werner II, Duke (1093–1119)
  • March of Tuscany (complete list) –
  • Hugh the Great, Margrave (961–1001)
  • Boniface, Margrave (1004–1011)
  • Rainier, Margrave (1014–1027)
  • Boniface III, Margrave (1027–1052)
  • Beatrice of Bar, Regent (1052–1054)
  • Frederick, Margrave (1052–1055)
  • Godfrey III the Bearded, Regent (1055–1069)
  • Godfrey IV the Hunchback, Regent (1069–1076)
  • Matilda, Margravine (1076–1115)
  • Republic of Venice (complete list) –
  • Pietro II Orseolo, Doge (991–1009)
  • Otto Orseolo, Doge (1009–1026)
  • Pietro Barbolano, Doge (1026–1032)
  • Domenico Flabanico, Doge (1032–1043)
  • Domenico Contarini, Doge (1043–1071)
  • Domenico Selvo, Doge (1071–1084)
  • Vitale Faliero, Doge (1084–1096)
  • Vitale I Michiel, Doge (1096–1102)

Southern Italy[]

Southern Italy

  • Duchy of Amalfi (complete list) –
  • Manso I, Duke (966–1004)
  • County/ Duchy of Apulia and Calabria (complete list) –
  • William I Iron Arm, Count (1042–1046)
  • Drogo, Count (1046–1051)
  • Humphrey, Count (1051–1057)
  • Robert Guiscard, Count (1057–1059), Duke (1059–1085)
  • Roger I Borsa, Duke (1085–1111)
  • Principality of Benevento (complete list) –
  • Pandulf II, Prince (981–1014)
  • Landulf V, co-ruler (987–1014), Prince (1014–1033)
  • Pandulf III, co-ruler (1012–1033), Prince (1033–1053)
  • Landulf VI, co-ruler (1038–1053), Prince (1059–1077)
  • Landulf VII, Prince (999–1007)
  • Pandulf II, Prince (1007–1022)
  • Pandulf III, Prince (1009–1014)
  • Pandulf IV, Prince (1016–1022, 1026–1038, 1047–1050)
  • Pandulf V, Prince (1022–1026)
  • John, Prince (1023–1026)
  • Guaimar, Prince (1038–1047)
  • Pandulf VI, Prince (1050–1057)
  • Landulf VIII, Prince (1057–1058)
  • Landulf VI, Prince (1038–1050)
  • Catepanate of Italy (complete list) –
  • John III, co-Duke (979–984), Duke (984–1008)
  • John IV, co-Duke (991–1008), Duke (1008–1012)
  • Emilia, Regent (1012–1027)
  • Leo I, Regent (1017–1023)
  • John V, Duke (1012–1032)
  • Pandulf I, Duke (1032–1038)
  • Pandulf II, co–Duke (1032–1038)
  • Leo II, Duke (1042)
  • Guaimar, Duke (1042–1045)
  • Ranulf, Duke (1042–1045)
  • Asclettin, Duke (1045)
  • Atenulf I, Duke (1045–1062)
  • Atenulf II, Duke (1062–1064)
  • Maria, Regent (1062–1065)
  • William I, Duke (1064)
  • Lando, Duke (1064–1065)
  • Dannibaldo, Duke (1066–1067)
  • Geoffrey, Duke (1068–1086)
  • Reginald, Duke (1086–?)
  • Gualganus, Duke (?–1091)
  • Landulf, Duke (1091–1103)
  • Arduin, Margrave (c.990–1015)
  • Duchy of Naples (complete list) –
  • Principality of Salerno (complete list) –
  • Guaimar III, Prince (994–1027)
  • Guaimar IV, Prince (1027–1052)
  • Gisulf II, Prince (1052–1077)
  • Emirate of Sicily (complete list) –
  • Ja'far al-Kalbi, Emir (998–1019)
  • al-Akhal, Emir (1019–1037)
  • Abdallah, usurper emir (1037–1040)
  • Hasan as-Samsam, Emir (1040–1053)
  • Ayyub ibn Tamim, Emir (1065–1068)[13]
  • Roger I, Count (1071–1101)
  • Principality of Taranto (complete list) –
  • Bohemond I, Count (1085–1088), Prince (1088–1111)

Europe: Southwest[]

Iberian Peninsula: Christian[]

Iberian Peninsula: Christian

  • Kingdom of Aragon (complete list) –
  • Ramiro I, King (1035–1063)
  • Sancho Ramírez, King (1063–1094)
  • Peter I, King (1094–1104)
  • Kingdom of Castile (complete list) –
  • Ferdinand I the Great, King (1037–1065)
  • Sancho II the Strong, King (1065–1072)
  • Alfonso VI the Brave, King (1072–1109)
  • County of Barcelona (complete list) –
  • Ramon Borrell, Count (988–1018)
  • Berenguer Ramon I, Count (1018/1023–1035)
  • Ramon Berenguer I, Count (1035/1039–1076)
  • Ramon Berenguer II, Count (1076–1082)
  • Berenguer Ramon II, Count (1076–1097)
  • Ramon Berenguer III, Count (1082–1131)
  • County of Castile (complete list) –
  • Peter I, King (1094–1104)
  • County of Pallars (complete list) –
  • , Count (992–1010)
  • Suñer I, Count (995–1011)
  • County of Portugal (complete list) –
  • County of Ribagorza (complete list) –
  • , Count (990–1003)
  • , Count (1003–1010)
  • William Isarn, Count (1010–1018)
  • , Count (1010–1025)
  • Raymond III of Pallars (1010–1025)
  • Sancho III of Pamplona, Count (1018–1035)
  • Gonzalo, Count (1035–1045)
  • Peter I of Aragon and Navarre, Count (c.1085)
  • Sancho Ramírez, Count (1083–1093)
  • Kingdom of Viguera (complete list) –

Iberian Peninsula: Muslim[]

Iberian Peninsula: Muslim

  • Hisham II, Caliph (976–1008, 1010–1012)
  • Muhammad II, Caliph (1008–1009)
  • Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, Caliph (1009–1010, 1012–1017)
  • Abd ar-Rahman IV, Caliph (1021–1022)
  • Abd ar-Rahman V, Caliph (1022–1023)
  • Muhammad III, Caliph (1023–1024)
  • Hisham III, Caliph (1027–1031)
  • Taifa of Alpuente (complete list) –
  • , Emir (c.1009–1030)
  • , Emir (1030–1042)
  • , Emir (1042–1043)
  • , Emir (1043)
  • , Emir (1043–c.1106)

Marca Hispanica[]

Marca Hispanica

  • County of Osona (complete list) –
  • , Count (1035–1054)
  • , Count (1035–1054)
  • , Count (1107–1149)
  • County of Cerdanya (complete list) –
  • Wilfred II, Count (988–1035)
  • , Count (1035–1068)
  • William I, Count (1068–1095)
  • William II, Count (1095–1109)
  • County of Urgell (complete list) –
  • Ermengol I of Córdoba, Count (992–1010)
  • Ermengol II the Pilgrim, Count (1010–1038)
  • Ermengol III of Barbastro, Count (1038–1065)
  • Ermengol IV of Gerp, Count (1065–1092)
  • Ermengol V of Mollerussa, Count (1092–1102)

Europe: West[]

  • Kingdom of France (complete list) –
  • Robert II, King (987–1031)
  • Henry I, King (1027–1060)
  • Philip I, King (1059–1108)
  • Anjou (complete list) –
  • Fulk III, Count (987–1040)
  • Geoffrey II, Count (1040–1060)
  • Geoffrey III, Count (1060–1067)
  • Duchy of Aquitaine (complete list) –
  • William V, Duke (995–1030)
  • William VI, Duke (1030–1038)
  • Odo, Duke (1038–39)
  • William VII, Duke (1039–1058)
  • William VIII, Duke (1058–1086)
  • William IX, Duke (1086–1127)
  • Auvergne (complete list) –
  • William IV of Auvergne, Count (989–1016)
  • , Count (1016–1032)
  • William V of Auvergne, Count (1032–1064)
  • Robert II of Auvergne, Count (1064–1096)
  • William VI of Auvergne, Count (1096–1136)
  • County of Bar (complete list) –
  • Theodoric I, Count (978–1026/1027)
  • Theobald IV, Count (995–1004)
  • County of Boulogne (complete list) –
  • Baldwin II, Count (990–1025)
  • Eustace I, Count (1032–1049)
  • Eustace II,[18] Count (1049–1087)
  • Eustace III,[18] ruler (1087–1125)
  •  [fr], Lord (1034–c.1078)
  •  [fr], Lord (c.1078–1095)
  •  [fr], Lord (1095–1096)
  •  [fr], Lord (1096–1116)
  • Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –
  • Geoffrey I, Duke (992–1008)
  • Alan III, Duke (1008–1040)
  • Odo I, Duke (1008–1034)
  • Conan II, Duke (1040–1066)
  • Hawise, Duchess (1066–1072)
  • Hoël II, Duke (1066–1072)
  • Alan IV, Duke (1072–1112)
  • Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles (complete list) –
  • Rudolph III, King (993–1032)
For the succeeding rulers of Burgundy (later called Arles), see List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire#Burgundian-Low Countries
  • Duchy of Burgundy (complete list) –
  • Eudes Henry, Duke (965–1002)
  • Otto-William, Count (982–1026), Duke (1002–1004)
  • Robert, Duke (1004–1016)
  • Henry, Duke (1016–1032)
  • Robert I, Duke (1032–1076)
  • Hugh I, Duke (1076–1079)
  • Odo I, Duke (1079–1103)
  • Provence/ Lower Burgundy (complete list) –
  • Rotbold I, Count (961–1008)
  • William II, Count (994–1018)
  • Rotbold II, Count (1008–1014)
  • Emma, Countess (1037–1062) and William III, Count (1014–1037)
  • William IV, Count (1018–1030)
  • Fulk Bertrand, Count (1018–1051)
  • Geoffrey I, Count (1032–1062)
  • William Bertrand, Count (1051–1094)
  • Geoffrey II, Count (1063–1067)
  • Bertrand II, Count (1063–1093)
  • Gerberga, Countess (1093–1112)
  • County of Flanders (complete list) –
  • Baldwin IV the Bearded, Count (988–1037)
  • Baldwin V of Lille, Count (1037–1067)
  • Baldwin VI, Count (1067–1070)
  • Arnulf III, Count (1070–1071)
  • Robert I the Frisian, Count (1071–1093)
  • Robert II, Count (1093–1111)
  • Duchy of Gascony (complete list) –
  • Bernat I, Duke (996–1009)
  • Sans VI, Duke (1009–1032)
  • Odo, Duke (1032–1039)
  • Bernat II, Duke (1039–1052)
  • William VIII, Duke (1052–1086)
  • William IX, Duke (1086–1126)
  • Lorraine (complete list) –
  • Theodoric I, Duke (978–1026/1027)
  • Lower Lorraine (complete list) –
  • Otto, Duke (977–1012)
  • County of Maine (complete list) –
  • Hugh III, Count (992–1015)
  • Herbert I Wakedog, Count (1015–1032)
  • Hugh IV, Count (1036–1051)
  • Herbert II, Count (1058–1062)
  • , Count (1062–1063)
  • Robert Curthose, Count (1063–1069)
  • Hugh V, Count (1069–1093)
  • Elias I, Count (1093–1110)
  • County of Nevers (complete list) –
  • , Count (992–1028)
  • Renaud I, Count (1031–1040)
  • William I, Count (1040–1083)
  • Renaud II, Count (1083–1097)
  • William II, Count (1097–1148)
  • Duchy of Normandy (complete list) –
  • Richard II, Duke (996–1026)
  • William III, Count (969–1030)
  • William IV, Count (1030–1038)[citation needed]
  • Odo, Count (1038–1039)[citation needed]
  • William V, Count (1039–1058)[citation needed]
  • William VI, Count (1058–1086)[citation needed]
  • William VII, Count (1071–1126)
  • William VIII, Count (1099–1137)
  • County of Toulouse (complete list) –
  • William III Taillefer, Count (978–1037)
  • Pons, Count (1037–1061)
  • William IV, Count (1061–1094)
  • Raymond IV (VI) of St Gilles, Count (1094–1105)
  • Philippa & William IX, Countess & Count (1098–1101, 1109–1117)
  • County of Vermandois (complete list) –
  • , Count (997–1035)
  • Otto, Count (1035–1045)
  • Herbert IV, Count (1045–1080)
  • Odo I, Count (1080–1085)
  • Adelaide, Countess (1085–1101)

Eurasia: Caucasus[]

  • Kingdom of Abkhazia (complete list) –
  • Bagrat III, King (978–1014)
  • Kingdom of Georgia (complete list) –
  • Bagrat III, King (1008–1014)
  • George I, King (1014–1027)
  • Bagrat IV, King (1027–1072)
  • George II, King (1072–1089)
  • David IV, King (1089–1125)
  • Bagratid Armenia (complete list) –
  • Gagik I, King (989–1020)
  • Hovhannes-Smbat of Ani, King (1020–1040)
  • Ashot IV the Valiant, King (1021–1039)
  • Gagik II, King (1042–1045)
  • Kingdom of the Iberians (complete list) –
  • Sumbat III, King (992/993–1011)
  • Gurgen, King (c.1012)
  • Gurgen of Georgia, King (994–1008)
  • David, Prince (976–1010)
  • Kvirike III, Prince (1014–1029)
  • Klarjeti (complete list) –
  • Sumbat III, King (992/993–1011)
  • John Abuser, King (1011–1030)
  • Abuser I Abuserisdze, King (c.1046/47)
  • Grigol Abuserisdze, King (1047–1070)
  • Abuser II Abuserisdze, King (11th/12th century)

Oceania[]

Chile

  • Uru Kenu, King (c.1000)
  • Te Rurua Tiki Te Hatu, King (?)
  • Nau Ta Mahiki, King (?)
  • Te Rika Tea, King (?)
  • Te Teratera, King (?)
  • Te Ria Kautahito (Hirakau-Tehito?), King (?)

Tonga

  • Fangaʻoneʻone, King (?)
  • Līhau, King (?)
  • Kofutu, King (?)
  • Kaloa, King (?)
  • Maʻuhau, King (?)

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 65–77; id., Kingdoms, 552.
  2. ^ See al-Nuwayri (v.2, App.1) and Ibn Khaldoun, v.2
  3. ^ L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
  4. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International, 1999 - India - 668 pages. p. 437. ISBN 9788122411980.
  5. ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  6. ^ Rajiv Kumar Verma (2015). "Kalachuri Inscriptions : A Reflection of Dwindling Political Power" (PDF). Veethika. 1 (3).
  7. ^ Pandey(1993) pg197-332
  8. ^ Downham (2007) p. 197
  9. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 245
  10. ^ Duffy (1992) p. 100
  11. ^ The Old Slavonic is Свѧтопълкъ in the Cyrillic alphabet, the modern Ukrainian is Святополк, Polish is Świętopełk, Czech is Svatopluk, and Slovak is Svätopluk. Reconstructed, his name is Sventopluk. More commonly, his name is given in its Latin and Frankish equivalents: Suentopolcus, Suatopluk, Zventopluk, Zwentibald, Zwentibold, Zuentibold, or Zuentibald.
  12. ^ enumerated as successor of Conrad I who was German King 911–918 but not Emperor
  13. ^ "Kingdoms of Italy - Sicily". www.historyfiles.co.uk.
  14. ^ Bourgeois, 387.
  15. ^ Debord, 171; and Bourgeois, 387.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Debord, 171 and 212; and Bourgeois, 387.
  17. ^ Debord, 171 and 212.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b "NORTHERN FRANCE, NOBILITY". Retrieved 4 November 2007.
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