List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Metro Manila, the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines, the seat of government and also the National Capital Region, is home to the tallest skyscrapers in the country. Prominent areas where skyscrapers stand are the Makati Central Business District and Makati Poblacion in Makati; Ortigas Center in Pasig–Mandaluyong–Quezon City; Bonifacio Global City in Taguig; Ermita, Malate and Binondo in the City of Manila; Eastwood City and Araneta Center in Quezon City; Robinsons Cybergate in Mandaluyong; and Alabang in Muntinlupa.

The history of highrise buildings in Manila probably began with the construction of the eight-storey Manila Hotel in 1912, which is considered the first modern high-rise building in the Philippines.[citation needed] The constructions of high-rise buildings also shifted from the City of Manila to its surrounding area, including the transformation of Makati into the country's financial and business center in the 1960s.

The first skyscraper (150 meters and above) in the metropolis is the 44-storey Pacific Plaza Condominium, which was completed in 1992. The Federal Land Tower (Metrobank Financial Center) is the tallest building in the Philippines since its completion in 2017 with the pinnacle height of 318 meters (1,043 ft).

Tallest completed buildings[]

This list ranks the highest completed skyscrapers and buildings in Metro Manila — the National Capital Region of the Philippines. These stand at least 150 metres (492 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. The list has a minimum height limit because there is a large number of highrises below that in Metro Manila and the term skyscraper usually refers to buildings as tall and taller.

An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more structures, and the "Year" column indicates the year in which it was completed. Some authoritative sources are The Skyscraper Center and Emporis.

The number of skyscrapers in the cities of the capital's national district: Manila-20; Makati-66; Quezon City-22; Pasig-12; Taguig-35; Mandaluyong-29; San-Juan-3; Pasay-2. As of December 2019, there are 179 buildings in the list below. However, there are still more than 40 buildings planned to be completed by the end of 2020.[1] Statistics for the last decade are:

  Was the tallest building in the Philippines upon completion

Rank Building Location Height Floors Year (est.) Image Notes
1 Grand Hyatt Manila Taguig, Metro Manila 318 m
(1,043 ft) 		66 2017 Grand Hyatt Manila (Federal Land Tower) (BGC, Taguig)(2018-06-04).jpg The tallest building in the Philippines since its completion earlier in 2017.
2 PBCom Tower Makati, Metro Manila 259 m
(850 ft) 		52 2000 Pbcom Tower March 2019.jpg The tallest building in the Philippines, 2000–2017
3 Trump Tower Manila Makati, Metro Manila 251 m
(823 ft) 		52 2017 2nd tallest residential building in the Philippines.
4 The Gramercy Residences Makati, Metro Manila 250 m
(820 ft)[2] 		73 2012 3rd tallest residential building in the Philippines.
Discovery Primea Makati, Metro Manila 250 m
(820 ft) 		67 2015
Shangri-La at the Fort, Manila Taguig, Metro Manila 250 m
(820 ft) 		63 2016
5 Shang Salcedo Place Makati, Metro Manila 249.80 m
(819.6 ft) 		67 2017
6 The Imperium at Capital Commons Pasig, Metro Manila 240 m
(790 ft) 		63 2020
7 Grand Riviera Suites Manila, Metro Manila 230 m
(750 ft) 		57 2014
The Royalton at Capitol Commons Pasig, Metro Manila 230 m
(750 ft) 		65 2020
8 One Shangri-La Place Tower North Makati, Metro Manila 227 m
(745 ft) 		64 2014
One Shangri-La Place Tower South Makati, Metro Manila 227 m
(745 ft) 		64 2014
The Suites at One Bonifacio High Street Taguig, Metro Manila 227 m
(745 ft) 		63 2019
9 The Skysuites Tower Quezon City, Metro Manila 223 m
(732 ft) 		50 2019 Skysuites Tower and DILG-Napolcom Center (EDSA cor. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City)(2018-02-07).jpg
10 GT International Tower Makati, Metro Manila 217 m
(712 ft) 		47 2001 January 4, 2006 - GT International Tower.jpg
11 BSA Twin Tower 1 Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 215 m
(705 ft) 		55 2011
BSA Twin Tower 2 Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 215 m
(705 ft) 		55 2011
12 The St. Francis Shangri-La Place Tower A Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 213 m
(699 ft) 		60 2009 Shangri-La Towers Panarama, Manila, Philippines - panoramio.jpg
The St. Francis Shangri-La Place Tower B Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 213 m
(699 ft) 		60 2009 Shangri-La Towers Panarama, Manila, Philippines - panoramio.jpg
The Proscenium Residences at The Proscenium at Rockwell Makati, Metro Manila 213 m
(699 ft) 		56 2020
14 One Rockwell West Tower Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		55 2010
Petron Megaplaza Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		45 1998 April 18, 2005 - Petron Mega Plaza.jpg The tallest building in the Philippines from 1998—2000
The Knightsbridge Residences Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		64 2014
Podium West Tower Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		48 2020 Ortigas Center - The Podium West Tower, Julia Vargas (Pasig; 09-10-2019).jpg
BDO Corporate Center Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		47 2015
Park Terraces Point Tower Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		59 2020
Acqua Private Residences Iguazu Tower Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		56 2020
The Sakura at The Proscenium at Rockwell Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		56 2020
The Lincoln Tower at The Proscenium at Rockwell Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		56 2020
Torre de Manila Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		56 2020 The Torre de Manila.jpg
14 UnionBank Plaza Pasig, Metro Manila 206 m
(676 ft) 		49 2004
15 The Residences at Greenbelt – San Lorenzo Tower Makati, Metro Manila 205 m
(673 ft) 		57 2009
Edades Tower Makati, Metro Manila 205 m
(673 ft) 		53 2014
16 1322 Golden Empire Tower Manila, Metro Manila 203 m
(666 ft) 		57 2002
17 One Corporate Centre Pasig, Metro Manila 202 m
(663 ft) 		45 2009
18 Philamlife Tower Makati, Metro Manila 200 m
(660 ft) 		48 2000
Summit One Tower Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 200 m
(660 ft) 		49 1998
Milano Residences Metro Manila 200 m
(660 ft) 		53 2016
Three Central Tower 2 Metro Manila 200 m
(660 ft) 		53 2016
The Viridian in Greenhills Metro Manila 200 m
(660 ft) 		53 2018
Acqua Private Residences Livingstone Tower Makati, Metro Manila 210 m
(690 ft) 		54 2019
19 The Beacon – Arnaiz Tower Makati, Metro Manila 197 m
(646 ft) 		50 2013
20 One Central Makati Makati, Metro Manila 195 m
(640 ft) 		50 2013
21 8 Forbestown Road Taguig, Metro Manila 194 m
(636 ft) 		53 2013 One of the tallest buildings in Bonifacio Global City.
22 Anchor Skysuites City of Manila, Metro Manila 193 m
(633 ft) 		56 2013 Tallest building in Binondo and all of Chinatown all over the world[3]
Admiral Baysuites City of Manila, Metro Manila 193.2 m
(634 ft) 		52 2016
23 RCBC Plaza Yuchengco Tower Makati, Metro Manila 192 m
(630 ft) 		46 2001
24 The Infinity Fort Bonifacio Taguig, Metro Manila 190 m
(620 ft) 		53 2011
Acqua Private Residences Dettifoss Tower Makati, Metro Manila 190 m
(620 ft) 		42 2018
Acqua Private Residences Sutherland Tower Makati, Metro Manila 190 m
(620 ft) 		42 2018
Acqua Private Residences Niagra Tower Makati, Metro Manila 190 m
(620 ft) 		42 2018
25 One Eastwood Avenue Tower 2 Quezon City, Metro Manila 189 m
(620 ft) 		52 2020
26 Park Terraces Tower 1 Makati, Metro Manila 187 m
(614 ft) 		49 2020
Park Terraces Tower 2 Makati CBD 187 m
(614 ft) 		49 2020
27 Tower 6789 Makati CBD 185 m
(607 ft) 		34 2013
28 One San Miguel Avenue Pasig, Metro Manila 183 m
(600 ft) 		54 2001 Pic geo photos - ph=mm=pasig=ortigas center=san miguel ave.-one san miguel ave. -philippines--2015-0526--ls-.JPG
29 LKG Tower Makati, Metro Manila 180 m
(590 ft) 		38 2000
The Shang Grand Tower Makati, Metro Manila 180 m
(590 ft) 		46 2006
Marco Polo Ortigas Manila Pasig, Metro Manila 180 m
(590 ft) 		41 2014 Marco Polo Ortigas Manila.jpg
The Finance Centre Taguig, Metro Manila 180.2 m
(591 ft) 		48 2018
30 Pacific Plaza Tower 1 Taguig, Metro Manila 179 m
(587 ft) 		52 2001
Pacific Plaza Tower 2 Taguig, Metro Manila 179 m
(587 ft) 		52 2001
Atlanta Centre San Juan, Metro Manila 179 m
(587 ft) 		37 1998 Atlanta Center - Aerial Shot From BSA Twin Towers Ortigas (Annapolis, Greenhills, San Juan; 2015-05-26).jpg
One Eastwood Avenue, Tower 1 Quezon City, Metro Manila 179 m
(587 ft) 		47 2019
Alphaland Makati Place [4] Makati, Metro Manila 179 m
(587 ft) 		50 2017
31 Birch Tower City of Manila, Metro Manila 178 m
(584 ft)[5] 		52 2012
32 Aspire at Nuvo City Quezon City, Metro Manila 175 m
(574 ft) 		48 2012
Robinsons Equitable Tower Pasig, Metro Manila 175 m
(574 ft) 		45 1997 Tallest building in the Philippines from 1997—1998
33 One Roxas Triangle Makati, Metro Manila 174 m
(571 ft) 		40 2000
Robinsons Summit Center Makati, Metro Manila 174 m
(571 ft) 		38 2001
Paragon Plaza Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 174 m
(571 ft) 		43 1998
34 Twin Oaks Place East Tower Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 173 m
(568 ft) 		51 2018
35 Enterprise Center Tower One Makati, Metro Manila 172 m
(564 ft) 		45 1999
36 Twin Oaks Place West Tower Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 171.6 m
(563 ft) 		51 2014
The Residences at Greenbelt‑Laguna Tower Makati, Metro Manila 171 m
(561 ft) 		48 2008
The Residences at Greenbelt‑Manila Tower Makati, Metro Manila 171 m
(561 ft) 		48 2010
37 RCBC Plaza Tower 2 Makati, Metro Manila 170 m
(560 ft) 		41 2001
The BeauFort Taguig, Metro Manila 170 m
(560 ft) 		43 2013
Noble Place City of Manila, Metro Manila 170 m
(560 ft) 		47 2018
38 Pearl of the Orient Tower City of Manila, Metro Manila 168 m
(551 ft) 		42 2004 1322 Golden Empire Tower in 2016.jpg
39 Discovery Suites Pasig, Metro Manila 167 m
(548 ft) 		40 1999 Tallest hotel building in the Philippines
RCBC Savings Bank Corporate Center Taguig, Metro Manila 167 m
(548 ft) 		37 2013
40 GA Twin Tower I Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 165.3 m
(542 ft) 		40 2005
GA Twin Tower II Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 165.3 m
(542 ft) 		40 2008
Flair Towers – North Tower Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 165 m
(541 ft) 		52 2015
Flair Towers – South Tower Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 165 m
(541 ft) 		52 2014
One Rockwell East Tower Makati, Metro Manila 165 m
(541 ft) 		45 2011
41 Net Park Taguig, Metro Manila 162 m
(531 ft) 		38 2016
42 Rufino Pacific Tower Makati, Metro Manila 161 m
(528 ft) 		41 1994 May 14, 2005 - Rufino Tower!.jpg Tallest building in the Philippines from 1994—1997
43 Ayala Tower One Makati, Metro Manila 160 m
(520 ft) 		35 1996 First building in the Philippines to be known as a "skyscraper"
Orient Square Pasig, Metro Manila 160 m
(520 ft) 		38 1999
Admiral Grandsuites Manila, Metro Manila 160 m
(520 ft) 		43 2020
44 Lancaster Suites One Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 158 m
(518 ft) 		42 2007
The Beacon – Amorsolo Tower Makati, Metro Manila 158 m
(518 ft) 		44 2016
The Beacon – Roces Tower Makati, Metro Manila 158 m
(518 ft) 		44 2011
45 Kroma Tower Makati, Metro Manila 157 m
(515 ft) 		52 2018
46 Bellagio Golfview Three Taguig, Metro Manila 156 m
(512 ft) 		40 2010
47 Exportbank Plaza Makati, Metro Manila 155 m
(509 ft) 		36 1998
Rizal Tower Makati, Metro Manila 155 m
(509 ft) 		47 2000
Zuellig Building Makati, Metro Manila 155 m
(509 ft) 		42 2012 Zuellig Building 2017.jpg
The Lorraine Tower at The Proscenium at Rockwell Makati, Metro Manila 155 m
(509 ft) 		56 2020
The Kirov Tower at The Proscenium at Rockwell Makati, Metro Manila 155 m
(509 ft) 		56 2020
48 Wharton Parksuites City of Manila, Metro Manila 154.6 m
(507 ft)[6] 		39 2012
BSA Grand Tower Makati, Metro Manila 154 m
(505 ft) 		37 1998
49 The World Centre Makati, Metro Manila 152 m
(499 ft) 		30 1995
50 Salcedo Park Tower 1 Makati, Metro Manila 151 m
(495 ft) 		45 1996
Salcedo Park Tower 2 Makati, Metro Manila 151 m
(495 ft) 		45 1996
51 Bellagio Golfview Two Taguig, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		38 2009
The Columns at Legazpi Village Makati, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		41 2009
Joy‑Nostalg Center Pasig, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		40 2009
One Legazpi Park Makati, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		45 2006
Pacific Plaza Condominium Makati, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		44 1992 Tallest building in the Philippines from 1992—1994; tallest observation tower in the Philippines
West Forbes Tower Makati, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		42
27 Annapolis San Juan, Metro Manila 150 m
(490 ft) 		45 2020


Buildings which almost qualify are One McKinley Place (149 m)[7][8] in Bonifacio Global City and Mandarin Square (149 m)[9][8] in Binondo, as well as the three towers of Light Residences (147 m)[10] and 8 Wack Wack Road (147 m)[11] in Mandaluyong.

Skyline[]

Bonifacio Global City and Makati skylines from Grand Hyatt Manila, the tallest building in the Philippines (2019)
The skyline of the Makati Central Business District (2013)
The skyline of Ortigas Center (2008)
The skyline of Bonifacio Global City (2016)
The skyline of Manila from the Manila Bay (2009)

Tallest completed twin buildings[]

Twin towers refer to identical structure buildings including condominiums, apartments, offices and hotels.[12] This list overlaps with the first list above but also includes those taller than 100 m. Ortigas Center's One Shangri-La Place Twin Towers is one of the top 20 tallest twin buildings in the world.

Rank Name Location Height (max) Floors (t1/t2) Year Notes
1 One Shangri-La Place Twin Towers Ortigas Center 227 m (745 ft) 64/64 2014 Tallest twin towers in the Philippines
2 BSA Twin Towers Ortigas Center 215 m (705 ft) 55/55 2011
3 The St. Francis Shangri-La Place Ortigas Center 213 m (699 ft) 60/60 2009
4 Park Terraces Towers Makati CBD 187 m (614 ft) 49/49 2020
5 One Eastwood Avenue Towers Eastwood City 179 m (587 ft)/189 m (620 ft) 47/52 2019/2020
6 Pacific Plaza Towers Bonifacio Global City 179 m (587 ft) 52/52 2001 Second tallest buildings in Bonifacio Global City
7 Twin Oaks Place Mandaluyong 173 m (568 ft)/171.6 m (563 ft) 51/51 2018/2014
8 The BeauFort Towers Bonifacio Global City 170 m (558 ft) 43/43 2013
9 GA Twin Towers Mandaluyong 165.3 m (542 ft) 40/40 2005/2008
10 Flair Towers Mandaluyong 165 m (541 ft) 52/52 2015/2014
11 Salcedo Park Twin Towers Makati CBD 151 m (495 ft) 45/45 1996
12 The Columns at Legazpi Village Makati CBD 150 m (492 ft) 41/41 2009
13 Insular Life Corporate Towers Alabang 140 m (459 ft) 34/34 2001
14 Wack Wack Twin Towers Mandaluyong 140 m (459 ft) 30/30 1994
15 Robinsons Place Residences Ermita 137 m (449 ft) 38/38 2002

Tallest under construction or proposed[]

As of mid 2017, this lists more than 40 highrise and supertall buildings under construction or preparation that are expected to rise 150 metres (492 ft) or more in Metro Manila.

The Philippine Diamond Tower, estimated to have a height of 612 m and finished by 2019, is a broadcast tower, not a residential or commercial building (but was cancelled due to unknown reasons). Skycity, estimated to have a height of 335 m but troubled by a lawsuit, only has had excavation work done and has been on-hold with no construction progress since 2005.[13]

Topping out (or topping off) is when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop a structure. For convenience, the entries of the sortable table is arranged alphabetically.

The two tallest entries in the table are The Stratford Residences at 312 m and The Proscenium – Iconique Tower at 300 m.[14]

Name Location Height (m) Floors Expected completion Notes
Park Central North Tower Makati 276 69 2021 Under construction
Park Central South Tower Makati 217 57 2021 Under construction
UNTV Broadcast Center Quezon City 202.50 37 2022 Under construction
Anchor Grandsuites (Manila 1590) Manila 200 63 2021 Under construction
Avila Tower 1 (South) Quezon City
(Circulo Verde) 		167 44 2021 Topped Out
Ayala Tower Two Makati CBD 180 45 2021 Under construction
BPI Headquarters Makati CBD 250 (estimated) 45 2023 Old Building under demolition
Century Spire Makati Poblacion
(Century City) 		250 60 2021 Under-construction[15]
Corporate Finance Plaza Ortigas Center 226 57 2021 Topped off
DDT Sky Tower Quezon City 280[citation needed] 60 2024 Under Construction[16]
East Gallery Place Bonifacio Global City 168.7 50 2021 Topped off
West Gallery Place Bonifacio Global City 169.1 50 2021 Under Construction
Garden Towers 1 Makati CBD 200 54 2021 Topped off
Garden Towers 2 Makati CBD 215 60 2021 Topped off
Alveo Financial Tower Makati 188 49 2021 Topped Off
Jollibee Tower Mandaluyong 150 40 2021 Topped off
Movenpick Hotel & Residences Makati Poblacion
(Picar Place) 		280 ± 20 70 2022 Under construction
Park Royal Ongpin Manila 210 52 2022 Preparation
R Square Residences Malate 174 50 2021 Under Construction
Roxas Triangle Tower 2 Makati 174 51 2021 Topped off
The Estate Makati Makati 276.8 54 2023 Under Construction
The Mega Tower Mandaluyong 250 50 2021 Topped off
The Westin Manila Sonata Place Ortigas Center 187.8 51 2021 Topped Off
The Maven, Capitol Commons Ortigas Center 230 62 2022 Under Construction
The Rise Makati Makati CBD 210 63 2021 Topped off
Air Residences Makati CBD 195.6 63 2021 Topped Out
The Stratford Residences Makati Poblacion
(Picar Place) 		312 76 2022 Delayed. When completed, it will be
one of the few supertall (300m+) bldgs in the Philippines.
Uptown Ritz Residence Bonifacio Global City 170 45 2021 Under Construction
Uptown Parksuites Tower 1 Bonifacio Global City 175.7 50 2021 Topped Out
Uptown Parksuites Tower 2 Bonifacio Global City 160 46 2021 Topped Out
Exquadra Office Tower Ortigas Center 166.6 38 2021 Under Construction
Ayala Triangle Gardens North Makati CBD 194.6 40 2021 Topped Out
Dream at Nuvo City Eastwood City 152.3 48 2021 Topped Out
The Exchange Square Ortigas Center 204 51 2021 Under Construction
One Ayala Tower 1 Makati CBD ? 22 2021 Under Construction
One Ayala Tower 2 Makati CBD ? 29 2022 Under Construction

Tallest planned or proposed[]

These are the tallest planned buildings for Metro Manila that are almost 200 meters or taller but do not yet have a proposed completion year.

Name Location Height (m) Floors Status
One Galleon Place Ortigas Center 400 75 Cancelled
The Block – Hyundai National Headquarters Bonifacio Global City 250 56 Proposed
Icone Tower Bonifacio Global City 275 36 Planned

Timeline of tallest buildings[]

This lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in the Philippines. Other buildings such as churches with tall spires may be taller but are not listed because there are no data available from the time Manila had its first building.

Name Location Years as tallest Height (m) Floors Image Notes
Manila Hotel Ermita, Manila 1912–27 5 AL-135 Highfill Album Image (15320836606) (cropped).jpg
University of Santo Tomas Main Building Sampaloc, Manila 1927–67 48 m
(157 ft)[17] 		8 Pic geo photos - ph=mm=manila=sampaloc=españa blvd.=university of santo tomas (ust)=main bldg. - aerial shot from univ. tower -philippines--2015-0622--ls-.JPG Four floors of the main building, another four on the tower.
Ramon Magsaysay Center Malate 1967–1968 70 18 Ramon Magsaysay Center.jpg
Manila Pavilion Hotel Ermita 1968–1989 90 22
Pacific Star Building Makati CBD 1989–1991 112.5 29 View of Pacific Star Building at Gil Puyat Avenue as of June 2015.jpg
The Peak Tower Makati CBD 1991–1992 138 38
Pacific Plaza Condominium Makati CBD 1992–1994 150 44
Rufino Pacific Tower Makati CBD 1994–1997 162 41 May 14, 2005 - Rufino Tower!.jpg
Robinsons Equitable Tower Ortigas Center 1997–1998 175 45
Petron Megaplaza Makati CBD 1998–2000 210 45 April 18, 2005 - Petron Mega Plaza.jpg
PBCom Tower Makati CBD 2000–2017 259 52 Pbcom Tower March 2019.jpg
Grand Hyatt Manila Bonifacio Global City 2017–Present 318 66

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ "Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings". The Skyscraper Center. Archived from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  2. ^ "Gramercy Residences". www.emporis.com.
  3. ^ "Anchor Skysuites". Anchor Land. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ "Birch Tower". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  6. ^ "Wharton Parksuites". Anchor Land Holdings, Inc. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) McKinley Place
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Mandarin Place
  10. ^ GmbH, Emporis. "Search Result – EMPORIS". www.emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  11. ^ GmbH, Emporis. "8 Wack Wack Road, Mandaluyong – 106263 – EMPORIS". www.emporis.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  12. ^ Building Directory: Twin Towers I
  13. ^ "Skycity – The Skyscraper Center". buildingdb.ctbuh.org. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  14. ^ GmbH, Emporis. "The Proscenium – Iconique Tower, Makati – 1223323 – EMPORIS". www.emporis.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  15. ^ "Daniel Libeskind's 60-story Century Spire breaks ground in Metro Manila, Philippines". archinect.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  16. ^ Samaniego, Theresa S. (June 22, 2019). "DDT Sky Tower: Structure of grandeur". INQUIRER.net.
  17. ^ "The UST Main Building at 90". The Varsitarian. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
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