List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire

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Part of a series on the
Military of the
Ottoman Empire
Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire
Classical army (1451–1826)
Reform period
Modern army (1861–1922)
Navy
Aviation
Conflicts
Conscription
  • v
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This is a list of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.

The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a steppe-nomadic cavalry force.[1] This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather than looting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.

The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires, followed by Safavid Persia and Mughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowder artillery.[2] By the time of Sultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing armies.[4][5]

Ottoman Classical Army was the military structure established by Mehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this Army was forced to disbandment by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known as Auspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the second, the elite jannisaries had become corrupt and always stood in the way of modernization efforts meaning they were more of a liability then an asset.

Rise (1299–1453)[]

Main article: Ottoman-Byzantine wars
  Ottoman victory
  Ottoman defeat
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result
Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1285 Siege of Kulaca Hisar Kayı tribe  Byzantine Empire Victory[6][7]
  • Osman Gazi conquers the Byzantine castle of Kulaca Hisar.
1302 Battle of Bapheus and Battle of Dimbos Kayı tribe

Ottoman Empire

 Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Kayi tribe transitions into Ottoman Empire.[8]
  • Byzantium loses control over Bithynia[9] and allows gradual Ottoman expansion into Byzantine controlled Asia Minor
1317/1320–1326 Siege of Bursa Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
  • Ottomans become the major power in Asia Minor[10]
1328–1331 Siege of Nicaea Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Victory
1345-47 Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Ottoman Empire (1345–1347)
Byzantine Empire John VI Kantakouzenos
Serbian Empire Serbia (1342–1343)
Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345)
 Beylik of Saruhan 		Byzantine Empire John V Palaiologos
Byzantine Empire Anna of Savoy
Byzantine Empire John XIV Kalekas
Byzantine Empire Alexios Apokaukos
 Zealots of Thessalonica
Serbian Empire Serbia (1343–1347)
Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire
 Principality of Karvuna 		Victory
  • Ottoman ally John VI Kantakouzenos defeats regents, and is recognized as senior emperor
1352-57 Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 Ottoman Empire (1345–1347)
Byzantine Empire John VI Kantakouzenos
Serbian Empire Serbia (1342–1343)
Beylik of Aydin (1342/3–1345)
 Beylik of Saruhan 		Byzantine Empire John V Palaiologos
Byzantine Empire Anna of Savoy
Byzantine Empire John XIV Kalekas
Byzantine Empire Alexios Apokaukos
 Zealots of Thessalonica
Serbian Empire Serbia (1343–1347)
Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svg Second Bulgarian Empire
 Principality of Karvuna 		Partial Defeat
  • John V Palaiologos becomes sole ruler, deposes the Ottoman allies Kantakouzenoi, while Ottomans score major victory over Serbians at Demotika
1355 Battle of Ihtiman Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNG Second Bulgarian Empire Partial Defeat[12]
  • Heavy losses stall Ottoman advance on Bulgarian capital of Sofia, however Ottomans are able to inflict a crushing blow on Bulgarian.
1364 Battle of Sırpsındığı Ottoman Empire  Serbian Empire
Coat of arms of the Second Bulgarian Empire.svgSecond Bulgarian Empire
Flag of Wallachia.svg Wallachia
Banate of Bosnia-Bosna Banlığı.pngBanate of Bosnia
Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary 		Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Adrianople and make it new capital
1371 Battle of Maritsa Ottoman Empire  Serbian Empire Victory[13]
  • Ottomans conquer parts of Macedonia and Thrace
1371 Byzantine civil war of 1373–79 Byzantine Empire John V Palaiologos
Ottoman Empire
Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice 		Byzantine Empire Andronikos IV Palaiologos
Ottoman Empire Savci Bey
Flag of Genoa.svg Republic of Genoa 		Victory
  • Byzantine Empire cedes Gallipoli to Ottomans[14] and essentially become Ottoman vassals
1382-1393 Ottoman Conquest of Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Coat of Arms of the Bulgarian Empire.PNGBulgarian Empire
  • Tsardom of Vidin
 Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Bulgaria and the Second Bulgarian Empire falls in 1396[15]
1388 Battle of Bileća Ottoman Empire Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia Defeat
  • Bosnians and Serbs ally against Ottoman threat, culminating in Battle of Kosovo
1388 Battle of Kosovo (1389) Ottoman Empire Coat of arms of Moravian Serbia.svg Moravian Serbia
District of Branković
Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia
Knights Hospitaller 		Unknown Result
Some sources claim Tactically Inconclusive[16][17][18][19][20][21] whereas some claim Victory[22][23][24][25]
  • Heavy losses on both sides devastate less numerous Serbs, while Ottomans are able to bring troops from the east.
  • Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed and Bayezid I becomes new sultan.[26]
  • Serbian lords eventually became vassals of the Ottomans[27]
1394-1395 Bayezid's Campaign against Wallachia Ottoman Empire  Wallachia Tactical Defeat[28][29][30][31]
  • Ottoman advance in Wallachia halted till Crusade of Nicopolis
1394-1395 Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire
Crusade of Nicopolis
 Kingdom of France 		Siege pulled[32][33]
  • Bayezid I is forced to march to Ankara to meet Timurid Amir Timur[34]
1396 Crusade of Nicopolis Ottoman Empire Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of France

Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary

  • Voivodship of Transylvania
  • Kingdom of Croatia

Coa Romania Country Wallachia History 2 (14th century).svg Principality of Wallachia[36]
Knights Hospitaller
 Republic of Venice
 Republic of Genoa
Second Bulgarian Empire[37]
Kingdom of Poland
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
Teutonic Knights
Byzantine Empire

Victory
  • Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s
  • Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe
  • Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire
1402 Battle of Ankara Ottoman Empire Timurid Empire Defeat
  • Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman empire without a sultan
  • Ottoman Interregnum begins
  • Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
1402 - 1413 Ottoman Interregnum Ottoman Empire Mehmed Çelebi
Serbian Despotate 		Ottoman Empire İsa Çelebi

Ottoman Empire Süleyman Çelebi

Ottoman Empire Musa Çelebi

Mehmed Victory
  • Mehmed Çelebi becomes Mehmed I
  • Ottoman Empire is re-united
1404 Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin Ottoman Empire Suleyman Çelebi Prince Fruzhin
Tsar Konstantin II 		Victory
  • Ottomans crush the Bulgarian revolt
1411 Siege of Constantinople (1411) Ottoman Empire Musa Çelebi  Byzantine Empire
Ottoman EmpireMehmed Çelebi 		Defeat
  • Mehmet Celebi lifts the siege
1411 Battle of Gallipoli (1416) Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice Defeat
  • Pietro Loredan crushes the Ottoman fleet to ensure Venetian superiority in the Aegean for the next few decades
1416-1420 Revolt of Sheikh Bedreddin Ottoman Empire Sheikh Bedreddin Victory
  • Sheikh Bedreddin's revolt is suppressed and he and his followers are executed
1422 Siege of Constantinople (1422) Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire Defeat
1422-1430 Siege of Thessalonica Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire

Republic of VeniceRepublic of Venice

Victory
  • Ottomans capture Thessalonica
1421-1522 2nd Conquest of Anatolia Ottoman Empire Beylik of Karaman
Beylik of Isfendiyar
Beylik of Aydin
Empire of Trebizond
Sultanate of Eretna
Beylik of Teke
 Byzantine Empire
Beyliks of Canik
Beylik of Germiyan
Beylik of Menteşe
Beylik of Karasi
Beylik of Saruhan 		Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Anatolia
1428 Siege of Golubac Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary[38]
Wallachia[36]
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 		Victory
  • Serbia becomes vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottomans invade Bosnia
1432-1436 Albanian Revolt of 1432–1436 Ottoman Empire Various Albanian rebels Victory
  • Suppression of Revolt. Restoration of Ottoman Rule in Albania
1443-1444 Crusade of Varna Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Poland
Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Serbian Despotate
Crown of Bohemia
Coat of arms of Wallachia Voivodship.png Principality of Wallachia
Bulgarian rebels
Kingdom of Bosnia
Papal States
Teutonic Knights
Duchy of Burgundy
Republic of VeniceRepublic of Venice
Republic of Ragusa 		Victory
  • Ottomans halt European attempt to check their rapid expansion
1432-1436 Albanian–Venetian War Ottoman Empire

Republic of VeniceRepublic of Venice

Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë Defeat
  • The League of Lezhë gains all lands on the Albanian side of the Drin River
1448 Battle of Kosovo (1448) Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Poland
Wallachia Principality of Wallachia
Moldavia Principality of Moldavia 		Victory
  • Defeat of the European Crusaders
  • Balkans slowly fall to the Ottomans
  • Mehmed II free to siege Constantinople
1453 Fall of Constantinople Ottoman Empire  Byzantine Empire
Genoese volunteers
Venetian volunteers
Sicilian volunteers
Papal States
Ottoman Empire Ottoman defectors 		Victory
  • Constantinople is conquered by the Ottomans and becomes new Ottoman capital
  • Morea and Trebizond continue as Byzantine rump states, until their conquest in 1460 and 1461 respectively
  • Ottoman Empire proclaimed successor to the Roman Empire
  • Beginning of the Classical Age (1453–1566)

Classical Age (1453–1566)[]

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1455 Siege of Berat (1455)[39] Ottoman Empire Coa Kastrioti Family League of Lezhë Victory
  • Berat falls to the Ottomans
1455 Siege of Belgrade (1456) Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate
Cross-Pattee-alternate red.svg Crusader peasant and local gentry recruits 		Defeat
  • John Hunyadi repels the Ottomans
  • Mehmed II's advance into Central Europe halted
1461 Siege of Trebizond (1461) Ottoman Empire Banner of the Empire of Trebizond.svg Empire of Trebizond Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Empire of Trebizond
1462 Night Attack at Târgoviște Ottoman Empire Wallachia Wallachia Inconclusive
  • Failure of Wallachian attempt to assassinate Mehmed II
  • Vlad III impales 20,000+ turks [40][41]
1461 Ottoman conquest of Lesbos Ottoman Empire Gatiluzio.jpg Gattilusio lordship of Lesbos
Flag of the Order of St. John (various).svg Knights Hospitaller 		Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the island of Lesbos
1463-1479 First Ottoman-Venetian war Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice
Flag of the Papal States (pre 1808).svg Papal States
Coa Kastrioti Family.svg League of Lezhë
Coat of arms Djuradj Crnojevic.svg Principality of Zeta
Maniots
Greek rebels 		Victory
  • Ottomans conquer the Morea, Negroponte and Albania from Venetians[42]
1463 Siege of Jajce Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg Republic of Venice
Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bosnia.svg Kingdom of Bosnia
Flag of Republic of Ragusa.svg Republic of Ragusa (logistics, goods)[43]
Bohemian (Hussite) mercenaries 		Victory
  • Collapse of the Kingdom of Bosnia
1473 Battle of Otlukbeli Ottoman Empire Tamga of Bayandur (Aq Qoyunlu version).svg Aq Qoyunlu Victory[44]
  • Aq Qoyunlu power nearly wiped out in the East, paving way for Shah Ismail I of the Safavids to take over Persia
1473-79 Moldavian War of Mehmed II Ottoman Empire
Wallachia[45] 		Coat of arms of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg Transylvania 		Defeat
  • Mehmet II fails to follow up his victory at Valea Albă with a successful siege of Neamț Citadel
  • Mehmet's son Bayezid continues the war with the Moldavians in 1484
1479 Battle of Breadfield Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary
Despot of Serbia.png Serbian Despotate
Wallachia[45] 		Defeat[46]
  • Ottoman raids into Hungary halted
1480 First Ottoman siege of Rhodes Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights Hospitaller Defeat
  • Ottomans fail to conquer Rhodes
1480-1481 Invasion of Otranto Ottoman Empire Bandera de Nápoles - Trastámara.svg Kingdom of Naples
Royal Banner of Aragón.svg Crown of Aragon
Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg Kingdom of Sicily
Flag of Hungary (15th century, rectangular).svg Kingdom of Hungary
 Papal States 		Defeat
  • Ottomans conquer Otranto and gain foothold in Southern Italy
  • Ottoman garrison surrender the city after 13 months
1484-1486 Moldavian War of Bayezid II Ottoman Empire
Wallachia[45] 		Coat of arms of Moldavia.svg Moldavia
Coat of arms of Transylvania.svg Transylvania 		Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Chilia and Akkerman
1484-1486 Mamluk War of Bayezid II Ottoman Empire  Mamluk Sultanate Stalemate
  • Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted
1485-1503 Polish–Ottoman War (1485–1503) Ottoman Empire
Flag of the crimeans.svg Crimean Khanate
Moldavia 		Kingdom of Poland
POL województwo mazowieckie COA 2002 - 2006.svg Duchy of Masovia
Teutonic Knights
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 		Victory
  • Polish King Aleksander Jagiellonczyk forced to sign truce with ottomans
1490-11494 War of the Hungarian Succession Ottoman Empire Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svgJohn Corvinus

Royal banner of the Kingdom of Bohemia (colorful).svgVladislaus

Kingdom of Poland-flag.svgJohn Albert

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Victory
  • Near elimination of Croatian Nobility at Krbava Field
  • Eventual Ottoman expansion into Croatia
1499-1503 Second Ottoman-Venetian War Ottoman Empire  Republic of Venice
 Spanish Empire 		Victory
  • Venetian strongholds of Modon and Coron fall to the Ottomans
  • Cephalonia and Ithaca are taken by Venice
1509-1513 Ottoman Civil War (1509–13) Ottoman EmpireŞehzade Selim Ottoman EmpireŞehzade Ahmet

Şahkulu

  • Iran Safavid Empire
 Victory
1514 Battle of Chaldiran  Ottoman Empire Iran Safavid Empire Ottoman Military Victory[47][48]
however some sources claim Political Stalemate[49]
  • Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids[50]
  • Ottomans briefly occupy and plunder the Safavid capital, Tabriz[51][52]
  • Kurdish chiefs assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.[53]
  • Safavids adopt tactics similar to Ottomans[54][55]
1516-1517 Second Ottoman-Mamluk War  Ottoman Empire  Mamluk Sultanate Victory
  • Ottomans take over the entire Mamluk Sultanate, including Cairo, Mecca, Aleppo and Damascus
  • Ottoman Sultans become Caliphs of the Islamic world and the most powerful muslim power[56][57]
1517 Siege of Jeddah  Ottoman Empire
 Mamluk Sultanate 		 Portuguese Empire Victory
  • End of Portuguese blockade in Red Sea
  • Jeddah, the remaining stronghold of the Mamluk sultanate, is captured by Selim I
1518 Fall of Tlemcen  Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Tlemcen Victory
1521 3rd Ottoman Siege of Belgrade  Ottoman Empire Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary Victory
  • Suleiman I conquers the Hungarian stronghold of Belgrade, exposing the weakness of the Hungarian Nobility, something he would exploit at Mohács
1522 2nd Ottoman Siege of Rhodes  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights Hospitaller
 Republic of Venice 		Victory
  • Ottoman Empire annexes Rhodes
  • Knights move initially to Sicily, but then to Malta,[59] Gozo, and Tripoli
  • Ottoman supremacy over trade in the Eastern Mediterranean is secured
1526 Battle of Mohács  Ottoman Empire
  • Flag of the crimeans.svg Crimean Khanate
 Armoiries Hongrie ancien.svg Kingdom of Hungary

Coat of arms of Croatia 1495.svg Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Bohemia Crown of Bohemia
 Holy Roman Empire
Bavaria Duchy of Bavaria
 Papal States

 Victory
1527-28 Hungarian Campaign of Ferdinand I  Ottoman Empire
 Moldavia
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 		Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Habsburg Austria
 Holy Roman Empire
Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia
 Kingdom of Croatia
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Royal Hungary
Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Rascians 		Defeat
1529 Hungarian Campaign of Suleiman I  Ottoman Empire
 Moldavia
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 		Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Habsburg Austria
 Holy Roman Empire
Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia
 Kingdom of Croatia
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Royal Hungary
Flag of Serbia 1281.svg Rascians 		Victory
1529 Ottoman Capture of Algiers  Ottoman Empire  Spanish Empire

Kabyle soldiers

Victory
  • Ottomans capture Algiers and its peñon
1529 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna  Ottoman Empire
  •  Moldavia
  Holy Roman Empire
  •  Kingdom of Bohemia
  • Flag of The Electoral Palatinate (1604).svg Electorate of the Palatinate

 Spanish Empire Kabyle soldiers

Defeat
  • Suleiman fails to conquer Vienna
  • Ferdinand unable to counter-attack after Suleiman lays waste to Styria and Habsburg Hungary
1530-52 Little War in Hungary  Ottoman Empire

 Moldavia
Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
 Wallachia
Supported by:
 France

 Holy Roman Empire
  • Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Habsburg Austria
  • Bohemia Kingdom of Bohemia

Coa Hungary Country History (19th Century).svg Royal Hungary
Coa Croatia Country History (Fojnica Armorial).svg Kingdom of Croatia
 Spain
 Papal States

Victory
  • Hungary divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Ottoman vassal state of Transylvania
1531 Portuguese siege of Diu  Ottoman Empire
Gujarat Sultanate 		 Portuguese Empire Victory
  • Portuguese siege lifted
1532-55 2nd Ottoman–Safavid War  Ottoman Empire Safavid Flag.svg Safavid Empire Victory
  • Ottomans gain large parts of Mesopotamia, Western Kurdistan, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia[62]
  • Persians retain Tabriz, Eastern Georgia, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Kurdistan, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan[63] and the rest of their north-western borders as they were prior to the war
  • Erzurum, Van, and Shahrizor become buffer zones[64]
  • Kars is declared a neutral zone[65]
1534 Ottoman conquest of Tunis  Ottoman Empire Hafsid dynasty Victory
  • Tunis captured by Barbarossa
1535 Habsburgian conquest of Tunis  Ottoman Empire
 Kingdom of France 		 Holy Roman Empire
  •  Republic of Genoa
  • Flanders County of Flanders

Spain Habsburg Spain

  •  Kingdom of Naples
  • Kingdom of Sicily

Hafsid dynasty
Flag Portugal (1521).svg Kingdom of Portugal
 Papal States
 Knights of Malta

Defeat
  • Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.[66][67]
1536-38 Italian War of 1536–1538  Ottoman Empire
 Kingdom of France 		 Holy Roman Empire
Spain Spain 		Inconclusive
  • Franco-Ottoman alliance strengthened and Charles V forced to negotiate peace to avoid two-front war
  • Spain strengthens control over Italy
  • Holy Roman Emperor Charles V loses to Ottomans at Preveza
1536-37 Siege of Klis  Ottoman Empire CoA of the Kingdom of Croatia.svg Kingdom of Croatia
 Holy Roman Empire
 Papal States 		Victory
  • Ottomans take Klis
1537-40 Third Ottoman-Venetian war  Ottoman Empire
 France (until 1538) 		Holy League:
 Republic of Venice
 Spanish Empire
  •  Kingdom of Naples
  • Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Sicily

 Republic of Genoa
 Papal States
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knights of Malta

Victory
  • Venice loses most foreign possessions and can no longer take on the Ottoman navy
1538 Siege of Diu (1538)  Ottoman Empire
Gujarat Sultanate 		 Portuguese Empire Defeat
  • Ottomans and Gujarati fail to relieve Diu and Portugal keeps control of the port
1542-46 Italian War of 1542–1546  Ottoman Empire
 France 		 Holy Roman Empire

Spain Spain
 Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
  • No territorial changes for Ottomans
  • Barbarossa increases Ottoman control over the Mediterranean with the Sack of Nice
1547 Ottoman invasion of Guria  Ottoman Empire Principality of Guria Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Adjara
1551 Ottoman conquest of Tripolitania  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John Victory
  • Ottomans conquer Tripoli
1551 Invasion of Gozo  Ottoman Empire Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Maltese civilians 		Victory
  • Gozo population decimated and majority of islanders forced into slavery
1551-59 Italian War of 1551–1559  Ottoman Empire

 Kingdom of France
Old Swiss Confederacy Swiss mercenaries
Republic of Siena
 Papal States

 Holy Roman Empire

 Kingdom of England

Inconclusive
  • Spanish-Imperial victory
  • Ottoman victory in the Mediterranean
  • Dragut's numerous victories against Genoese and Habsburgian fleets gives it near dominance in the Mediterranean
  • France occupies Calais from English[68]
  • France cedes Corsica to Genoa after Dragut conquered it for the Franco-Ottoman alliance[68]
1552 Hungarian Campaign of 1552  Ottoman Empire

 Hungary
 Spain
 Bohemia
 Holy Roman Empire

Inconclusive
  • Ottomans conquer Temesvár but fail to take Eger
1554 Capture of Fez (1554)  Ottoman Empire Morocco Saadi Sultanate Victory
  • Fez becomes an Ottoman Vassal[69]
1558 Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)  Ottoman Empire
Flag of Kingdom of ait abbas Kingdom of Beni Abbas[70][71] 		 Spain Victory
  • Spanish invasion stopped[72]
1558 Battle of Djerba  Ottoman Empire  Republic of Genoa

 Spanish Empire
 Papal States
 Duchy of Savoy
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John

Victory
  • Dragut ensures Ottoman naval superiority[a][73]
1558 Great Siege of Malta  Ottoman Empire
Flag of Kingdom of ait abbas Kingdom of Beni Abbas[74][75]

Relief force:[77]

Defeat
  • Christian Victory
  • Dragut dies in action leading to conflict between remaining Ottoman generals
  • Myth of Ottoman Invincibility in Europe destroyed

Transformation (1566–1703)[]

Old Regime (1703–1789)[]

1703 Edirne Incident

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)[]

Dissolution (1908–1922)[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.[73]

References[]

  1. ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.
  2. ^ Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9780850455113.
  3. ^ Streusand 2011, p. 83.
  4. ^ Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.
  5. ^ Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN 0-8050-4081-1.
  6. ^ Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 978-9754378689.
  7. ^ Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  8. ^ "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)
  9. ^ Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171
  10. ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World’s Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151.
  11. ^ A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997
  12. ^ Maddock, Robert (19 December 2016). Robert Maddock, The 1300 Year's War: Volume 2. ISBN 9781524549350.
  13. ^ Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.
  14. ^ Treadgold (1997), p. 780
  15. ^ "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  16. ^ (Fine 1994, p. 410)

    Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
  17. ^ (Emmert 1990, p. ?)

    Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
  18. ^ Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250-1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
  19. ^ Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
  20. ^ John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
  21. ^ John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
  22. ^ Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974-1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
  23. ^ Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6. 1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
  24. ^ Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2. In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
  25. ^ Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8. The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
  26. ^ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Empire: The Structure of Power, 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 85. ISBN 0-230-57451-3.
  27. ^ Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 575. ISBN 9780472082605.
  28. ^ Fine 1994, p. 424
  29. ^ Norman Angell (2004). Peace Theories and the Balkan War. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-4050-1.
  30. ^ Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22126-9.
  31. ^ Norman L. Forter; Demeter B. Rostovsky (1971). The Roumanian Handbook. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-405-02747-5.
  32. ^ Taeschner, Franz (1990). Necmi Ülker, çev. "1453 Yılına Kadar Osmanlı Türkleri". Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü. 5 (1): 296. ISSN 0257-4152.
  33. ^ Baştav 1989, p. 91.
  34. ^ Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.
  35. ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of latin christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
  37. ^ Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
  38. ^ Tuchman, 548
  39. ^ Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero by Harry Hodgkinson, page 134
  40. ^ Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 148
  41. ^ Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 207
  42. ^ The Encyclopedia of World History (2001) – Venice Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea.
  43. ^ Villari (1904), p. 251
  44. ^ Somel, Selçuk Akşin, Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2003), xc.
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.
  46. '^ Battle of Breadfield (1479), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.
  47. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 483. ISBN 978-1851096725.
  48. ^ David Eggenberger, An Encyclopedia of Battles, (Dover Publications, 1985), 85.
  49. ^ Morgan, David O. The New Cambridge History of Islam Volume 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge U, 2010. p.210 "Although the Safavids experienced military defeat at Chāldirān, the political outcome of the battle was a stalemate between the Ottomans and Safavids, even though the Ottomans ultimately won some territory from the Safavids. The stalemate was largely due to the ‘scorched earth’ strategy that the Safavids employed, making it impossible for the Ottomans to remain in the region"
  50. ^ Ira M. Lapidus. "A History of Islamic Societies" Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139991507 p 336
  51. ^ Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Following Čālderān, the Ottomans briefly occupied Tabriz.
  52. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, Tabriz
  53. ^ Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab conquests to the Siege of Vienna, (Praeger Publishers, 2000), 197.
  54. ^ Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Sultanate Reconsidered, Robert Irwin, The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society, ed. Michael Winter and Amalia Levanoni, (Brill, 2004) 127
  55. ^ "Safavid Persia:The History and Politics of an Islamic Empire". Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  56. ^ Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; Or, Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260–1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 207–13.
  57. ^ Drews, Robert (August 2011). "Chapter Thirty – The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" (PDF). Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization. Vanderbilt University.
  58. ^ "With the fall of Tlemcen Uruj became master of a territory as large as the modern French colony of Algeria, and his exploits made many of the rulers about the Mediterranean quake in their shoes." in The book of pirates Henry Gilbert, 207-208
  59. ^ "1048 to the present day".
  60. ^ Steven Béla Várdy, "The Impact of Trianon upon Hungary and the Hungarian Mind: The Nature of Interwar Hungarian Irredentism." Hungarian Studies Review 10.1 (1983): 21+ online
  61. ^ Anna Boreczky, "Historiography and Propaganda in the Royal Court of King Matthias: Hungarian Book Culture at the End of the Middle Ages and Beyond." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti 43 (2019): 23-35.
  62. ^ The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566, V.J. Parry, A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730, ed. M.A. Cook (Cambridge University Press, 1976), 94.
  63. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010). 516.
  64. ^ Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1107245082.
  65. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 698. ISBN 978-1598843361.
  66. ^ Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 p.61
  67. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw
  68. ^ Jump up to: a b Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (27 March 2019). "Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 September 2019.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Page 406, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
  70. ^ Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria , IB Tauris , 2014, p.  195
  71. ^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  72. ^ Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale by María Antonia Garcés p.25
  73. ^ Jump up to: a b Hattendorf & King 2013, p. 32.
  74. ^ Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria , IB Tauris , 2014, p.  195
  75. ^ Gaïd, Mouloud (1975). L'Algérie sous les Turcs (in French). Maison tunisienne de l'édition.
  76. ^ At least two companies of Spanish Tercios took part in the defence of Fort St Elmo. Cañete, Hugo A. (3 July 2020). "La leyenda negra del fuerte de San Telmo y los tres capitanes españoles del Tercio Viejo de Sicilia que lo defendieron (Malta 1565) | Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar". Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  77. ^ Paoletti, Ciro (2008). A Military History of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9780275985059.
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  1. Odan, Serada. "Thread: List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
  2. "List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire." List of Wars Involving the Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2015.
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