Eretna

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eretna
Sultan of the Eretnids
Reign1343 - 1352
SuccessorGiyath al-Din Muhammad
Viceroy of Anatolia
under Ilkhanate
Tenure1336 - 1343
PredecessorHasan Buzurg
SuccessorBecame independent
DiedMarch 1352
Kayseri, Emirate of Eretna
Burial
, Kayseri
Regnal name
Ala al-Din Eretna
HouseEretnids
FatherTaiju Bakshi
MotherTükälti
ReligionIslam

Ala al-Din Eretna (or Eretne, also Artanā) was a Mongol officer[1] of Uyghur origin[2] in the service of Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. He later became the last Mongol governor of Anatolia himself and forged his own principality and dynasty, the Eretnids.

Background[]

The name of Eretna may be derived from Sanskrit: रत्न, romanized: Ratna, lit. 'Jewel'[3][4] through Classical Mongolian: ᠡᠷᠳ᠋ᠡᠨ᠋ᠢ, romanized: erdeni, lit. 'Treasure'. He was born to Taiju Bakhshi (changed his name to Ja'far after conversion), a trusted bakhshi of Abaqa and his wife Tükälti.[5] His elder brother was Emir Taramtaz, who persuaded Öljaitü to convert to Shiism, was executed by Abu Sa'id along with his brother Sanktâz for joining the rebellion of Irinjin in 1319. His niece was married to a son of Sa'd al-Din Savaji, vizier of Öljaitü.[6] His sister was married to Timurtash.

Under Timurtash[]

Apparently Eretna didn't join to revolt of 1319 and became a loyal follower of Timurtash, new viceroy in Anatolia. He led an army against Nasir-ud Din Ahmed of Sahib Ataids in August 1327.[7] However, he was recalled by Timurtash upon learning of his brother Demasq Kaja's execution on 24 August. Eretna became acting viceroy on 22 December 1327 when Timurtash left for Mameluk Egypt. However fearing punishment, Ertene fled to Ibrahim I of Karaman. Timurtash was replaced by Amir Muhammad from Oirat tribe, an uncle of Abu Sa'id. He probably later travelled to Abu Sa'id's court in 1328.[8]

Under Hasan Buzurg[]

He rose to prominence again under Jalayirid viceroy of Anatolia, Hasan Buzurg, who became governor in 1332. He effectively became viceroy after Hasan Buzurg departed for Azerbaijan to crown his puppet Muhammad Khan in 1336.[7] However, Hassan Kuchak established supremacy in Ilkhanid domains quickly in 1338, which forced Eretna to seek alliance with Mamelukes to seek protection.[9] This protection was granted but it was nominal and short-lived, which prompted the Sultan to authorize raids on his lands. First such raid came from Turcoman chief who captured Darende to establish Beylik of Dulkadir. Karaca bey captured some territory from Aleppo viceroyalty of Egypt as well, which caused governor Amir Tashtamur to flee to Eretna in 1339-1340.

While nominally allied to Mamelukes, he came under attack of Chupanid force sent by Hasan Kuchak and led by Suleiman Khan himself. Chobanids took Erzurum, Erzinjan and Shebinkarahisar. Sides clashed near Karayün in Autumn 1343 in which Eretna was victorious. Assassination of Hasan few days later was a relief as well.

Reign[]

After victory on Chobanids, Eretna declared his independence[10] and took the title of sultan with the name Alaaddin. He moved the capital from Sivas to Kayseri, establishing dominance over important Anatolian towns of Nigde, Ankara, Amasya, Tokat, Samsun, Erzincan, Aksaray, Develi, Şebin-Karahisar and Merzifon. Later in 1344 Sati Beg, Tuda'un (son of Shaikh Mahmoud) and Surgan fled to Eretna's court. Latter urged him to attack Jalayirid domains, to which Eretna refused. Surgan nevertheless left for campaign and executed by Jalayirids. Internal disputes kept Malek Ashraf off the map while Eretna was in warm relations with Jalayirds and Mamelukes. He aided Umur Pasha during his siege of Smyrna in 1348, providing two trebuchet experts.[11]

Eretna attacked Karamanids in 1350 and possibly killed Ahmet of Karaman and took Konya.[12] He died two years later and buried in , Kayseri.

Family[]

He was married with three wives and several offsprings:

  1. Toga Khatun — was from Jalairs and a relative of Hasan Buzurg
    • Hassan — governor of Sivas, d. 1347, buried in Güdük Minare, Kayseri[13]
    • Jafar (r. 1354-1355)
  2. Isfahan Khatun
    • Giyath al-Din Muhammad (r. 1355-1362)
  3. Suli Pasha (d. 1339)

Legacy[]

According to Ibn Battuta, Eretna was a religious, benevolent, fair and scholarly ruler, spoke Arabic fairly well, as well as being an experienced soldier and statesman, gained fame among the people with the nickname "The Scanty Beard Prophet" (Turkish: Köse Peygamber) due to these features and his sparse beard.[14] He built mausoleum in Kayseri for his wife Suli Pasha[15] and for his son Hassan who died in 1347.

In Popular Media[]

References[]

  1. ^ Ibn Batuta, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, p. 433. "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"
  2. ^ Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, originally an Uighur Turk, who eventually declared himself independent..."
  3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234
  4. ^ Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-902886-11-4.
  5. ^ Sümer 1970, p. 22.
  6. ^ Melville, Charles P. "Abu Sa'id and the revolt of the amirs in 1319". L'Iran Face a la Domination Mongole, ed. D. Aigle, Tehran, 1997, Pp. 89-120.
  7. ^ a b Melville, Charles (2009-03-12), Fleet, Kate (ed.), "Anatolia under the Mongols", The Cambridge History of Turkey (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–101, doi:10.1017/chol9780521620932.004, ISBN 978-1-139-05596-3, retrieved 2022-02-01
  8. ^ Sümer 1970, p. 93.
  9. ^ Sümer 1970, p. 101.
  10. ^ Sinclair, T. A. (1989-12-31). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II. Pindar Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-907132-33-2.
  11. ^ Enveri (1954). Le Destan d'Umur Pacha (in French). Translated by Melikoff, Irene. p. 117.
  12. ^ Sümer 1970, p. 113.
  13. ^ Göde, Kemal (1995). "ERETNAOĞULLARI". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 11 (Elbi̇stan – Eymi̇r) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 295–296. ISBN 9789753894388.
  14. ^ "Eretna dynasty | Anatolia, Sultans, & Definition | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  15. ^ "Kösk Madrese ve Turbe". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  16. ^ Killing the Shadows (2006) - IMDb, retrieved 2022-02-03

Sources[]

  • Sümer, Faruk (1970), "Anadolu'da Moğollar", Journal of Seljuk studies, Ankara: Selçuklu Tarih ve Medeniyeti Enstitüsü
Retrieved from ""