Turkish Beylik in Anatolia, between 1335-1381
Eretnid dynasty
The Eretnids under Eretna
Status Beylik Capital Sivas and Kayseri Common languages Religion
Islam Government Monarchy Sultan • 1336–1352
Eretna b. Jafar, Ala al-Din • 1380
Muhammad II Chelebi
History • Established
1335 • Disestablished
1381
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Ilkhanate
Eretnids (Turkish : Eretna Beyliği ) was an Anatolian beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid governors in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea (Kayseri ), Sebastea (Sivas ) and Amaseia (Amasya ) in Central Anatolia between 1328 and 1381. The dynasty was founded by Eretna, an officer of Uyghur [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] origin in the service of Ilkhanid governors of Anatolia. Although short-lived, the Beylik of Eretna left important works of architecture. The name of Eretna may be derived from Sanskrit word Ratna "Jewel"[7] or Tuvan (Turkic) "Ertine" (эртине) "treasure, jewel, value, esteem, appreciate, dignify, treasure, cherish".[8] [9]
The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was a Mongol officer[10] of Uyghur origin in the service of Timurtash , the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. After his master unsuccessfully revolted in 1327 to ally with the Mamluks in response to the fate of his father Chupan , Ilkhan Abu Said appointed Eretna a governor of Anatolia . Eretna, who established his own beylik with the title of Sultan under the protection of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) ,[11] also knew Arabic and was considered a scholar.[1]
After Eretna's death, his lands were nibbled away by the Ottomans in the west and the Aq Qoyunlu in the east due to internal disputes between the Eretnids. The Beylik's last ruler, Muhammad II, was replaced by his vizier Kadi Burhan al-Din who reigned in the same region for another eighteen years, a period some sources consider as a continuation of the same institutional structure, while other sources treat as being separate.
List of Eretna rulers [ ]
1336–1352
1352–1366
'Ali 1366–1380
Muhammad Çelebi 1380
Kadi Burhan al-Din
See also [ ]
List of Shia Muslim dynasties
References [ ]
^ a b c "Eretna", C. Cahen, The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol. II, ed. B. Lewis, C. Pellatt, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1991), 706.
^ Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire , Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, originally an Uighur Turk , who eventually declared himself independent..."
^ Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve hânedanlar: Türkiye : 1074 - 1990, Vol.2, Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, 2005, p.51, Online Edition
^ John Freely, The companion guide to Turkey, HarperCollins, 1993, p.391, Online Edition "This was erected in 1339 by Eretna, an Uyghur Turk who created an independent principality in central Anatolia after the collapse of the Ilkhanid Mongol Empire in 1335."
^ Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.60, Online Edition "In the early 14th century, the city passed to the Uighur chief Eretna ."
^ Speros Vryonis, The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century , (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 139, Online Edition "When the governor Timurlash fled to Egypt in 1327, he was replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Eretna (of Uighur origin) who succeeded in receiving official appointment from the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id."
^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234
^ Turkic (Tuvan and Turkish) dictionary
^ "9 (Tos) Ertine" . Archived from the original on 2014-08-13. Retrieved 2015-02-11 .
^ Ibn Batuta , Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354 , Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, p. 433. "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"
^ Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire , see: Turkey and Mongol Empire
External links [ ]
Important centers and extension
Konya
Kayseri
Sivas (1175)
Malatya (1178)
Alanya
Antalya
Dynasty Chronology Palaces and castles
in Konya (1190–1220)
Kubadabad Palace in Beyşehir (1220–1230)
in Kayseri (1220–1230)
Alanya Kızıl Kule (Red Tower ) and Shipyard constructions and widescale extension of Alanya Castle
Külliye ("complexes") and dar al-shifa (hospitals) and medrese (schools) and mosques:Caravanserais
Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237)
caravanserai near Denizli (1254)
caravanserai in (~1280)
caravanserai near Manavgat
caravanserai near Aksaray (1190)
Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201)
caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201)
caravanserai in Divriği (13th century)
caravanserai near Samsun (~1250)
Çardak Han (Hanabad ) caravanserai in Çardak (1230)
Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279)
caravanserai in Konya (1210)
caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238)
caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224)
caravanserai near Afşin –Elbistan (~1225)
caravanserai near Antalya (1224)
caravanserai near Amasya (1246)
caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray
caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat
Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220)
caravanserai near Konya (1249)
caravanserai near Bucak (1239)
Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223)
caravanserai near (1241)
caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268)
caravanserai near Antalya (1246)
caravanserai near Konya (1206)
caravanserai near Konya (1210)
caravanserai near Anamur (13th century)
caravanserai near Divriği (13th century)
caravanserai near Konya (1230)
caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275)
caravanserai near Tokat (1239)
caravanserai near Konya (1236)
caravanserai near Alanya (1246)
caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249)
caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century)
caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229)
caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236)
caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
Tzachas (1081 - 1092)
Founder
Tzachas
Capital
İzmir
Chronology Important centers and extension:
Chronology
1207
Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1100–1112)
(? - ?)
(? - ?)
(1128–1185)
(1185–1193)
(1193–1197)
(1185–1207)
Important works:
Artuqids (1102 - )
Ancestors
Eksük and his son Artuk , from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder
Capitals
Three branches in Hasankeyf , Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension:
Diyarbakır
Hasankeyf
Silvan
Mardin
Midyat
Harput
Palu
Aleppo (temporarily in 1117 )
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:
(1106–1122)
(1122–1154)
(1154–1176)
Harput Dynasty:
(1112–1124)
(? - ?)
(? - ?)
Important works:
Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır
Widescale extension of
Malabadi Bridge
Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa ) in Silvan (1108)
Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi ) Medical Center (Darüşşifa ) in Mardin (built between 1122)
(Cami-i Kebir )
in Mardin
near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
Danishmends (1071–1178)
Chronology
1175
Capital city of Sivas incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
1178
Malatya branch incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate
Important centers and extension:
Sivas
Niksar
Malatya
Kayseri
Tokat
Amasya
Kastamonu
Ankara
Dynasty: Important works:
Mengujekids (1071–1277)
Founder
Capitals
Erzincan , later also Divriği
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1071–1118)
(1118–1120)
1120–1142
Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
Erzincan and Kemah Branch Divriği Branch
Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277
Beylik destroyed by Abaka
Important works:
Chronology Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1072–1102)
(1102 - ~1124)
(~1124–1132)
(1132–1168)
(1168–1191)
Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
(1200–1202)
Important works:
in Erzurum
in Tercan
in Tercan
in Erzurum
Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa ) (1147)
Aydinids (1307–1425)
Founder
Capitals
Birgi , later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1307–1334)
Umur Beg (1334–1348)
(? - ?)
(- 1390)
Events
1390
First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414
Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to (1402–1403)
(1403–1405)
İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals )
1425
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
Chronology
1392
Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Important centers and extension:
Sinop
Eflani
Çankırı
Kalecik
Tosya
Araç
Samsun (temporarily )
Dynasty:
(1309 - ~1340)
(1340–1345)
(1340–1361)
(1361–1385)
(1384–1392)
Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :
Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
(1440–1443)
(1443–1461)
Chronology
1461
Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Chronology Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)
Ancestor
Founder
Capital
Elbistan
Chronology
1443–1525
Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
Important centers and extension:
Maraş
Malatya
Harput
Kayseri
Antep
Dynasty:
(1348–1348)
(1348–1386)
(1386–1396)
(1396–1443)
(1443–1454)
(?-?)
Shah Budak (?-1492)
(?-?)
(1492–1507)
(1507- ~1525)
Founder
, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
Capital
Sivas , later Kayseri
Chronology Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1328–1352)
(1352–1365)
(1365–1380)
(1380–1381)
Chronology
1326
Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş , the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1288–1302)
(1302–1320)
(1320–1326)
Important works:
Germiyanids (1300–1429)
Important centers and extension: Dynasty: Chronology
1390
First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I
1402–1414
Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to (1402–1429)
1414
Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by under Mehmed I
1429
Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Chronology
1374
Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to the Karamanid dynasty.
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(~1280–1324)
(1324–1330)
(? - ?)
(? - ?)
(? - ?)
(? - 1391)
Ancestor
Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan
Founder
Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
Capitals
successively Ereğli
Ermenek
Larende (Karaman )
Konya
Mut
Chronology
1398–1402
First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
1402–1414
Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane
1414–1487
Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I , Murad II and Mehmed II .
Dynasty:
Chronology
1374
Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan and Murad I
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1307–1328)
(1328–1345)
(1328–1345)
Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
Ladik (~1300–1368)
Ancestor
Founder
Capital
Denizli
Chronology
1368
Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(~1300 - ~1314)
(~1314 - ?)
(? - ~1360)
Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
Founder
Capitals
Beçin castle and nearby Milas , later also Balat
Important centers and extension Dynasty:
(~1261 - ~1282)
Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
(~1320 - ~1340)
(~1340 - ~1360)
Chronology
1360
Division between the three sons of Ibrahim Bey: Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed
1390
First incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414
Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to
1414
Recognition of Ottoman suzereignty under Mehmed I
1424
Final incorporation into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
Chronology Important centers and extension: Dynasty: Important works
Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa ) in Tokat (1276)
Pervâne Medrese in Sinop
caravanserai in Durağan (1266)
caravanserai near İhsaniye (1278)
in in Kayseri
Mosque in Merzifon
Ramadanids (1352–1516)
Founder
from Yüreğir Oghuz clan
Capitals
Adana
Chronology
1516
Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I
1516–1608
Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1344-?)
(?-1416)
(1416–1417)
(1417–1427)
(1427-?)
(? - ?)
(? - ?)
(?-1490)
(1490–1511)
(1511–1516)
(?-?)
(1517-?)
Chronology
1341
Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important centers and extension: Dynasty
(1275–1288) and sons
(1288–1341)
Important works:
Important centers and extension: Dynasty Chronology
1390
First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1410
Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to (1402–1403)
(1403–1410)
1410
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
Important centers and extension: Dynasty:
(1301-?)
(?-1327)
(? - ?)
(?-?)
(~1360 - ~1375)
(~1375–1390)
Chronology
1390
First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1423
Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to (1402–1423)
1423
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)
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