North River (Hudson River)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stretch of the Hudson River (in red) between New Jersey and Manhattan anachronistically referred to as the North River
The Hudson looking south from atop the Hudson Palisades, anachronistically referred to by some as the North River

North River is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The entire watercourse was known as the North River by the Dutch in the early seventeenth century; the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course during the early 1900s.[7] However the name remains in very limited use as an artifact among history-inclined local mariners and others[8][9][10] and on some nautical charts[11] and maps. The term is also used for infrastructure on and under the river, such as the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Flight 1549 landed on the Hudson River in waters referred to by some as the North River

At different times "North River" has referred to:

  • the entire Hudson
  • the approximate 160-mile portion of the Hudson below its confluence with the Mohawk River, which is under tidal influence
  • the portion of it running between Manhattan and New Jersey[12]
  • the length flowing between Lower Manhattan and Hudson County, New Jersey.

Its history is strongly connected to shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey, which shifted primarily to Port Newark in the mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization.[13]

The names for the lower portion of the river appear to have remained interchangeable for centuries. In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels, the other, the Hudson Tubes. That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson, the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton, the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat, to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called.[14][15][16]

Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street.

Origin of the name and early usage[]

Revolutionary-era map using both names

The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch.[17] In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called what is now the Hudson the North River, the Connecticut the Fresh River, and the Delaware the South River.[18] Another theory is that the "North" River and "East" River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay.[19]

In 1808 the Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, issued his report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figures prominently among his proposals as the best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the state of New York. He notes the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers:[20]

What is called the North River is a narrow and long bay, which in its northwardly course from the harbor of New York breaks through or turns all the mountains, affording a tide navigation for vessels of eighty tons to Albany and Troy, one hundred and sixty miles above New York. This peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the granite ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point and ascends above the eastern termination of the Catskill or great western chain. A few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain, and the Mohawk those of Lake Ontario.

"North River" on maps[]

North River label of a stretch of the Hudson River between Hudson County, New Jersey, and Lower Manhattan on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson",[21] and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of the river.[22]

Hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan, the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey, and Lower Manhattan (roughly corresponding to the location of the North River piers) was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan.

On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)", with just "Hudson River" (no parenthetical) appearing further north at Tappan Zee.

North River piers[]

Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships.[23] In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to the nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street.

Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street. Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling 125 acres (0.51 km2), plus another 400 acres (1.6 km2) of the river itself.[24] Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of the planned work complete by 2011.[25]

Status[]

Chelsea Piers, with the Lusitania docked, circa 1910
Rebuilding of Pier 97 in Hudson River Park
Javits Center, behind which is located New York Waterway's Midtown Ferry Terminal at Pier 79. The Weehawken Yards were across the river at the base of the Hudson Palisades.
  • Pier A is a designated national and New York City landmark. The building on the pier dates to 1886, and was used by the city's Department of Docks, Harbor Police, and was later a fireboat station. The pier was closed and renovated from 1992 to November 2014, after which it reopened as a restaurant.[26]
  • What little remained of Piers 1 through 21 were buried under landfill from the World Trade Center construction project in 1973 and turned into Battery Park City.
  • Pier 25 is a sports and docking facility at the foot of North Moore Street with a mini golf course.[27]
  • Pier 26 was rebuilt over 2008-2009 and a new park designed by OLIN and Rafael Viñoly is set to open in late 2020.[28]
  • Pier 34, at Canal Street, contains a ventilation shaft for the Holland Tunnel.[29]
  • Pier 40, at Houston Street, was built as a terminal for the Holland America Line in 1962,[30][31][32] and now contains various playing fields, long-term parking spaces and the Trapeze School of New York on the roof (during the summer).[33][34]
  • The term "Christopher Street Pier" usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. However, it refers to three other piers as well, between Piers 42–51.[35] Pier 51 houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park.[36]
  • Piers 52 and 53, also known as Gansevoort Peninsula, were formerly a New York City Department of Sanitation facility and are being converted into a public park that is supposed to be complete in 2022.[37][38] At the end of Pier 53 is the FDNY's Marine 1 fireboat facility. The facility occupies a new building completed in 2011.[39][40]
  • Pier 54, part of Hudson River Park since its creation in 1998, was closed in 2011 when it was deemed structurally unsound.[41] Plans were unveiled in November 2014 for a new park designed by Heatherwick Studio and costing $130 million.[42] The project was temporarily canceled in 2017 after costs had grown to $250 million,[43] but was later revived as part of an agreement to complete the remainder of Hudson River Park.[44] The new park, dubbed "Little Island," will take the place of the now-dismantled Piers 54 and 55, and is expected to open in 2021.[45]
  • Pier 57, at 15th Street and 11th Avenue, formerly served as a terminal for shipping and storage of cargo for the Grace Line.[46] Between 1969 and 2003, Pier 57 housed the Hudson Pier Bus Depot for the New York City Transit Authority.[47][48] Since then, it has been designated for commercial development.[41] Plans created in 2009 call for an improved pier design for commercial use, dubbed the SuperPier,[49] which was slated to be completed in 2019.[50]
  • Piers 59–62 are used as Chelsea Piers, which were originally a passenger ship terminal in the early 1900s that was used by the RMS Lusitania and was the destination of the RMS Titanic.[51] The Chelsea Piers Sports & Entertainment Complex opened at the site in 1995.[52]
  • Pier 63 was the location of a Pavonia Ferry terminal that opened in 1869.[53] The terminal was demolished in 1942,[54] and the pier then housed a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad transfer barge. In the late 1980s, boat enthusiast John Krevey converted an old railroad barge on the Hudson River to a floating jetty.[55]
  • Pier 66 is part of Hudson River Park, It is located at 26th Street and is used for sailing and paddle sports.[56][57]
  • Pier 76. On June 9, 2021 the Hudson River Park Trust reopened Pier 76, formerly the NYPD impound lot, as a park and cultural space. The $31 million project also includes environmental abatement, repaving, interpretive panels relay the history of the area, including the indigenous Lenape people of Mannahatta and the evolution of the city’s shipping industry. The pier also features a 30-ton propeller from the passenger liner SS United States, which in 1952 set the Atlantic crossing speed record for passenger liners.[58] In the future it will be part of the expanded High Line.[59]
  • Pier 79 is the West Midtown Ferry Terminal used by NY Waterway, while Pier 83 is used by Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises.[60] Pier 79 connects to an Art Deco style ventilation shaft for the Lincoln Tunnel.[61]: 59 
  • Pier 84 served as a concert venue from the former Schaefer Music Festival.[62] The pier also houses a water-themed playground within Hudson River Park,[62][63] is a stop for New York Water Taxi, and has a bicycle rental shop and other businesses serving primarily tourists.[62]
  • Pier 86 at West 46th Street is home to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum,[64] the centerpiece of which is the USS Intrepid, an aircraft carrier that served from World War II to the Vietnam War.[64][65] This pier once served as the passenger ship terminal for the United States Lines.[66]
  • Piers 88–92 are part of the New York Passenger Ship Terminal, used by numerous modern cruise ships and ocean liners.[61]: B.51  In 1942, the USS Lafayette (formerly SS Normandie) caught fire at Pier 88, remaining capsized there for a year.[67][68] Pier 94 was formerly also part of the Passenger Ship Terminal, until 2020 housed the "Unconvention Center", the second-largest exhibition hall in New York City.[69][70][71]
  • Pier 96 is part of Hudson River Park.
  • Pier 97 is part of Hudson River Park. It was until 1975 the home of the Swedish American Line passenger ship terminal.[72] The terminal was demolished some time after 1984 and the pier has since been used for various purposes, including many years as a Sanitation Department parking lot and a brief period as a live event venue sponsored by JBL and Live Nation.[73] In November 2019, it was announced that the pier would be converted into a park, with construction expected to start in September 2020.[74] As of September 2020, the pier is now expected to reopen in March 2024.[75]
  • Pier 98 is used for Con Edison employee car parking, a training facility and delivery by barge and storage of fuel oil.
  • Pier 99 houses the West 59th Street Marine Transfer Station, used by the New York City Sanitation Department.
  • Pier I and most of Riverside Park South were originally part of the abandoned Penn Central railyard between 59th and 72nd Streets. These lettered piers were built at a 55-degree angle to the shore to facilitate the transfer of rail cars from their tracks to a waiting barge. Pier I is the only remaining rail pier.[76] The 69th Street Transfer Bridge of the New York Central Railroad is still extant and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003.[77]

Railroads and ferries[]

Railroad and ferry terminals along the North River circa 1900

Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s,[78] passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals, railyards, ferry slips, docks, barges, and carfloats. The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads.[79] Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers, parks, promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built.

Fixed crossings[]

Crossing Carries Location Coordinates
Downtown Hudson Tubes PATH Exchange Place and World Trade Center
Holland Tunnel I-78.svg I-78
Route 139 		Jersey City and Lower Manhattan 40°43′39″N 74°01′16″W / 40.72750°N 74.02111°W / 40.72750; -74.02111
Uptown Hudson Tubes PATH Jersey City and Midtown Manhattan
North River Tunnels Amtrak
New Jersey Transit 		Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan 40°45′32″N 74°00′46″W / 40.75889°N 74.01278°W / 40.75889; -74.01278
(part of New York Tunnel Extension between North Bergen and Long Island City)
Lincoln Tunnel Route 495
I-495 / NY 495 		Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan 40°45′47″N 74°00′36″W / 40.76306°N 74.01000°W / 40.76306; -74.01000
George Washington Bridge I-95.svg I-95
US 1.svg US 1
US 9.svg US 9
US 46.svg US 46 		Fort Lee and Upper Manhattan 40°51′05″N 73°57′09″W / 40.85139°N 73.95250°W / 40.85139; -73.95250

The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck was added to the George Washington Bridge.[80] Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension, the canceled Access to the Region's Core, and the proposed Gateway Project.

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ The Random House Dictionary (2009) ("Part of the Hudson River between NE New Jersey and SE New York.")
  2. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'Fourth Edition (2006) ("An estuary of the Hudson River between New Jersey and New York City flowing into Upper New York Bay.")
  3. ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary (2005) ("The lower course of the Hudson River, between New York City & NE N.J.")
  4. ^ The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009) Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ("An estuary of Hudson River between SE New York & NE New Jersey" )
  5. ^ Joint Report With Comprehensive Plan and Recommendations New York, New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission (1926)
  6. ^ McCarten, John (July 4, 1959). "Harbor Display". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  7. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer."F.Y.I",The New York Times, May 15, 1994. Accessed January 17, 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River, just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century, said Norman Brouwer, a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum."
  8. ^ North River Historic Ship Society Archived July 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ The Great North River Tugboat Race and Competition Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "North River Sail & Power Squadron (NRSPS)". www.northriversquadron.org. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  11. ^ "Lopez, Doerner, Malloy and friends brave the Hudson to raise autism awareness, SEA PADDLE NYC - SURFLINE.COM". www.surfline.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  12. ^ Baxter, Raymond J.; Adams, Arthur G. (1999), Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand, Fordham University Press, p. 5, ISBN 9780823219544
  13. ^ Glanz, James; Lipton, Eric (November 12, 2003). City in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of the World Trade Center. Macmillan. ISBN 9780805074284. Retrieved March 3, 2018 – via Google Books.
  14. ^ Pettengill, G. T. (March 2, 1908), "Hudson, Not North River" (PDF), The New York Times, retrieved January 25, 2011
  15. ^ Cox, Edwin M. (October 6, 1909), "Hudson or North River" (PDF), The New York Times, retrieved January 25, 2011
  16. ^ "Hudson and not North River" (PDF), The New York Times, September 26, 1909, retrieved January 25, 2011
  17. ^ "The North River in New Netherland". World Digital Library. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  18. ^ Roberts, Sam. "Brooklyn Murders, Depression Love, a Glamorous Librarian", The New York Times, June 24, 2007. Accessed January 6, 2008. "You may even be directed to the sewage treatment plant in West Harlem, practically the last vestige of the name that, legend has it, the Dutch bestowed on the tidal estuary navigated by Henry Hudson to distinguish it from the South River, now known as the Delaware."
  19. ^ Dougherty, Steve. "MY MANHATTAN; Away From the Uproar, Before a Strong Wind", The New York Times, May 31, 2002. Accessed January 17, 2008. "'Because it's the river you sail to go north,' Captain Freitas explained. 'To sail east, to Long Island Sound, you would take the East River.'"
  20. ^ Portions of the Gallatin Report, 1808, Included in the Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, 1908
  21. ^ "Chart 12335". www.charts.noaa.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  22. ^ GNIS Detail - Hudson River
  23. ^ "Pier 1". March 29, 1976. Retrieved March 3, 2018 – via www.newyorker.com.
  24. ^ Stewart, Barbara (June 1, 2000). "Hudson River Park On Restored Piers Approved By U.S". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  25. ^ "Planning & Construction - Hudson River Park". Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  26. ^ Khabiri, Layla (November 15, 2014). "Megalithic Restaurant Complex, Pier A Harbor House, Opens in Battery Park City". Eater. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
  27. ^ "Pier 25 - Hudson River Park". hudsonriverpark.org.
  28. ^ "New looks at Pier 26's eco-friendly makeover, commencing this summer". Curbed NY. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
  29. ^ "Historic Structures Report: Holland Tunnel" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. November 4, 1993. p. 5. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  30. ^ Berkvist, Robert (April 28, 1963). "PEERLESS PIER 40; City's Newest West Side Ship Terminal Represents a Dockside Revolution A PEERLESS PIER FOR NEW YORK'S WEST SIDE" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  31. ^ Ryan, Joseph J (September 12, 1957). "Holland-America Line Signs 20-Year Contract for New Pier; Four-Ship Terminal Costing $18,723,000 to Rise at West Houston St.--Lease Ends Two Years of Negotiation 6 Per Cent Rental Set" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  32. ^ "WORK BEGINS SOON ON MAMMOTH PIER: Contract Signing Will Clear Way for Holland-America Facility, Port's Biggest" (PDF). The New York Times. March 28, 1958. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  33. ^ Bagli, Charles V. "Possible Deal May Bring Money to Repair Pier 40 in Manhattan". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  34. ^ "PIER 40: Construction and Design Status". hudsonriverpark.org. Hudson River Park. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
  35. ^ "Explore The Park - Hudson River Park". hudsonriverpark.org.
  36. ^ "Chelsea Waterside Play Area - Hudson River Park". hudsonriverpark.org.
  37. ^ Anuta, Joe (January 31, 2019) "Public beach could be coming to Manhattan" Crain's New York Business
  38. ^ Attanasio, Cedar and Italiano, Laura (January 31, 2019) "Manhattan is getting its own beach" New York Post
  39. ^ "MARINE 1 F.D.N.Y." marine1fdny.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  40. ^ "New York Architecture Images- Hell's Kitchen History". www.nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b Foderaro, Lisa W. (April 3, 2015). "How Diller and von Furstenberg Got Their Island in Hudson River Park". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  42. ^ West, Melanie G. (November 17, 2014). "Hudson River Park Gets $100 Million Launch". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  43. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (September 13, 2017). "Billionaire Diller's Plan for Elaborate Pier in the Hudson is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  44. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (October 25, 2017). "'Diller Island' Is Back From the Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  45. ^ Spivack, Caroline (November 13, 2019). "Meet 'Little Island': The $250M floating park on the Hudson River". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  46. ^ "Once-Neglected Pier 57 Prepares for Its SuperPier Moment". Curbed. January 17, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  47. ^ Testimony by State Senator José M. Serrano given before the City Council Transportation Committee Hearing on MTA Environmental Practices Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, October 18, 2006
  48. ^ David W. Chen, Hoping for a Waterfront Makeover Just South of Chelsea Piers, The New York Times, October 15, 2003, section B, page 6
  49. ^ "Pier's Developer Looks for a Creative Tenant Mix". The New York Times. September 13, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  50. ^ "Google keeps gobbling up space in Chelsea; Takes more of Pier 57". The Villager Newspaper. February 21, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  51. ^ "Chelsea Piers History 101". chelseapiers.com. Chelsea Piers. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  52. ^ Weber, Bruce (August 9, 1995). "For Huge Recreation Complex, It's Time to Start Playing All". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  53. ^ Baxter, Raymond J.; Adams, Arthur G. (1999). Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand. Fordham University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780823219544.
  54. ^ Adams, Arthur G. (1996). The Hudson Through the Years. Fordham University Press. pp. 307. ISBN 9780823216772.
  55. ^ Amateau, Albert (February 22, 2010). "John Krevey, 62; Activist enlivened the waterfront". The Villager. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  56. ^ "New York City Water Trail : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  57. ^ "Pier 66". Hudson River Park. May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  58. ^ Gannon, Devin (March 24, 2021). "Hudson River tow pound at Pier 76 to open as a public park in June". 6sqft. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  59. ^ Baird-Remba, Roberta (September 15, 2021). "Plan Unveiled for Pedestrian Bridges Between High Line, Manhattan West". Commercial Observer. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  60. ^ Thompson, Teri; Gendar, Alison; Hutchinson, Bill (January 16, 2009). "Ferry changed course to help save passengers of US Airways Flight 1549". nydailynews.com. Daily News. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  61. ^ Jump up to: a b Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement. Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1994. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pier 84". hudsonriverpark.org. Hudson River Park Trust, Friends of Hudson River Park. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  63. ^ "Pier 84 Play Area - Hudson River Park". hudsonriverpark.org.
  64. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Intrepid's History and Hardware, Berthed at Pier 86". The New York Times. November 7, 2008. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  65. ^ "Intrepid, USS (Aircraft Carrier)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  66. ^ See, for instance:
  67. ^ Roberts, Sam (September 16, 2013). "A Salvage Job in the Hudson Long Before a Cruise Ship Ran Aground in Italy". City Room. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  68. ^ "The History Press | The brief but glorious career of SS Normandie". www.thehistorypress.co.uk. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  69. ^ "Piers 92/94 New York - BizBash". BizBash. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  70. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (August 13, 2009). "The City Hopes to Double the Size of Manhattan's No. 2 Convention Center, in the West 50s". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  71. ^ Goldbaum, Christina (February 24, 2019). "Manhattan Pier Is Deemed Unsafe, Forcing Cancellation of an Art Show". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  72. ^ "Pier 97". salship.se. Lars Hemingstam, A tribute to the Swedish American Line. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  73. ^ "JBL Live Pier 97: Introducing New York City's newest music venue - NY Daily News". Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  74. ^ Spivack, Caroline (November 19, 2019). "Hudson River Park's Pier 97 will transform into 'otherworldly' green space". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  75. ^ "!melk develops 'pier 97' for hudson river park in new york". designboom | architecture & design magazine. September 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  76. ^ "Pier I |". riversideparknyc.org. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  77. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings July 11, 2003". nps.gov. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  78. ^ Open Pennsylvania Station To-night, The New York Times November 26, 1910 page 5
  79. ^ "GREAT RAILROADS AT WAR Fighting to Secure Lands on Jersey Shore" (PDF). New York Times. December 15, 1889. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  80. ^ PANYNJ, "History Across the Hudson", The Star Ledger, archived from the original on July 14, 2011, retrieved March 15, 2011

Further reading[]

Coordinates: 40°47′12″N 73°59′31″W / 40.78667°N 73.99194°W / 40.78667; -73.99194

Retrieved from ""