Palaeonictis

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Palaeonictis
Temporal range: 56.2–50.5 Ma Late Paleocene - Early Eocene
Palaeonictis.jpg
skull of Palaeonictis occidentalis
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Oxyaenodonta
Family: †Oxyaenidae
Subfamily: †
Genus: †Palaeonictis
de Blainville, 1842
Type species
†Palaeonictis gigantea
de Blainville, 1842
Species
  • †P. gigantea (de Blainville, 1842)[1]
  • †P. occidentalis (Osborn, 1892)[2]
  • †P. peloria (Rose, 1981)[3]
  • †P. wingi (Chester, 2010)[4]
Synonyms[5]
synonyms of genus:
  • Dormaalodon (Lange-Badré, 1987)
  • Palaeonyctis (Cope, 1880)[6]
synonyms of speacies:
  • P. gigantea:
    • Dormaalodon woutersi (Lange-Badré, 1987)[7]
    • Oxyaena casieri (Quinet, 1966)[8]
    • Palaeonyctis gigantea (Cope, 1880)

Palaeonictis ("ancient weasel") is an extinct predatory mammal belonging to the family Oxyaenidae, existing from the late Paleocene to the early Eocene in Europe and North America.[9]

Description[]

In life, it would have resembled a large modern wolverine. This oxyaenid had heavy jaws and blunt robust teeth more suited for crushing bones, than slicing meat. This meant that the plantigrade Palaeonictis was at least a part-time scavenger. The biggest species, Palaeonictis peloria (meaning "terrible ancient weasel") is known from an incomplete jaw that must have measured over 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length. This animal was the largest carnivore in its ecosystem. 55 million years ago, P. occidentalis (the size of a bear) evolved into the smaller P. wingi (the size of a coyote) within 200,000 years in the early Eocene due to global warming (paleoclimatology). By the end of the early Eocene (50 million years ago), Palaeonictis disappeared from North America, and by the early Eocene (55 million years ago) the last species of P. gigantea had vanished from Europe.[4] In fact, the entire family Oxyaenidae had become extinct worldwide (although its sister group Hyaenodonta continued to thrive for a while). This is traditionally assumed to be due to increased competition from miacids and nimravids belonging to the more successful order Carnivora, which eventually replaced earlier carnivorous mammal clades in the later Neogene as the world's top predators, though no evidence of direct competition is known, and carnivorans may have simply filled vacated niches.

Phylogeny[]

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Palaeonictis are shown in the following cladogram.[10][4][8][11][12][13]

 Pan-Carnivora 
 
 †Hyaenodonta 
 

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto) Hyaenodon horridus by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).jpg

 
 
 

†Altacreodus

 
 

†

 
 
 sensu lato 
 

Carnivoramorpha Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XI).jpg

 
 
 †Oxyaenodonta 
 †Oxyaenidae 
 

†Tytthaeninae

 
 
 

†Oxyaeninae Patriofelis ferox by R. B. Horsfall (coloured).png

 
 
 

†Machaeroidinae

 
 † 
 

†

 
 

† sp. (UM 71172)

 
 
 

†

 
 
 

†

 
 †Palaeonictis 
 

†Palaeonictis peloria

 
 
 

†Palaeonictis gigantea

 
 
 

†Palaeonictis wingi

 
 

†Palaeonictis occidentalis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon
clade
†
 

References[]

  1. ^ de Blaineville (1842) "Ostéographie ou description iconographique comparée du squelette et du système dentaire des mammifères récents et fossiles pour servir de base à la zoologie et à la géologie." Livraison 10: Des Viverras. J.B. Baillière et Fils, Paris: 1–100
  2. ^ Osborn, H. F. (1892.) "Taxonomy and morphology of the primates, creodonts, and ungulates." In: "Fossil mammals of the Wahsatch and Wind River beds. Collection of 1891." (H. F. Osborn and J. L. Wortman), Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4: 81-147
  3. ^ K. D. Rose. (1981.) "The Clarkforkian Land-Mammal Age and Mammalian Faunal Composition Across the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 26:1-197
  4. ^ a b c Stephen G. B. Chester; Jonathan I. Bloch; Ross Secord; Doug M. Boyer (2010). "A new small bodied species of Palaeonictis (Creodonta, Oxyaenidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (4): 227–243. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9141-y.
  5. ^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
  6. ^ E. D. Cope. (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
  7. ^ T. Smith and R. Smith. (2001.) "The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7)." Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(2):117-135
  8. ^ a b F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant, and M. Godinot. (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41
  9. ^ Stephen Jay Gould, John Barber & Peter Andrews (2001). The Book of Life. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-32156-8.
  10. ^ Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (1991). "Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming" (PDF). Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141–180.
  11. ^ Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
  12. ^ Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies"
  13. ^ Shawn P. Zack (2019). "A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653–689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.
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