Post-Soviet conflicts
This article lists the post-Soviet conflicts; the violent political and ethnic conflicts in the countries of the former Soviet Union following its official dissolution in 1991.
Some of these conflicts such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis or the 2013 Euromaidan protests in Ukraine were due to political crises in the successor states. Others involved separatist movements attempting to break away from one of the successor states.
According to Gordon M. Hahn, the post-Soviet conflicts led to the death of at least 196,000 people, excluding pogroms and interethnic violence, between 1990 and 2013.[1]
Frozen conflicts[]
Some post-Soviet conflicts ended in a stalemate or without a peace treaty, and are referred to as frozen conflicts. This means that a number of former-Soviet states are left sovereign over the entirety of their territory in name only. In reality, they do not exercise full control over areas still under the control of rebel factions. Rebel groups are essentially left independent over large chunks of the territories they claim. In many instances, they have created institutions which are similar to those of fully fledged independent states, albeit with little or no international recognition. Notable such cases include Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia; Nagorno-Karabakh on the border between Azerbaijan and Armenia; Transnistria in land near to Moldova's eastern border with Ukraine; and the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic breakaway areas in Ukraine.[2] The Republic of Crimea is also arguably part of this group of unrecognised states, as the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation remains unrecognized by a majority of UN member states and is contested by the government of Ukraine.
Recognition of these rebel groups varies. In some instances such as Transnistria, no UN-member state has given its recognition, including Russia. In the case of Georgia's Abkhazia and South Ossetia, Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru and Syria have recognized them.
Central Asia[]
Conflict | Start | End | Detail |
---|---|---|---|
/ / | Tajikistani Civil War | 1992 | 1997 | Began when ethnic groups from the Gharm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan, which were underrepresented in the ruling elite, rose up against the national government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, in which people from the Leninabad and Kulob regions dominated. The war ended with the signing of the General Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and National Accord in Tajikistan and the Moscow Protocol.[3] |
| 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes | 2010 | 2010 | Clashes between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in southern Kyrgyzstan, primarily in the cities of Osh and Jalal-Abad, in the aftermath of the ouster of former President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on April 7. |
| Tajikistan insurgency | 2010 | 2015 | Sporadic fighting in Tajikistan between rebel and government forces. |
| 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes | 2021 | 2021 | Clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan over water dispute.[4][5] |
2022 Kazakh unrest | 2022 | 2022 | Protests across Kazakhstan that were sparked by an abrupt increase of gas prices, but have escalated into general protests. Kazakhstan's government has requested CSTO assistance in quelling the protests. |
North Caucasus[]
Conflict | Start | End | Detail |
---|---|---|---|
| East Prigorodny conflict | 1992 | 1992 | Inter-ethnic conflict in the Eastern part of the Prigorodny district. |
| First Chechen War | 1994 | 1996 | Russian troops invaded after Chechnya declared independence, but withdrew in 1996 leading to a de facto Chechen independence. |
| War of Dagestan | 1999 | 1999 | The Islamic International Brigade invaded the neighbouring Russian republic of Dagestan in support of the Shura of Dagestan separatist movement. |
| Second Chechen War | 1999 | 2000 | Russia restores federal control of Chechnya. |
| Insurgency in Chechnya | 2000 | 2009 | Separatist insurgency in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the North Caucasus region. |
| War in Ingushetia | 2007 | 2015 | Separatist insurgency in Ingushetia. |
| Low-level insurgency in the North Caucasus | 2009 | 2017 | Separatist insurgency in Chechnya, Dagestan, and other parts of the North Caucasus region. |
South Caucasus[]
Conflict | Start | End | Detail |
---|---|---|---|
/ | / First Nagorno-Karabakh War | 1988 | 1994 | Ethnic Armenian separatism leads to the de facto independence of the Republic of Artsakh. |
| 1991–1992 South Ossetia War | 1991 | 1992 | The separatist conflict leads to South Ossetia's de facto independence. |
Georgian Civil War | 1991 | 1993 | Inter-ethnic and intranational conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. |
| War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) | 1992 | 1993 | Abkhaz separatism leads to the de facto independence of Abkhazia from Georgia. |
| Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | 1994 | — | Sporadic border war on the Armenian–Azerbaijan border and at the line of contact between the Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan. |
| War in Abkhazia (1998) | 1998 | 1998 | Ethnic Georgians launched an insurgency against the Abkhazian secessionist government. |
| Pankisi Gorge crisis | 2002 | 2004 | An incursion by Al-Qaeda forces on behalf of Chechen rebels fighting in the North Caucasus. They were forced out in 2004 by Georgian forces with American and Russian backing. |
2004 Adjara crisis | 2004 | 2004 | A popular revolt ousted the autocratic ruler Aslan Abashidze, Adjara reaffirmed its integration into Georgia as an autonomous republic. |
| Russo-Georgian War | 2008 | 2008 | A war between Georgia on one side and Russia, South Ossetia and Abkhazia on the other side confirms the de facto independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and leads to their recognition by Russia and Nicaragua.[6] |
| 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict | 2016 | 2016 | Armenian and Azerbaijani forces fight a four-day long conflict along the border of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh. Azerbaijani forces make minor territorial gains, some of which are retaken by Armenian forces before the end of the conflict. |
| July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes | 2020 | 2020 | Armenian and Azerbaijani forces engage in border clashes along the Tavush Province of Armenia and Tovuz District of Azerbaijan. The death of Azerbaijani major general Polad Hashimov sparks the July 2020 Azerbaijani protests. Turkey and Azerbaijan organize large-scale military exercises following the clashes, and tensions persist until the beginning of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh war 2 months later. |
| Second Nagorno-Karabakh war | 2020 | 2020 | Azerbaijan retakes most of the territories previously controlled by the Republic of Artsakh. Russian peacekeepers introduced into the remaining disputed area. |
Eastern Europe[]
Conflict | Start | End | Detail |
---|---|---|---|
| Transnistria conflict | 1990 | — | Transnistria, de facto independent from Moldova, declared independence in 1990.[7] It is not recognized by the international community and there have been unsuccessful diplomatic attempts for solving the conflict. |
| Transnistria War | 1992 | 1992 | Most active and violent phase of the Transnistria conflict, the Transnistria War started due to its Russian and Ukrainian-majority population feared union with Romania, which doesn't guarantee autonomy for non-Romanians. A ceasefire between Transnistrian forces and Moldovan forces has been in place since 1992, enforced by the presence of Russian forces in Transnistria.[7] |
1993 Russian constitutional crisis | 1993 | 1993 | Political stand-off between the Russian president and the Russian parliament that was resolved by using military force. |
Euromaidan and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution | 2013 | 2014 | Euromaidan is the name given to civil unrest that started when the Ukrainian government cancelled an assosiation agreement with the EU in favour of closer ties with Russia, but was fueled by the perception of widespread government corruption, abuse of power and violation of human rights in Ukraine. The protests escalated and led to the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution, which toppled the Ukrainian government. |
| Russo-Ukrainian War | 2014 | — | In March 2014, following the takeover of Crimea by pro-Russian separatists and Russian Armed Forces,[8] a referendum (not recognised by the new Ukrainian authorities)[9] was held on the issue of reunification with Russia.[10] Russia then annexed Crimea. Then Violent protests of the Russian population began in Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, which turned into a full-fledged war. |
See also[]
- Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
- List of wars 1990–2002
- List of wars 2003–2010
- List of wars 2011–present
- Post-Soviet states
References[]
- ^ Hahn, Gordon M. (2017). Ukraine Over the Edge: Russia, the West and the "New Cold War". McFarland. ISBN 9781476628752.
- ^ Rusif Huseynov. Ukraine: Towards a frozen future?: The Politicon, 11 November 2015
- ^ Tajikistan Civil War Global Security
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan forces exchange gunfire in worst border flareup in years | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
- ^ Reuters Staff (29 April 2021). "Kyrgyz, Tajik security forces clash at border in water dispute". Reuters. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
- ^ "Statement by President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev". Russia's President web site. 2008-08-26. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
- ^ a b "Trans-Dniester profile - BBC News". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
- ^ "Meeting of the Valdai International Discussion Club". Kremlin.ru. 2014-10-24. Archived from the original on 2015-04-15.
I will be frank; we used our Armed Forces to block Ukrainian units stationed in Crimea
- ^ "Treasury Designates Seven Individuals And One Entity Contributing To The Situation In Ukraine". US Treasury. 11 April 2014.
- ^ "Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine". The Guardian. 17 March 2014.
- Post-Soviet conflicts
- Post-Soviet states
- Lists of wars by region
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